Section Ⅰ Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
In the United States, older people rarely live with their adult children. But in many other cultures children are expected to care1their aged parents. In some parts of Italy, the percentage of adult children who2with their parents 3 65 to 70 percent. In Thailand, too, children are expected to take care of their elderly parents; few Thai elderly live4.
What explains these differences in living arrangements5cultures? Modernization theory6the extended family household to low levels of economic development. In traditional societies, the elderly live with their children in large extended family units for economic reasons. But with modernization, children move to urban areas, leaving old people7in8rural areas. Yet modernization theory cannot explain why extended family households were never common in the United States or England, or why families in Italy, which is fully modernized,9a strong tradition of intergenerational living. Clearly, economic development alone cannot explain10living arrangements.
Another theory associated intergenerational living arrangements with inheritance patterns. In some cultures, the stem family pattern of inheritance11.12 this system, parents live with a married child, usually the oldest son, who then13their property when they die. The stem family system was once common in Japan, but changes in inheritance laws,14broader social changes brought15by industrialization and urbanization, have16the17. In 1960 about 80 percent of Japanese over 65 lived with their children; by 1990 only 60 percent did—a figure that is still high18U. S. standards, but which has been19steadily. In Korea, too, traditional living arrangements are 20: the percentage of aged Koreans who live with a son declined from 77 percent in 1984 to 50 percent just 10 years later. Although most elderly Koreans still expect to live with a son, their adult children do not expect to live with their children when they grow old.
1. [A] about [B] after [C] for [D] over
2. [A] reside [B] recite [C] redeem [D] rebel
3. [A] amasses [B] amounts [C] attains [D] reaches
4. [A] lone [B] alone [C] lonesome [D] lonely
5. [A] over [B] across [C] within [D] above
6. [A] associated [B] linked [C] united [D] combined
7. [A] aside [B] after [C] over [D] behind
8. [A] isolated [B] segregated [C] idealized [D] secluded
9. [A] maintain [B] promote [C] reserve [D] support
10. [A] appointed [B] assigned [C] preserved [D] preferred
11. [A] controls [B] overtakes [C] predominates [D] overwhelms
12. [A] at [B] under [C] by [D] over
13. [A] delivers [B] conveys [C] conceives [D] inherits
14. [A] as well as [B] might as well [C] as well [D] well as
15. [A] off [B] up [C] around [D] about
16. [A] undermined [B] decreased [C] diminished [D] defeated
17. [A] authority [B] usage [C] habit [D] tradition
18. [A] by [B] on [C] with [D] in
19. [A] inclining [B] reclining [C] declining [D] reducing
20. [A] receding [B] removing [C] invading [D] eroding
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text1
The meanings of “science” and “technology” have changed significantly from one generation to another. More similarities than differences, however, can be found between the terms. Both science and technology imply a thinking process, both are concerned with causal relationships in the material world, and both employ an experimental methodology that results in empirical demonstrations that can be verified by repetition. Science, at least in theory, is less concerned with the practicality of its results and more concerned with the development of general laws, but in practice science and technology are inextricably involved with each other. The varying interplay of the two can be observed in the historical development of such practitioners as chemists, engineers, physicists, astronomers, carpenters, potters, and many other specialists. Differing educational requirements, social status, vocabulary, methodology, and types of rewards, as well as institutional objectives and professional goals, contribute to such distinctions as can be made between the activities of scientists and technologists; but throughout history the practitioners of “pure” science have made many practical as well as theoretical contributions.
Indeed, the concept that science provides the ideas for technological innovations and that pure research is therefore essential for any significant advancement in industrial civilization is essentially a myth. Most of the greatest changes in industrial civilization cannot be traced to the laboratory. Fundamental tools and processes in the fields of mechanics, chemistry, astronomy, metallurgy, and hydraulics were developed before the laws governing their functions were discovered. The steam engine, for example, was commonplace before the science of thermodynamics elucidated the physical principle underlying its operations.
In recent years a sharp value distinction has grown up between science and technology. Advances in science have frequently had their bitter opponents, but today many people have come to fear technology much more than science. For these people, science may be perceived as a serene, objective source for understanding the eternal laws of nature, whereas the practical manifestations of technology in the modern world now seem to them to be out of control.
Many historians of science argue not only that technology is an essential condition of advanced, industrial civilization but also that the rate of technological change has developed its own momentum in recent centuries. Innovations now seem to appear at a rate that increase geometrically, without respect to geographical limits or political systems. These innovations tend to transform traditional cultural systems, frequently with unexpected social consequences. Thus technology can be conceived as both a creative and a destructive process.
21. Science is, as the author argues, similar to technology in that .
[A]it involves a long process of change
[B]it focuses on the casual aspects of the material world
[C]it resorts to experiments as an exclusive method of research
[D]it is concerned about the theoretical development
22. Which of the following does the author NOT agree with?
[A]Scientific activities are deeply involved with those of technology.
[B]Industrial civilization is largely based on the scientific progress.
[C]Science and technology move forward at a comparable speed.
[D]Either of science and technology is necessary for the advance of each other.
23. The example of the steam engine is presented to .
[A]refute the belief that industrial progress feeds off scientific ideas
[B]illustrate the remarkable achievements of industrial civilization
[C]indicate that many great inventions originate from the laboratory
[D]laws come out much earlier than related functions
24. What does “the practical manifestations...out of control” (Para.3) mean?
[A]Technology is losing its traditional practicality.
[B]Technology is moving further away from science.
[C]Technological progress is benefiting the whole world.
[D]Technology is threatening the existence of human civilization.
25. The “historians” as mentioned in the last paragraph regard the technology with .
[A]absolute enthusiasm[B]total indifference
[C]obvious resentment[D]reserved approval
Text2
Throughout the nineteenth century and into the twentieth, citizens of the United States maintained a bias against big cities. Most lived on farms and in small towns and believed cities to be centers of corruption, crime, poverty, and moral degradation. Their distrust was caused, in part, by a national ideology that proclaimed farming the greatest occupation and rural living superior to urban living. This attitude prevailed even as the number of urban dwellers increased and cities became an essential feature of the national landscape. Gradually, economic reality overcame ideology. Thousands abandoned the precarious life on the farm for more secure and better paying jobs in the city. But when these people migrated from the countryside, they carried their fears and suspicions with them. These new urbanites already convinced that cities were overwhelmed with great problems, eagerly embraced the promised to bring order out of the chaos of the city.
One of many reforms came in the area of public utilities. Water and sewerage systems were usually operated by municipal governments, but the gas and electric networks were privately owned. Reformers feared that the privately owned utility companies would charge exorbitant rates for these essential services and deliver them only to people who could afford them. Some city and state governments responded by regulating the utility companies, but a number of cities began to supply these services themselves. Proponents of these reforms argued that public ownership and regulation would insure widespread access to these utilities and guarantee a fair price.
While some reforms focused on government and public behavior, others looked at the cities as a whole. Civic leaders, convinced that physical environment influenced human behavior, argued that cities should develop master plans to guide their future growth and development. City planning was nothing new, but the rapid industrialization and urban growth of the late nineteenth century took plans to guide their future growth and development. City planning was nothing new, but the rapid industrialization for order. Urban renewal in the twentieth century followed several in the twentieth century followed several courses. Some cities introduced plans to completely rebuild the city core. Most other cities contented themselves with zoning plans for regulating future growth. Certain parts of town were restricted to residential use, while others were set aside for industrial or commercial development.
26. What does the passage mainly discuss?
[A] A comparison of urban and rural life in the early twentieth century.
[B] The role of government in twentiethcentury urban renewal.
[C] Efforts to improve urban life in the early twentieth century.
[D] Methods of controlling urban growth in the twentieth century.
27. In the early twentieth century, many rural dwellers migrated to the city in order to .
[A] participate in the urban reform movement[B] seek financial security
[C] comply with a government ordinance[D] avoid crime and corruption
28. What concern did reformers have about privately owned utility companies?
[A] They feared the services would not be made available to all city dwellers.
[B] They believed private ownership would wow economic growth.
[C] They did not trust the companies to obey the government regulations.
[D] They wanted to ensure that the services would be provided to rural areas.
29. All of the following were the direct result of public utility reforms EXCEPT.
[A] local governments determined the rates charged by private utility companies
[B] some utility companies were owned and operated by local governments
[C] the availability of services was regulated by local governments
[D] private utility companies were required to pay a fee to local governments
30. Why does the author mention “industrialization and urban growth”?
[A] To explain how fast urban growth led to poorly designed cities.
[B] To emphasize the economic importance of urban areas.
[C] To suggest that labor disputes had become an urban problem.
[D] To illustrate the need for construction of new factories.
Text3
Researchers in the field of psychology have found that one of the best ways to make an important decision, such as choosing a university to attend or a business to invest in, involves the utilization of a decision worksheet. Psychologists who study optimization compare actual decisions made by people to theoretical ideal decisions to see how similar they are. Proponents of the several variations on the exact format that worksheet can take, they are all similar in their essential aspects. Worksheets require defining the problem in a clear and concise way and then listing all possible solutions to the problem. Next, the pertinent considerations that will be affected by each decision are listed, and the relative importance of each consideration or consequence is determined. Each consideration is assigned a numerical value to reflect its relative importance. A decision is mathematically calculated by adding these values together. The alternative with the highest number of points emerges as the best decision.
Since most important problems are multifaceted, there are several alternatives to choose from, each with unique advantages and disadvantages. One of the benefits of a pencil and paper decisionmaking procedure is that it permits people to deal with more variables than their minds can generally comprehend and remember. On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their minds at once. A worksheet can be especially useful when the decision involves a large number of variables with complex relationships. A realistic example for many college students is the question “What will I do after graduation?” A graduate might seek a position that offers specialized training, pursue an advanced degree, or travel abroad for a year.
A decisionmaking worksheet begins with a succinct statement of the problem that will also help to narrow it. It is important to be clear about the distinction between longrange and immediate goals because longrange goals often involve a different decision than shortrange ones. Focusing on longrange goals, a graduating student might revise the question above to “What will I do after graduation that will lead to a successful career?”
31. What conclusion had the psychologists reached comparing the actual decisions to theoretical ideal ones?
[A] The theoretical ideal decisions is similar as the actual decisions.
[B] The actual decisions are always have the similar essential aspects as the decision worksheet.
[C] The theoretical ideal decision is optimal one.
[D] The theoretical ideal decisions could have more various formats than the actual decisions.
32. The passage is mainly about.
[A]graduate students’ decision
[B] method of decisionmaking on problems
[C] theoretical ideal decisions
[D] defining the problem
33. In Line 22, the word “multifaceted” probably means.
[A] different [B] many alternatives
[C] various aspects [D] many faces of problem
34. What cannot be inferred from the passage is that.
[A] on future the graduate consider more about vocation
[B] each consideration listed on worksheet is assigned a numerical value to reflect its relative importance
[C] people deal with fewer variables in mind
[D] worksheet is not useful when the decision involves a large number of variables with easy relationships
35. Why might a graduating student have different questions “What will I do after graduation?” and “What will I do after graduation to a successful career?”
[A] Because the statement of problem on shortrange is more succinct than that on longrange.
[B] Because there is some distinction between the decision of longrange goals and shortrange ones.
[C] Because the goals of shortrange and longrange are different.
[D] The decision involves a large number of variables with complex relationships.
Text4
Whether work should be placed among the causes of happiness may perhaps be regarded as a doubtful question. There is certainly much work which is exceedingly irksome, and an excess of work is always very painful. I think, however, that, provided work is not excessive in amount, even the dullest work is to most people less painful than idleness.
There are in work all grades, from mere relief of tedium up to the profoundest delights, according to the nature of the work and the abilities of the worker. Most of the work that most people have to do is not in itself interesting but even such work has certain great advantages. To begin with, it fills a good many hours of the day without the need of deciding what one shall do. Most people, when they are left free to fill their own time according to their own choice, are at a loss to think of anything sufficiently pleasant to be worth doing. And whatever they decided on, they are troubled by the feeling that something else would have been pleasanter. To be able to fill leisure intelligently is the last product of civilization, and at present very few people have reached this level. Moreover the exercise of choice is in itself tiresome.
Except to people with unusual initiative it is positively agreeable to be told what to do at each hour of the day, provided the orders are not too unpleasant. Most of the idle rich suffer unspeakable boredom as the price of their freedom from drudgery. At times they find relief by hunting big game in Africa, or by flying round the world, but the number of such sensations is limited, especially after youth is past. Accordingly the more intelligent rich men work nearly as hard as if they were poor, while rich women for the most part keep themselves busy with innumerable trifles of whose earth shaking importance they are firmly persuaded.
Work therefore is desirable, first and foremost, as a preventive of boredom, for the boredom that a man feels when he is doing necessary though uninteresting work is as nothing in comparison with the boredom that he feels when he has nothing to do with his days. With this advantage of work another is associated, namely that it makes holidays much more delicious when they come.
36. Which title suits this passage best?
[A] On relief [B] On work [C] On pleasure [D] On irksomeness
37. We can conclude from the first paragraph that in the author’s opinion,.
[A] an excess of work can bring people not only torture, but pleasure
[B] even the dullest work can be enjoyed by people
[C] the author himself feels puzzled whether work should be placed among the causes of happiness
[D] work can give people pleasure
38. The reason why most rich people suffer tromp unvoiced pain is that.
[A] they are only interested in hunting games
[B] they find some work irksome
[C] they can’t find anything to kill time
[D] they find work less painful than idleness
39. We can infer from this passage that the author’s viewpoint towards work is.
[A] tiresomeness is more painful than dull work
[B] work is necessary to everybody
[C] one must find some interesting than dull work
[D] the rich suffer more than the working people because of their boredom
40. According to this passage, which of the following statements is not false .
[A] rich people tend to work as hard as poor people
[B] rich people tend to work much harder than poor people
[C] rich people tend to work for anything but pleasure
[D] rich people tend to work very hard so that they may enjoy more delicious holidays
Part B
Sample One
Directions:
In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 4145, choose the most suitable one from the list AG to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
The volcano in the cornfield grew until it was bigger than the cornfield!（41) P(pán)eople called the volcano the Little Monster because it grew so fast. Scientists came from all over the world to study it and watch it grow. It is not often that people get a chance to watch a volcano from the very beginning.
Most of the volcanoes have been here for a very long time. Some have been here so long that now they are cold. They are called dead volcanoes. They have stopped throwing out fire and melted rock and smoke. It is safe to walk on them. Farms are plowed on the quiet slopes, and people have built houses there.
Some volcanoes have stopped throwing out hot rock, but they still smoke a little now and then. They are “sleeping” volcanoes. Sometime they may “wake up”.
（42)
Today volcanoes are not so dangerous for people as they were a long time ago. Now we know more about why volcanoes do what they do, and we can usually tell when they are going to do it. （43).
People used to think dragons under the earth caused volcanoes. They said the smoke that puffed above the ground was the dragon’s breath. They said the earthquakes were caused by the dragon’s moving around down in the earth. Now we know that this is not true.
Another thing we know about volcanoes is that they don’t happen just anywhere. （44).Scientists know where these places are, and maps have been made to let everybody know.
There are different kinds of volcanoes. Some explode so violently that the rock goes high into the air and falls miles away. A volcano may shoot out ashes so high that they float all the way around the world. They have made the sunsets green and the snow purple.
（45).
One very tall volcano stays fiery red at the top all the time. It is lucky that the volcano is near the ocean. Sailors can use it for a lighthouse.
［A］Other volcanoes are more gentle. The hot lava rises in their cones and overflows, rolling slowly down the mountainside, where it becomes cool and hard.
［B］Black smoke puffed out. Hot ashes fell like black snowflakes. Hot rock and fire and lava shot out.
［C］Smoke puffed up, and rock started popping up out of a crack that opened in the ground.
［D］A volcano named Vesuvius slept for a thousand years. But it woke up and threw out so much hot melted rock that it buried the buildings of two cities.
［E］Before a sleeping volcano wakes up, it usually makes a noise like faraway thunder, and the ground shakes in small earthquakes. People are warned and have time to get away safely.
［F］A volcano starts from a hole in the ground from which hot rock and smoke and steam come out. Far, far under the ground it is so hot that rock melts. This hot melted rock, or lava, is sometimes pushed out of the earth through a hole or a crack in the ground. The steam inside the earth pushes the rock out.
［G］There are certain places under the earth where the rock is broken in a way that lets the steam and hot rock escape to the outside more easily.
Sample Two
Directions:
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41—45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A—G to fill in each numbered box. The first and the last paragraphs have been placed for you in Boxes. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
[A] Antivirus software often bounces a warning back to the sender of an infected email, saying that the email in question cannot be delivered because it contains a virus. SoBig.F was able to spoof this system by “harvesting” email addresses from the hard disks of infected computers. Some of these addresses were then sent infected emails that had been doctored to look as though they had come from other harvested addresses. The latter were thus sent warnings, even though their machines may not have been infected.
[B] Blaster worked by creating a “buffer overrun in the remote procedure call”. In English, that means it attacked a piece of software used by Microsoft’s Windows operating system to allow one computer to control another. It did so by causing that software to use too much memory.
[C] Though both of these programs fell short of the apparent objectives of their authors, they still caused damage. For instance, they forced the shutdown of a number of computer networks, including the one used by the New York Times newsroom, and the one organising trains operated by CSX, a freight company on America’s east coast. Computer scientists expect that it is only a matter of time before a truly devastating virus is unleashed.
[D] Most worms work by exploiting weaknesses in an operating system, but whoever wrote Blaster had a particularly refined sense of humour, since the website under attack was the one from which users could obtain a program to fix the very weakness in Windows that the worm itself was exploiting.
[E] One way to deal with a wicked worm like Blaster is to design a fairy godmother worm that goes around repairing vulnerable machines automatically. In the case of Blaster someone seems to have tried exactly that with a program called Welchi. However, according to Mr Haley, Welchi has caused almost as many problems as Blaster itself, by overwhelming networks with “pings”signals that checked for the presence of other computers.
[F] SoBig.F was the more visible of the two recent waves of infection because it propagated itself by email, meaning that victims noticed what was going on. SoBig.F was so effective that it caused substantial disruption even to those protected by antivirus software. That was because so many copies of the virus spread (some 500,000 computers were infected) that many machines were overwhelmed by messages from their own antivirus software. On top of that, one common countermeasure backfired, increasing traffic still further.
[G] Kevin Haley of Symantec, a firm that makes antivirus software, thinks that one reason SoBig.F was so much more effective than other viruses that work this way is because it was better at searching harddrives for addresses. Brian King, of CERT, an internetsecurity centre at CarnegieMellon University in Pittsburgh, notes that, unlike its precursors, SoBig.F was capable of “multithreading”: it could send multiple emails simultaneously, allowing it to dispatch thousands in minutes.
Order:
F→
41→
42→
43→
44→
45→C
Sample Three
Directions:
You are going to read a text about paper, followed by a list of explanations. Choose the best explanation from the list AF for each numbered subheading (4145). There is one extra explanation which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Paper is made of thin sheets of compressed vegetable cellulose fibers. Paper is used for writing and printing, for wrapping and packaging, and for a variety of special purposes ranging from the filtration of precipitates from solutions to the manufacture of certain types of building materials. Paper is a necessity in modern civilization, and the development of machinery for its highspeed production has been largely responsible for the increase in literacy and the raising of educational levels of people throughout the world.
(41) Hand papermaking
The basic process of making paper has not changed in more than 2,000 years. It involves two stages: the breaking up of raw material in water to form a suspension of individual fibers and the formation of felted sheets by spreading this suspension on a suitable porous surface, through which excess water can drain.
(42) Machine papermaking
Although the essential procedures of papermaking by machine are identical with those of hand papermaking, machine papermaking is considerably more complex.
(43) Paper sizes
Paper is usually sold by the ream in sheets of standard sizes. A ream of paper usually contains 480 sheets, but reams of drawing paper and handmade paper contain 472 sheets.
(44) Syntheticfiber paper
In 1955 papers were prepared from nylon, Dacron, and Orlon fibers, and from blends of these fibers with wood pulp.
(45) History
According to tradition, paper was first made in ad 105 by Ts’ai Lun, a eunuch attached to the Eastern Han court of the Chinese emperor Ho Ti. The material used was probably the bark of the mulberry tree, and the paper was made on a mold of bamboo strips.
[A] The materials chiefly used in modern papermaking are cotton or linen rags and wood pulp. Today more than 95 percent of paper is made from wood cellulose. For the cheapest grades of paper, such as newsprint, groundwood (mechanically processed) pulp alone is used; for better grades, chemical wood (pulp in which undesirable materials are chemically removed), pulp, or a mixture of pulp and rag fiber is employed; and for the finest papers, such as the highest grades of writing papers, rag fiber alone is used.
[B] Papers that are to be used for writing or printing with ink require additional treatment following drying, because without such treatment the paper would absorb ink and yield fuzzy lines or impressions.
[C] The use of paper was introduced into Europe by the Moors, and the first papermaking mill was established in Spain about 1150. In succeeding centuries, the craft spread to most of the European countries. The introduction of movable type about the middle of the 15th century made book printing practical and greatly stimulated papermaking.
[D] Such papers are produced on conventional papermaking machinery and can be made with a wide range of appearances and characteristics, from crisp stock resembling ordinary paper to drapable, fabriclike materials. Because of their unique properties, this kind of papers have many applications for which ordinary paper is unsuitable.
[E] In making paper by hand, the raw materialstraw, leaves, bark, rags, or other fibrous materialis placed in a vat or trough and is pounded with a heavy pestle or hammer to separate the fibers.
[F] Book paper and newsprint for flatplate printing are sold in reams of 500 sheets and in perfect reams of 516 sheets. The most common bookpaper size is octavo (112 by 168 cm/44 by 66 in). Newsprint for rotarypress printing comes in rolls of varying sizes; a typical roll of newsprint, as used by large metropolitan newspapers in the United States, is 168 cm (66 in) wide and 7,925 m (26,000 ft) long, and weighs about 725 kg (1,600 lb).
Sample Four
Directions:
You are going to read a list of headings and a text about US airways seeking aid. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A—F for each numbered paragraph (41—45). There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
[A] The response to the news in stock market
[B] When and who releases the news
[C] The information of the first loan to airline industry
[D] How the restructure is to be carried out
[E] How the restructure is to be like if the loan is obtained
[F] The general situation of the airline industry at present
The US airline industry showed it is still hurting from the September 11 suicide attacks as US Airways said it will need federal loan guarantees as part of a restructuring plan, or file for bankruptcy.
The sixthlargest US carrier said it continued to lose money in the first quarter and is working with investors to formulate a restructuring plan.
41
“The company’s management is currently working with key stakeholders to develop a restructuring plan,” US Airways said when filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
“The company contemplates that such a restructuring plan would be supported by liquidity assistance in the form of a governmentguaranteed loan under the Air Transportation Safety and System Stabilization Act.”
41
Shares of US Airways planged 27 percent on the news to end at US $ 3.60 on Friday.
41
“The airline industry is facing very difficult conditions and continues to struggle form the effects of the September 11 attacks,” said Art Hogan, chief market strategist with Jefferies and Co.
US Airways would be the largest airline to seek the loan guarantees passed by Congress last year as part of a US $ 15 billion rescuer package after the suicide airline attacks that killed 3,000 people and devastated the industry.
41
America West, the eighth largest career, is so far the only airline to obtain the loan guarantees. It obtained guarantees of US $ 400 million, offering a 10 percent stake in the company as collateral.
41
US Airways said it hopes to reach an accord with its creditors but that it “also recognizes that in order to successfully restructure the company, alternative restructuring scenarios in the context of a judicial reorganization also must be considered.”
Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
(46) The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation. There is no more difference, but there is just the same kind of difference, between the mental operations of a man of science and those of an ordinary person, as there is between the operations and methods of a baker or of a butcher weighing out his goods in common scales, and the operations of a chemist in performing a difficult and complex analysis by means of his balance and finely graded weights. (47) It is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.
You will understand this better, perhaps, if I give you some familiar examples. (48) You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction (歸納法) and deduction, that by the help of these operations, they, in a sort of sense, manage to extract from Nature certain natural laws, and that out of these, by some special skill of their own, they build up their theories. (49) And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training. To hear all these large words, you would think that the mind of a man of science must be constituted differently from that of his fellow men; but if you will not be frightened by terms, you will discover that you are quite wrong, and that all these terrible apparatus are being used by yourselves every day and every hour of your lives.
There is a wellknown incident in one of Moliere’s plays, where the author makes the hero express unbounded delight on being told that he had been talking prose (散文) during the whole of his life. In the same way, I trust that you will take comfort, and be delighted with yourselves, on the discovery that you have been acting on the principles of inductive and deductive philosophy during the same period. (50) Probably there is not one here who has not in the course of the day had occasion to set in motion a complex train of reasoning, of the very same kind, though differing in degree, as that which a scientific man goes through in tracing the causes of natural phenomena.
Section Ⅲ Writing
Part A
51. Directions:
Miss Wang who is in your University Placement office has suggested you to write to XX company to look for a parttime job in its Accounting Department.
The following points should also be covered in your letter:
1)introduce yourself and your personal life briefly;
2)your worktime;
3)wish to have an interview;
4)the way of contacting you.
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming ” instead. You do not need to write the address. (10 points)
Part B
52. Directions:
Study the following charts carefully and write an article. In your article, you should cover the following points:
1)describe the phenomenon;
2)analyze the phenomenon and give your comment on it.
You should write about （160200） words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
英語(yǔ)模擬試題（二）參考答案及解析
Section I Use of English
1.【答案】C
【解析】本題考查介詞。此句意思是：在別的文化城市，孩子們被期望照料他們年邁的父母。 care for“照顧，照料，撫養(yǎng)（尤指老人，病人）”。
2.【答案】A
【解析】本題考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。此句意思是：成年孩子和他們父母居住的比例達(dá)到了65%至70%。reside“住，居住”。
3.【答案】D
【解析】本題考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析?！斑_(dá)到，到達(dá)”用reach，可指到達(dá)某地或達(dá)到某一數(shù)量。如果用amount，后面必須加to。
4.【答案】B
【解析】 本題考查近義詞詞義辨析。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，只有alone 為副詞，作狀語(yǔ)，修飾動(dòng)詞live。其他三項(xiàng)都是形容詞。
5.【答案】B
【解析】本題考查介詞?！安煌幕g”的介詞應(yīng)該用across。
6.【答案】B
【解析】本題考查近義詞詞義辨析。link常與together, to, with連用，表示“連接；聯(lián)系起來(lái)”，為正確答案。associate“與……結(jié)合（合伙，交往）”；unite“使合為一體，統(tǒng)一，合并”；combine“（使）組合，聯(lián)合”。
7.【答案】D
【解析】本題考查副詞用法。leave...behind“將……留在身后”。
8.【答案】A
【解析】本題考查近義詞詞義辨析。此句意思是：將老人留在孤零零的鄉(xiāng)村地帶。isolated“隔離的，分離的，孤立的”，符合題意；segregated“隔離的”，一般僅用于“種族隔離”；idealized“理想的”；secluded“退隱的，隱居的”，側(cè)重“有意使自己與他人隔離”的意思。
9.【答案】A
【解析】本題考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。因?yàn)樾枰钊氲膭?dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)是tradition，并且根據(jù)上下文的意思，該詞的意思應(yīng)該是“保留”。而promote意為“推崇，提倡”，如果填入promote,給人感覺(jué)是這個(gè)傳統(tǒng)以前在意大利不曾有過(guò)，而這是不符合事實(shí)的。reserve意為“（為某種特別的目的而）儲(chǔ)備，預(yù)備”，也不如maintain恰當(dāng)。
10.【答案】D
【解析】本題考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。此句意思是：顯然，單純以經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展很難解釋（人們）更喜歡哪種生活安排。preferred 此處作定語(yǔ)，prefer“更喜歡，寧愿”。appoint“約定，指定（時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)），任命”，assign“分配，指派”；preserve“保護(hù)，保持，保存，保藏”。
11.【答案】C
【解析】 本題考查名詞詞義辨析。predominate意為“（與over連用）統(tǒng)治，支配，占優(yōu)勢(shì)；居支配地位”。control“控制，支配，管理（物價(jià)等），操縱，抑制”。control為及物動(dòng)詞，后面一般跟賓語(yǔ)。overtake“趕上，追上”；overwhelm“淹沒(méi)，覆蓋，制服，控制，壓服，擊敗”。
12.【答案】B
【解析】本題考查介詞。表達(dá)“在這樣的制度中”用under such systems。
13.【答案】D
【解析】本題考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有inherit有“繼承”的意思。deliver“遞送，傳遞”；convey“傳送，運(yùn)送，輸送”；conceive“構(gòu)想出，設(shè)想”。
14.【答案】A
【解析】本題考查短語(yǔ)。as well as“以及”，在此處相當(dāng)于coupled with，如果放在句尾，則用as well。
15.【答案】D
【解析】本題考查介詞。bring about“帶來(lái)，導(dǎo)致，造成”，文中要表達(dá)“帶來(lái)很多社會(huì)變化”，故此為正確答案。bring...off “成功地做”。例如：bring off a big business deal做成了一筆生意。 bring up“教育，養(yǎng)育”。
16.【答案】A
【解析】本題考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。文中要表達(dá)“削弱”的意思，選undermine合適,decrease“減少，變少，降低”；diminish“（使）減少，（使）變小”。
17.【答案】D
【解析】本題考查名詞詞義辨析。文化方面的“傳統(tǒng)”一般用tradition。
18.【答案】A
【解析】本題考查介詞。表達(dá)“和……的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)相比較”，通常用“by...standards”。
19.【答案】C
【解析】本題考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。decline“下降，下滑，下傾”；incline“使傾向,傾斜”, recline“靠，躺，倚”；reduce“減少，縮小”，一般后面加賓語(yǔ)。
20.【答案】D
【解析】本題考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。recede“后退，向后傾斜”；remove“移走，脫掉，去掉，開(kāi)除”；invade“侵入，侵列”；erode“侵蝕，腐蝕，使變化，逐漸消蝕掉”。此句意思是：傳統(tǒng)的生活方式將會(huì)被磨滅掉。因此正確答案為erode。
譯文
在美國(guó)，老年人幾乎不與成年子女同住。但是在許多其他有著不同文化的社會(huì)中，子女要照顧年老的父母。在意大利的某些地方，與父母同住的成年子女的比例高達(dá)65％到70％。在泰國(guó)，子女也需要照顧年老的父母；泰國(guó)的老年人很少是自己一個(gè)人住的。
如何解釋不同文化中居住方式的差異呢？現(xiàn)代化理論將大家庭與低的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平聯(lián)系起來(lái)。在傳統(tǒng)的社會(huì)中，老年人與子女同住是出于對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)因素的考慮。但是伴隨著現(xiàn)代化，子女搬到城市居住，將老人留在了與世隔絕的農(nóng)村。但是現(xiàn)代化理論無(wú)法解釋為什么大家庭在美國(guó)和英國(guó)并不普遍，也無(wú)法解釋為什么完全現(xiàn)代化的意大利家庭保持著強(qiáng)烈的數(shù)代同居的傳統(tǒng)。顯然，經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展不足以解釋人們所選擇的居住方式。
另一個(gè)理論將數(shù)代同居的居住方式與繼承形式聯(lián)系了起來(lái)。在某些文化中，主干家庭的繼承形式占主導(dǎo)地位。在這個(gè)系統(tǒng)中，父母與一個(gè)已婚的孩子同住，通常是長(zhǎng)子，在父母去世時(shí)，他可以繼承其遺產(chǎn)。主干家庭系統(tǒng)曾經(jīng)在日本很普遍。但是繼承法的改變，工業(yè)化和城市化所帶來(lái)的更廣泛的社會(huì)變革，破壞了這個(gè)傳統(tǒng)。在1960年大約80％的65歲以上的人與子女同住；到1990年，只有60％是如此——雖然一直在下降，但與美國(guó)相比，這個(gè)數(shù)字仍然很高。在韓國(guó)，采用傳統(tǒng)的居住方式的人也在減少：與兒子同住的韓國(guó)老年人的比例從1984年的77％下降到了十年后的50％。盡管大多數(shù)韓國(guó)老年人仍然希望與兒子同住，但他們的成年子女并不希望在自己年老之后與子女同住。
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Text 1
21．【答案】C
【解析】這是一道細(xì)節(jié)題。依據(jù)原文第三句可知，科學(xué)和技術(shù)之間的相似之一便是研究方法的實(shí)驗(yàn)性。因此答案為C。B項(xiàng)中casual不等于原文中的causal，排除。
22．【答案】B
【解析】這是一道是非判斷題。依據(jù)第二段首句，作者認(rèn)為“科學(xué)是技術(shù)創(chuàng)新的理論基礎(chǔ)，以及純理論研究對(duì)工業(yè)文明的發(fā)展是不可或缺的這兩種說(shuō)法都是錯(cuò)誤的”，可見(jiàn)作者不贊同的是B項(xiàng)的說(shuō)法，故B為答案。
23．【答案】A
【解析】這是一道例證題。第二段末句中，作者提到蒸汽發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)是為了反駁“理論研究對(duì)工業(yè)文明的發(fā)展是不可或缺的”這一觀點(diǎn)，故答案為A，A中“feed off”意為“靠……生存”。
24．【答案】D
【解析】這是一道句意題。引號(hào)句的意思在末段得到了充分的說(shuō)明，“技術(shù)創(chuàng)新改變了傳統(tǒng)的文化體制，往往帶來(lái)難以預(yù)料的社會(huì)后果。所以，技術(shù)既具有進(jìn)步性也具有毀滅性”，這就是所謂的“失去控制”，可見(jiàn)答案為D。
25．【答案】D
【解析】這是一道詢問(wèn)歷史學(xué)家態(tài)度的態(tài)度題。末段中，歷史學(xué)家們對(duì)技術(shù)的發(fā)展態(tài)度具有肯定和否定的兩面，所以答案為D.“有保留地認(rèn)可”。
譯文
“科學(xué)”和“技術(shù)”的意義，從一代到下一代都會(huì)發(fā)生深刻的變化，然而這兩個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)之間的相似之處遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)多于其不同之處。兩者都含有思維特征，兩者都涉及物質(zhì)世界的因果關(guān)系，兩者皆用實(shí)驗(yàn)性的研究方法，由此而得出的經(jīng)驗(yàn)性結(jié)果都可重復(fù)驗(yàn)證?？茖W(xué)，至少在理論上，不太在乎結(jié)果的實(shí)用性，它更在乎普遍法則的創(chuàng)立，但實(shí)際上，科學(xué)和技術(shù)是密不可分的。兩者之間不同程度的相互影響可見(jiàn)于各種行業(yè)的歷史發(fā)展過(guò)程，諸如：化學(xué)、工程、物理、天文、土木、制陶以及其他行業(yè)?？茖W(xué)家和技術(shù)人員的研究活動(dòng)的差異與下列因素有關(guān)：不同的教育要求、社會(huì)地位、方法、術(shù)語(yǔ)、獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)方式、機(jī)構(gòu)目標(biāo)及職業(yè)目標(biāo)，但縱觀歷史，許多“純”科學(xué)家既有理論建樹(shù)也有實(shí)用創(chuàng)新。
的確，科學(xué)是技術(shù)創(chuàng)新的理論基礎(chǔ)，以及純理論研究對(duì)工業(yè)文明的發(fā)展是不可或缺的這兩種說(shuō)法都是錯(cuò)誤的。大多數(shù)工業(yè)進(jìn)步都與實(shí)驗(yàn)室研究無(wú)關(guān)，機(jī)械、化工、天文、冶金、水利領(lǐng)域的基本工具及流程早在相關(guān)理論法則發(fā)現(xiàn)之前就已存在。例如，早在熱動(dòng)力學(xué)解釋了蒸汽的原理之前，蒸汽發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)業(yè)已廣泛存在。
近幾年，科學(xué)和技術(shù)之間的價(jià)值分歧越來(lái)越尖銳。科學(xué)進(jìn)步的反對(duì)者是一直存在的，然而，現(xiàn)在有很多人對(duì)技術(shù)的恐懼甚于對(duì)科學(xué)的擔(dān)心。他們覺(jué)得，科學(xué)可視為是對(duì)永恒的自然法則的和平、客觀的探究，但現(xiàn)代社會(huì)中，技術(shù)的實(shí)際應(yīng)用似乎有點(diǎn)失控。
許多科學(xué)史家們認(rèn)為，技術(shù)是發(fā)達(dá)的工業(yè)文明的必然條件，他們也認(rèn)為，過(guò)去幾百年的技術(shù)發(fā)展也已積累了可觀的動(dòng)量。技術(shù)創(chuàng)新的速度以幾何級(jí)別在增長(zhǎng)，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超出了地理和政治的限定。這些技術(shù)創(chuàng)新改變了傳統(tǒng)的文化體制，往往帶來(lái)難以預(yù)料的社會(huì)后果。所以，技術(shù)既具有進(jìn)步性也具有毀滅性。
Text 2
26.【答案】C
【解析】本題是綜合推斷考題。圍繞美國(guó)人民對(duì)城市生活的看法，以及后來(lái)對(duì)于城市進(jìn)行的改革為線索。尤其第二段第三段更為明顯。
27.【答案】B
【解析】本題是首段末句考題。根據(jù)文章第一段第五六句，經(jīng)濟(jì)現(xiàn)實(shí)戰(zhàn)勝了理想，為了獲得安全和薪水高的工作，人們返回都市。
28.【答案】A
【解析】本題是典型的難句理解考題。根據(jù)文章第二段第二句，他們擔(dān)心的是只有富人才能承擔(dān)得起這種服務(wù)。
29.【答案】D
【解析】本題是關(guān)鍵詞替換考題。根據(jù)文章第二段第四句。事實(shí)上A、D項(xiàng)在文中都沒(méi)有直接提到，但A在前文中有所暗示，因此兩者相比，應(yīng)選擇D項(xiàng)。
30.【答案】A
【解析】本題是細(xì)節(jié)信息題。后一段第三句，顯然在快速的工業(yè)化和城市增長(zhǎng)的同時(shí)卻忽略了城市規(guī)劃，這可以在下文中的都市的復(fù)興的發(fā)展規(guī)劃中得到印證。
譯文
在整個(gè)19世紀(jì)到20世紀(jì)美國(guó)人對(duì)大城市有偏見(jiàn)。多數(shù)人居住在農(nóng)場(chǎng)或小鎮(zhèn)上，他們相信城市就是腐敗、犯罪、貧窮和道德敗壞的中心。他們的不信任，一方面是由國(guó)家的意識(shí)形態(tài)引起的，認(rèn)為種地是偉大的職業(yè)，農(nóng)村生活要優(yōu)于城市生活。即使在城市人口增加，城市成為國(guó)家景觀重要部分時(shí)，該觀點(diǎn)依然盛行。經(jīng)濟(jì)現(xiàn)實(shí)逐漸地代替了該意識(shí)形態(tài)。為了得到更好的更穩(wěn)定的報(bào)酬，成千上萬(wàn)的農(nóng)工放棄了不穩(wěn)定的農(nóng)場(chǎng)生活，來(lái)到了城市。然而，當(dāng)他們離開(kāi)農(nóng)村時(shí)，也帶著恐懼和懷疑。這些新的市民已經(jīng)意識(shí)到城市擁有許多問(wèn)題, 非常渴望使城市的混亂回歸新秩序。
對(duì)公共設(shè)施進(jìn)行的許多中的一項(xiàng)改革就是，市政府通常管理水與排污系統(tǒng), 但氣和電網(wǎng)卻私有。改革派認(rèn)為私有公用設(shè)施公司會(huì)對(duì)主要服務(wù)收取過(guò)高的費(fèi)用，并且只向那些出得起錢(qián)的人提供服務(wù)。有些州政府采取了管理公用事業(yè)公司的措施,但有些城市開(kāi)始自己供應(yīng)這些服務(wù)。那些改革的支持者們認(rèn)為共有和管理將會(huì)保證大家能廣泛地享用這些服務(wù)，并可確保其合理的價(jià)格。
同時(shí)，有些改革圍繞著政府與公共行為, 有些改革將城市視為一個(gè)整體。城市領(lǐng)導(dǎo)相信實(shí)際環(huán)境會(huì)影響到人們的行為, 提出城市應(yīng)制定一個(gè)總規(guī)劃來(lái)指導(dǎo)未來(lái)的發(fā)展。城市規(guī)劃不是啥新東西，而是19世紀(jì)末期的快速工業(yè)化和城市擴(kuò)大應(yīng)制定規(guī)劃用于指導(dǎo)未來(lái)的發(fā)展。城市規(guī)劃不是啥新東西，但快速工業(yè)化應(yīng)有序進(jìn)行。在20世紀(jì)先后按幾種方式進(jìn)行了數(shù)次城市更新。有些城市出臺(tái)規(guī)劃要全部重建城市的核心。大多數(shù)城市對(duì)采用區(qū)域規(guī)劃管理未來(lái)發(fā)展表示滿意。城市的有些地方被限制專門(mén)用于居住，另一些地方專門(mén)用于工業(yè)或商業(yè)用途。
Text 3
31.【答案】A
【解析】本題是關(guān)鍵詞替換考題。在文章首段中，我們可以讀到原文中“to see how similar they are”，可以看出心理學(xué)家研究的結(jié)果表明兩者是很相似的，而選項(xiàng)A表達(dá)的語(yǔ)義正是理論決定和實(shí)際決定相一致。
32.【答案】B
【解析】本題是綜合歸納的主旨考題。通過(guò)對(duì)worksheet是一個(gè)列出一個(gè)問(wèn)題的不同方面，并予以評(píng)分，然后通過(guò)相比較來(lái)解決問(wèn)題的方法，選項(xiàng)B正好表達(dá)了多個(gè)問(wèn)題綜合理解的結(jié)果。
33.【答案】C
【解析】本題是典型的詞匯考題。所考的短語(yǔ)multifacet的意思是多方面的，選項(xiàng)C是多個(gè)方面的意思，正好二者是語(yǔ)義的近義替換。
34.【答案】D
【解析】worksheet是一種解決復(fù)雜問(wèn)題更為有效的辦法，但并不意味著對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單問(wèn)題沒(méi)有意義。
35.【答案】C
【解析】本題是因果邏輯考題。因?yàn)殚L(zhǎng)短期的目的不同才會(huì)做出不同決定，并做出不同表述，所以根本的原因是目標(biāo)不同，而非其他。
譯文
心理學(xué)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)一種做出重要決定的好辦法, 例如選擇上一所大學(xué)或投一項(xiàng)資, 采用一個(gè)決定工作表。研究佳化的心理學(xué)家將人們實(shí)際做出規(guī)定同理論上的理想決定相比較，以確定它們是如何的相似。支持者們認(rèn)為可對(duì)相同格式的工作表做出規(guī)定幾種變化，但主要方面是相似的。工作表需簡(jiǎn)明地確定問(wèn)題，并列出所有可能問(wèn)題的所有解決辦法，接著，列出各決定可能會(huì)影響到的合理考慮,并確定每種考慮或結(jié)果的相對(duì)重要性。給每一種考慮一個(gè)數(shù)值，以反映其相對(duì)重要性。通過(guò)將這些值加在一起， 計(jì)算出一種決定。這些具有高值的比較就是佳決定。
由于大多數(shù)重要問(wèn)題具有多面性，因此有幾個(gè)可選答案,每個(gè)答案有優(yōu)點(diǎn)也有缺點(diǎn)。一支筆和一張紙的好處之一就是它能使人們處理比大腦能記住和理解更多的變量。平均來(lái)說(shuō)，人們?cè)谀X中可裝住大約七種想法。當(dāng)決定涉及到大量復(fù)雜關(guān)系變量時(shí)，工作表就顯得非常有用。對(duì)許多大學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)，一個(gè)實(shí)際的例子就是我畢業(yè)后干什么? 畢業(yè)生可能會(huì)找一份提供專門(mén)培訓(xùn)的工作，追求更高發(fā)展，或出國(guó)一年。
一份工作表一開(kāi)始簡(jiǎn)明地說(shuō)明問(wèn)題，將問(wèn)題明確會(huì)有所幫助。將長(zhǎng)期和近期目標(biāo)區(qū)分開(kāi)是很重要的，因?yàn)?，長(zhǎng)期目標(biāo)通常涉及到的決定同短期有所不同。圍繞長(zhǎng)期目標(biāo)，畢業(yè)生可能會(huì)將上述問(wèn)題修改為畢業(yè)后干什么才會(huì)使事業(yè)成功?
Text 4
36.【答案】A
【解析】本題是主旨判斷題。根據(jù)首段首句可以得出本文主旨并非講工作本身。
37.【答案】D
【解析】本題是推斷題。A的錯(cuò)誤在于過(guò)量的工作無(wú)論對(duì)誰(shuí)都不會(huì)帶來(lái)任何的樂(lè)趣；B在缺乏條件的情況下下結(jié)論。從全文可以看出，作者對(duì)工作作為幸福的理由之一是完全贊成的，所以C也不對(duì)。
38.【答案】A
【解析】本題是因果邏輯考題。從文中可以知道人們?cè)馐芡纯嗟脑蚴撬麄冎粚?duì)獵取游戲感興趣。其中D選項(xiàng)是他們認(rèn)為游手好閑更痛苦，選項(xiàng)C是他們不能找到消磨時(shí)光的方法，選項(xiàng)B表明他們發(fā)現(xiàn)工作很無(wú)聊，所以D答非所問(wèn)，BC也與原文不符。
39.【答案】C
【解析】本題是歸納推斷題。A錯(cuò)在作者并沒(méi)有將無(wú)聊和單調(diào)的工作進(jìn)行比較的意思，B過(guò)于絕對(duì)化，D論斷錯(cuò)誤。
40.【答案】A
【解析】這是難句理解考題，是句子理解的細(xì)節(jié)考題。認(rèn)真閱讀后一段可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，作者鼓勵(lì)人們只要工作到“不傷害健康”為止，無(wú)論是窮人還是富人，而且富人工作的目的也不僅僅是為了快樂(lè)，所以只能選A。
譯文
無(wú)論工作是否歸納于高興的原委也可能是一個(gè)值得懷疑的問(wèn)題。當(dāng)然許多工作令人討厭,許多工作使人痛苦。然而，我認(rèn)為所提供的工作并不是很多，即使很無(wú)趣的工作也比無(wú)工作要好。
根據(jù)工作的性質(zhì)和工人的能力，從簡(jiǎn)單的乏味的到非常有趣的工作可分為許多等級(jí)。多數(shù)人從事的工作并非因?yàn)樗鼈冇腥?，而是該工作有一定的?yōu)先條件。首先，在很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間內(nèi)你無(wú)需考慮決定做啥事。多數(shù)人在空閑時(shí)來(lái)安排自己的時(shí)間，想不出能使人高興的事。無(wú)論決定做啥事，常被其他的事會(huì)更有趣而困擾他。為了很好地消磨業(yè)余時(shí)間是文明要解決的后一件事,目前只有很少一部分人才達(dá)到了此水平。然而，選擇本身是很難的事。
除擁有非凡主動(dòng)權(quán)的人們外，多數(shù)人喜歡隨時(shí)接受所安排的工作, 假如這些指令不是太令人討厭。由于以犧牲自由為代價(jià)，多數(shù)無(wú)聊的富有人遭受無(wú)法形容的厭煩。他們通過(guò)在非洲娛樂(lè)或環(huán)球飛行得到了滿足,但這種感覺(jué)是有限的,尤其在青春期之后。如果他們以前很貧窮的話，這些富人依然會(huì)同樣工作努力,同時(shí)，女富豪們?cè)诙鄶?shù)時(shí)間會(huì)忙于她們認(rèn)為是驚天動(dòng)地的無(wú)數(shù)小事。
因此，工作是值得要的,首先它們可免除無(wú)聊, 男人在做無(wú)聊的工作時(shí)會(huì)認(rèn)為跟無(wú)事干時(shí)一樣感到無(wú)聊。工作還會(huì)帶來(lái)另一好處，那就是在節(jié)日到來(lái)時(shí)可使它更有意義。
Part B
Sample One
41.B42.D43.E44.G45.A
解說(shuō)
這篇文章講述火山噴發(fā)的各種情況。在選擇正確段落補(bǔ)入原文時(shí)，要特別注意每段缺失文字之前的那句話或段落，因?yàn)樗笔У奈淖终菍?duì)這些句子或段落的說(shuō)明、舉例或?qū)Ρ取?BR> 譯文
玉米地里的火山長(zhǎng)得比玉米地還大！黑煙冒了出來(lái)。滾燙的灰塵像黑色的雪花一樣飄落。滾燙的巖石、火焰和巖漿沖了出來(lái)。人們把火山稱作小妖怪，因?yàn)樗L(zhǎng)得太快了。來(lái)自世界各地的科學(xué)家都來(lái)研究它并觀察它長(zhǎng)大。并不是經(jīng)常有機(jī)會(huì)從一開(kāi)始就觀察火山生長(zhǎng)。
這里的大多數(shù)火山都存在了很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。有些在這兒存在的時(shí)間太久了，都變冷了。它們被稱為死火山。它們不再噴出火焰、熔巖和煙灰。走上死火山是安全的。農(nóng)民在平靜的山坡上耕種，而且建造房屋。
有些火山已經(jīng)停止了噴出滾燙的巖石，但是它們還時(shí)不時(shí)噴出一些煙霧。它們是休眠火山。有時(shí)候它們可能蘇醒。
維蘇利亞火山休眠了一千年。但是它蘇醒了并且噴出了大量的滾燙熔巖，將兩個(gè)城市的建筑都埋在了地下。
現(xiàn)在火山?jīng)]有再像以前那么危險(xiǎn)了?，F(xiàn)在我們對(duì)火山有了更多的了解，我們通常也知道它們什么時(shí)候噴發(fā)。在休眠火山蘇醒之前，它通常會(huì)發(fā)出像很遠(yuǎn)的雷聲的噪音，而且地面會(huì)發(fā)生小地震。人們得到通知并且有足夠時(shí)間安全逃離。
以前，人們以為是地下的龍?jiān)斐闪嘶鹕奖l(fā)。他們說(shuō)噴出地面的煙是呼出的氣，地震是由于龍?jiān)诘叵乱苿?dòng)?，F(xiàn)在我們知道事實(shí)并非如此。
關(guān)于火山，我們還知道另一個(gè)事實(shí)，那就是并不是每個(gè)地方都有火山。在地下，某些地方的巖石斷裂，致使蒸氣和熱巖石更容易沖出地面。
有不同種類的火山。有些火山猛烈噴發(fā)，巖石沖上云霄，落到數(shù)英里之外。如果火山噴出的灰塵太高，就會(huì)飄散到世界各地。這會(huì)導(dǎo)致日落看起來(lái)是綠的，雪看起來(lái)是紫的。
其他的火山更溫和。熱熔巖從火山中噴出，緩慢地從山上流下，變冷、變硬。
有一座很高的火山山頂總是赤紅的。慶幸的是火山位于大洋邊。海員可以把它當(dāng)作燈塔。
Sample Two
41. A42. G43. B44. D45. E
解說(shuō)
選項(xiàng)G是Kevin對(duì)選項(xiàng)A中的SoBig的理解。選項(xiàng)D是對(duì)Blaster的進(jìn)一步解釋，而E是將應(yīng)對(duì)Blaster的方法。
譯文
巨無(wú)霸是近兩波病毒感染中較明顯的一個(gè)，它通過(guò)郵件傳播，受害者看得見(jiàn)它的發(fā)作。巨無(wú)霸如此有效，它能給那些有防毒軟件保護(hù)的電腦造成很大的破壞。這主要是因?yàn)榇罅康牟《颈粡?fù)制（大約50萬(wàn)電腦被感染）傳播，許多電腦被自己的防毒軟件發(fā)出的無(wú)數(shù)信息壓得癱瘓。除此之外，普通的回?fù)舸胧┦屡c愿違，使郵件數(shù)量進(jìn)一步增加。
防毒軟件通常會(huì)給感染了病毒的郵件發(fā)送者發(fā)個(gè)警告，說(shuō)相關(guān)郵件因?yàn)楹胁《静荒馨l(fā)送。巨無(wú)霸能騙住系統(tǒng)，收集感染了病毒的電腦硬盤(pán)中的郵箱地址。有些地址就會(huì)收到含病毒的郵件，偽裝得像是來(lái)自所收藏的地址所發(fā)來(lái)的郵件。后者因此又會(huì)收到警告，即使電腦并沒(méi)有病毒感染。
Symantec是一家編制防毒軟件的公司，公司的Kevin Haley認(rèn)為，巨無(wú)霸之所以比其他病毒有效是因?yàn)?，它更擅長(zhǎng)于搜索硬盤(pán)中的地址。位于匹茲堡的卡耐基－梅隆大學(xué)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全中心CERT的Brian King認(rèn)為，與以前的病毒不同，巨無(wú)霸能“多徑發(fā)送”，能同時(shí)發(fā)送許多郵件，幾分鐘多達(dá)上千條。
沖擊波病毒使“緩沖區(qū)由遠(yuǎn)程程序指令占用”來(lái)進(jìn)行破壞。用普通語(yǔ)言來(lái)說(shuō)，就是向微軟視窗操作系統(tǒng)使用的一個(gè)軟件發(fā)動(dòng)進(jìn)攻，從而使一臺(tái)電腦控制另一臺(tái)電腦，只要讓該軟件的記憶儲(chǔ)存疲勞就可做到這一點(diǎn)。
多數(shù)蠕蟲(chóng)病毒都是利用操作系統(tǒng)中的薄弱點(diǎn)來(lái)進(jìn)行破壞，但不管誰(shuí)編了沖擊波，這人有特別雅致的幽默感，因?yàn)樵獾焦舻木W(wǎng)址正是用戶獲取程序修補(bǔ)視窗缺陷的網(wǎng)址，這些缺陷被蠕蟲(chóng)病毒利用。
對(duì)付像沖擊波這樣的惡毒蠕蟲(chóng)的一個(gè)方法是，設(shè)計(jì)出一個(gè)教母蠕蟲(chóng)，自動(dòng)修補(bǔ)電腦薄弱點(diǎn)。就沖擊波而言，似乎已有人設(shè)計(jì)出叫“Welchi”的程序。然而，Haley先生認(rèn)為，Welchi導(dǎo)致的問(wèn)題和沖擊波一樣的多，它使用一種檢測(cè)其他電腦存在的信號(hào)“pings”，而使網(wǎng)絡(luò)幾近癱瘓。
盡管這兩種病毒與編者的明顯的目標(biāo)差之甚遠(yuǎn)，它們還是造成了破壞。例如，它們迫使許多網(wǎng)絡(luò)關(guān)閉，包括紐約時(shí)報(bào)的新聞室的網(wǎng)絡(luò)，以及美國(guó)東海岸的貨運(yùn)公司CSX組織火車(chē)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)。電腦專家們說(shuō)，過(guò)不了多久，真正具有毀滅性的病毒就會(huì)出現(xiàn)。
Sample Three
41. E42. A43. F44. D45. C
解說(shuō)
這篇文章依次介紹了手工造紙、機(jī)器造紙、紙的尺寸、特別的紙和紙的歷史。弄清楚每段的主題后就可以從備選項(xiàng)中選出與標(biāo)題相符合的文字。
譯文
紙是由一薄層壓縮的植物纖維素纖維制成的。紙被用于寫(xiě)字、出版、打包，還有其他許多用途，從過(guò)濾沉淀到制造建筑材料。在現(xiàn)代文明中，紙必不可少。機(jī)器的發(fā)展是它的生產(chǎn)速度加快，這也是現(xiàn)在世界上人民文化水平提高的一個(gè)原因。
手工制造紙
兩千年來(lái)，制造紙的基本工藝沒(méi)有發(fā)生變化。它包含兩個(gè)步驟：將原料打碎，使其形成獨(dú)立纖維的懸浮液，然后把它鋪在合適的有孔的平面上并將其壓緊，這樣多余的水就被擠出了。手工制造紙時(shí)，原料——稻草、樹(shù)葉、樹(shù)皮、碎布或其他含纖維的材料——被放在大缸或槽內(nèi)，并用錘子敲擊，使纖維分開(kāi)。
機(jī)器制造紙
盡管機(jī)器造紙的基本步驟與手工造紙的步驟相同，但機(jī)器造紙要復(fù)雜得多?，F(xiàn)代造紙的材料主要是棉花或亞麻的碎布和木漿?，F(xiàn)在95％的紙來(lái)自木纖維素。對(duì)于廉價(jià)的紙，例如報(bào)紙，只是使用了木漿；對(duì)于更好的紙，使用的是化學(xué)木料（不需要的部分已經(jīng)被化學(xué)去除的木漿）、木漿或木漿與碎布纖維的混合；對(duì)于好的紙，例如高等級(jí)的書(shū)寫(xiě)紙，只使用的是碎布纖維。
紙的尺寸
紙張通常是按照標(biāo)準(zhǔn)尺寸以令為單位銷(xiāo)售的。一令紙通常是480張，但是一令畫(huà)紙或手工紙是472張。用于平板印刷的書(shū)籍和報(bào)紙的用紙，一令是500張，有時(shí)是516張。普遍的書(shū)籍紙張尺寸是八開(kāi)本（112厘米寬，168厘米長(zhǎng)）。報(bào)紙的尺寸不一；典型的一卷報(bào)紙，如美國(guó)大的都市報(bào)紙，尺寸是168厘米寬，7925米長(zhǎng)，重725公斤。
合成纖維紙
在1955年，有的紙就是從尼龍、滌綸和奧綸纖維與木漿的混合物制成。這些紙是由普通的造紙機(jī)做出的，可以改變它們的外形和特性，可以像普通紙一樣脆，也可以像織物一樣有褶皺。由于這些特性，在普通紙張不適合的場(chǎng)合可以使用這種紙。
紙的歷史
根據(jù)歷史記載，紙是中國(guó)東漢時(shí)期的宦官蔡倫造出來(lái)的。所用的材料大概是桑樹(shù)皮，紙是在竹條上制造的。摩爾人將紙介紹到了歐洲。在大約1150年，在西班牙建立了第一個(gè)造紙磨坊。在接下來(lái)的數(shù)個(gè)世紀(jì)，造紙技術(shù)傳播到了歐洲的大多數(shù)國(guó)家。15世紀(jì)中葉活字印刷的引入是書(shū)籍的印刷更方便，而且很大地刺激了造紙業(yè)的發(fā)展。
Sample Four
41. B42. A43. E44. C45. D
解說(shuō)
這篇文章既講了美國(guó)航空業(yè)的總體現(xiàn)狀，又講了美國(guó)航空公司向政府提出貸款用于重組的要求。弄清每一段的大意，再找出與之相對(duì)應(yīng)的標(biāo)題。
譯文
美國(guó)航空業(yè)至今仍然遭受“9·11”自殺襲擊所造成的損失，因?yàn)槊绹?guó)航空公司宣稱需要聯(lián)邦政府提供貸款用于重組，否則將會(huì)破產(chǎn)。
第六大的美國(guó)航空運(yùn)輸企業(yè)聲稱第一季度還是虧損，現(xiàn)在正與投資者共商重組方案。
發(fā)布消息的事件和人物
“公司的管理層現(xiàn)在正在與主要持股人商討重組計(jì)劃?！泵绹?guó)航空公司在證券交易委員會(huì)宣布?！案鶕?jù)航空運(yùn)輸安全與系統(tǒng)穩(wěn)定法的相關(guān)規(guī)定，公司認(rèn)為此重組計(jì)劃需要得到政府擔(dān)保的貸款的支持?！?BR> 股市對(duì)這一消息的反應(yīng)
在這一消息出現(xiàn)后，美國(guó)航空公司的股價(jià)下跌了27％，星期五以3.6美元收盤(pán)。
航空業(yè)的現(xiàn)狀
Jefferies和Co.的首席市場(chǎng)開(kāi)放官Art Hogan說(shuō)：“航空業(yè)現(xiàn)在面臨困境，仍然受到‘911’事件的影響?！?BR> 美國(guó)航空公司將會(huì)尋求政府貸款的大航空公司。這項(xiàng)貸款是去年自殺襲擊之后國(guó)會(huì)通過(guò)的150億美元的援救議案的一部分。那次襲擊使3000人喪命，也摧毀了航空業(yè)。
關(guān)于航空業(yè)的第一筆貸款
美西航空公司，第八大航空公司，是現(xiàn)在惟一獲得了貸款的航空公司。它獲得了4億美元的貸款，公司10％的貸款用作還貸。
重組如何進(jìn)行
美國(guó)航空公司說(shuō)它希望與貸款者達(dá)成協(xié)議，但是它“也認(rèn)識(shí)到為了成功地重組公司，必須考慮在明晰合理的重組中采用非常規(guī)的重組運(yùn)作方式?！?BR> Part C
46.科學(xué)研究的方法不過(guò)是對(duì)大腦思維基本工作模式的表現(xiàn)。也就是對(duì)一切現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行思索并給以精確而嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)解釋的表達(dá)方式。
47.這并不是說(shuō)面包師或賣(mài)肉者所用的磅秤和化學(xué)家所用的天平在構(gòu)造原理或工作方式上存在差別，而是說(shuō)與前者相比，后者是一種更精密得多的裝置，因而在計(jì)量上必然更準(zhǔn)確得多。
48.你們都多次聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)，科學(xué)家是用歸納法和演繹法來(lái)工作的，他們用這些方法，在某種意義上說(shuō)，是力求從自然界找出某些自然規(guī)律，然后他們根據(jù)這些規(guī)律，用自己的某種特殊本領(lǐng)，建立起他們的理論。
49.許多人以為，普通人的思維活動(dòng)根本無(wú)法與科學(xué)家的思維過(guò)程相比，認(rèn)為這些思維過(guò)程必須經(jīng)過(guò)某種專門(mén)訓(xùn)練才能掌握。
50.在座的諸位中，大概不會(huì)有人一整天都沒(méi)有機(jī)會(huì)進(jìn)行一連串復(fù)雜的思考活動(dòng)，這些思考活動(dòng)與科學(xué)家在探索自然現(xiàn)象原因時(shí)所經(jīng)歷的思考活動(dòng)，盡管復(fù)雜程度不同，但在類型上是完全一樣的。
Section III Writing
Part A
51.
Dear Sir or Madam,
I wonder if I can work in your Accounting Department as a parttime employee. Miss Wang, the University Placement Office, has suggested that I write to you, since I would like to work for your company after I finish my courses at the university. I have heard so much about your company, and I believe it offers a good chance to a man interested in construction work and trained in business.
I am enclosing a resume that gives details of my l, ife so far. My father died when I was twelve years old, and I have been on my own since fourteen. I am finishing college plenty late but I have had some experience along the way, with four years in the military.
I could work every afternoon and all day Saturday. Professor Li at the university can tell you about my work in accounting. He is Dean of Accounting Department of my university.
Please look over the attached resume. I can come for an interview, if you wish. My telephone number is 6373833.
Yours sincerely
Li Ming
Part B
52.
As is described in the picture, the boy and the girl who are in love, are sitting on green ground or on long benches on campus. It is shown that love among college students has become increasingly common.
What has made campus romance so popular? There may be several possible reasons for the increasing popularity of campus love. First, with the development of society, young boys and girls become more independent than before. They believe that they are mature enough to pursue their own love. Second, stress from study and competition among peers make quite a number of students try to seek relief from love. Moreover, peer influence may also be a contributing factor. If a student sees his classmates or friends with girlfriends, he may want to try himself. If he is left alone, he may feel ashamed.
As far as I am concerned, there is nothing wrong with campus romance and no one can really ban it. What really counts is that college students should hold a reasonable attitude towards it. They should be aware that their personal relationships should not get in the way of their study. They should keep their eyes wide open while trying to find a lifelong companion, otherwise their love will not last for long.
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
In the United States, older people rarely live with their adult children. But in many other cultures children are expected to care1their aged parents. In some parts of Italy, the percentage of adult children who2with their parents 3 65 to 70 percent. In Thailand, too, children are expected to take care of their elderly parents; few Thai elderly live4.
What explains these differences in living arrangements5cultures? Modernization theory6the extended family household to low levels of economic development. In traditional societies, the elderly live with their children in large extended family units for economic reasons. But with modernization, children move to urban areas, leaving old people7in8rural areas. Yet modernization theory cannot explain why extended family households were never common in the United States or England, or why families in Italy, which is fully modernized,9a strong tradition of intergenerational living. Clearly, economic development alone cannot explain10living arrangements.
Another theory associated intergenerational living arrangements with inheritance patterns. In some cultures, the stem family pattern of inheritance11.12 this system, parents live with a married child, usually the oldest son, who then13their property when they die. The stem family system was once common in Japan, but changes in inheritance laws,14broader social changes brought15by industrialization and urbanization, have16the17. In 1960 about 80 percent of Japanese over 65 lived with their children; by 1990 only 60 percent did—a figure that is still high18U. S. standards, but which has been19steadily. In Korea, too, traditional living arrangements are 20: the percentage of aged Koreans who live with a son declined from 77 percent in 1984 to 50 percent just 10 years later. Although most elderly Koreans still expect to live with a son, their adult children do not expect to live with their children when they grow old.
1. [A] about [B] after [C] for [D] over
2. [A] reside [B] recite [C] redeem [D] rebel
3. [A] amasses [B] amounts [C] attains [D] reaches
4. [A] lone [B] alone [C] lonesome [D] lonely
5. [A] over [B] across [C] within [D] above
6. [A] associated [B] linked [C] united [D] combined
7. [A] aside [B] after [C] over [D] behind
8. [A] isolated [B] segregated [C] idealized [D] secluded
9. [A] maintain [B] promote [C] reserve [D] support
10. [A] appointed [B] assigned [C] preserved [D] preferred
11. [A] controls [B] overtakes [C] predominates [D] overwhelms
12. [A] at [B] under [C] by [D] over
13. [A] delivers [B] conveys [C] conceives [D] inherits
14. [A] as well as [B] might as well [C] as well [D] well as
15. [A] off [B] up [C] around [D] about
16. [A] undermined [B] decreased [C] diminished [D] defeated
17. [A] authority [B] usage [C] habit [D] tradition
18. [A] by [B] on [C] with [D] in
19. [A] inclining [B] reclining [C] declining [D] reducing
20. [A] receding [B] removing [C] invading [D] eroding
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text1
The meanings of “science” and “technology” have changed significantly from one generation to another. More similarities than differences, however, can be found between the terms. Both science and technology imply a thinking process, both are concerned with causal relationships in the material world, and both employ an experimental methodology that results in empirical demonstrations that can be verified by repetition. Science, at least in theory, is less concerned with the practicality of its results and more concerned with the development of general laws, but in practice science and technology are inextricably involved with each other. The varying interplay of the two can be observed in the historical development of such practitioners as chemists, engineers, physicists, astronomers, carpenters, potters, and many other specialists. Differing educational requirements, social status, vocabulary, methodology, and types of rewards, as well as institutional objectives and professional goals, contribute to such distinctions as can be made between the activities of scientists and technologists; but throughout history the practitioners of “pure” science have made many practical as well as theoretical contributions.
Indeed, the concept that science provides the ideas for technological innovations and that pure research is therefore essential for any significant advancement in industrial civilization is essentially a myth. Most of the greatest changes in industrial civilization cannot be traced to the laboratory. Fundamental tools and processes in the fields of mechanics, chemistry, astronomy, metallurgy, and hydraulics were developed before the laws governing their functions were discovered. The steam engine, for example, was commonplace before the science of thermodynamics elucidated the physical principle underlying its operations.
In recent years a sharp value distinction has grown up between science and technology. Advances in science have frequently had their bitter opponents, but today many people have come to fear technology much more than science. For these people, science may be perceived as a serene, objective source for understanding the eternal laws of nature, whereas the practical manifestations of technology in the modern world now seem to them to be out of control.
Many historians of science argue not only that technology is an essential condition of advanced, industrial civilization but also that the rate of technological change has developed its own momentum in recent centuries. Innovations now seem to appear at a rate that increase geometrically, without respect to geographical limits or political systems. These innovations tend to transform traditional cultural systems, frequently with unexpected social consequences. Thus technology can be conceived as both a creative and a destructive process.
21. Science is, as the author argues, similar to technology in that .
[A]it involves a long process of change
[B]it focuses on the casual aspects of the material world
[C]it resorts to experiments as an exclusive method of research
[D]it is concerned about the theoretical development
22. Which of the following does the author NOT agree with?
[A]Scientific activities are deeply involved with those of technology.
[B]Industrial civilization is largely based on the scientific progress.
[C]Science and technology move forward at a comparable speed.
[D]Either of science and technology is necessary for the advance of each other.
23. The example of the steam engine is presented to .
[A]refute the belief that industrial progress feeds off scientific ideas
[B]illustrate the remarkable achievements of industrial civilization
[C]indicate that many great inventions originate from the laboratory
[D]laws come out much earlier than related functions
24. What does “the practical manifestations...out of control” (Para.3) mean?
[A]Technology is losing its traditional practicality.
[B]Technology is moving further away from science.
[C]Technological progress is benefiting the whole world.
[D]Technology is threatening the existence of human civilization.
25. The “historians” as mentioned in the last paragraph regard the technology with .
[A]absolute enthusiasm[B]total indifference
[C]obvious resentment[D]reserved approval
Text2
Throughout the nineteenth century and into the twentieth, citizens of the United States maintained a bias against big cities. Most lived on farms and in small towns and believed cities to be centers of corruption, crime, poverty, and moral degradation. Their distrust was caused, in part, by a national ideology that proclaimed farming the greatest occupation and rural living superior to urban living. This attitude prevailed even as the number of urban dwellers increased and cities became an essential feature of the national landscape. Gradually, economic reality overcame ideology. Thousands abandoned the precarious life on the farm for more secure and better paying jobs in the city. But when these people migrated from the countryside, they carried their fears and suspicions with them. These new urbanites already convinced that cities were overwhelmed with great problems, eagerly embraced the promised to bring order out of the chaos of the city.
One of many reforms came in the area of public utilities. Water and sewerage systems were usually operated by municipal governments, but the gas and electric networks were privately owned. Reformers feared that the privately owned utility companies would charge exorbitant rates for these essential services and deliver them only to people who could afford them. Some city and state governments responded by regulating the utility companies, but a number of cities began to supply these services themselves. Proponents of these reforms argued that public ownership and regulation would insure widespread access to these utilities and guarantee a fair price.
While some reforms focused on government and public behavior, others looked at the cities as a whole. Civic leaders, convinced that physical environment influenced human behavior, argued that cities should develop master plans to guide their future growth and development. City planning was nothing new, but the rapid industrialization and urban growth of the late nineteenth century took plans to guide their future growth and development. City planning was nothing new, but the rapid industrialization for order. Urban renewal in the twentieth century followed several in the twentieth century followed several courses. Some cities introduced plans to completely rebuild the city core. Most other cities contented themselves with zoning plans for regulating future growth. Certain parts of town were restricted to residential use, while others were set aside for industrial or commercial development.
26. What does the passage mainly discuss?
[A] A comparison of urban and rural life in the early twentieth century.
[B] The role of government in twentiethcentury urban renewal.
[C] Efforts to improve urban life in the early twentieth century.
[D] Methods of controlling urban growth in the twentieth century.
27. In the early twentieth century, many rural dwellers migrated to the city in order to .
[A] participate in the urban reform movement[B] seek financial security
[C] comply with a government ordinance[D] avoid crime and corruption
28. What concern did reformers have about privately owned utility companies?
[A] They feared the services would not be made available to all city dwellers.
[B] They believed private ownership would wow economic growth.
[C] They did not trust the companies to obey the government regulations.
[D] They wanted to ensure that the services would be provided to rural areas.
29. All of the following were the direct result of public utility reforms EXCEPT.
[A] local governments determined the rates charged by private utility companies
[B] some utility companies were owned and operated by local governments
[C] the availability of services was regulated by local governments
[D] private utility companies were required to pay a fee to local governments
30. Why does the author mention “industrialization and urban growth”?
[A] To explain how fast urban growth led to poorly designed cities.
[B] To emphasize the economic importance of urban areas.
[C] To suggest that labor disputes had become an urban problem.
[D] To illustrate the need for construction of new factories.
Text3
Researchers in the field of psychology have found that one of the best ways to make an important decision, such as choosing a university to attend or a business to invest in, involves the utilization of a decision worksheet. Psychologists who study optimization compare actual decisions made by people to theoretical ideal decisions to see how similar they are. Proponents of the several variations on the exact format that worksheet can take, they are all similar in their essential aspects. Worksheets require defining the problem in a clear and concise way and then listing all possible solutions to the problem. Next, the pertinent considerations that will be affected by each decision are listed, and the relative importance of each consideration or consequence is determined. Each consideration is assigned a numerical value to reflect its relative importance. A decision is mathematically calculated by adding these values together. The alternative with the highest number of points emerges as the best decision.
Since most important problems are multifaceted, there are several alternatives to choose from, each with unique advantages and disadvantages. One of the benefits of a pencil and paper decisionmaking procedure is that it permits people to deal with more variables than their minds can generally comprehend and remember. On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their minds at once. A worksheet can be especially useful when the decision involves a large number of variables with complex relationships. A realistic example for many college students is the question “What will I do after graduation?” A graduate might seek a position that offers specialized training, pursue an advanced degree, or travel abroad for a year.
A decisionmaking worksheet begins with a succinct statement of the problem that will also help to narrow it. It is important to be clear about the distinction between longrange and immediate goals because longrange goals often involve a different decision than shortrange ones. Focusing on longrange goals, a graduating student might revise the question above to “What will I do after graduation that will lead to a successful career?”
31. What conclusion had the psychologists reached comparing the actual decisions to theoretical ideal ones?
[A] The theoretical ideal decisions is similar as the actual decisions.
[B] The actual decisions are always have the similar essential aspects as the decision worksheet.
[C] The theoretical ideal decision is optimal one.
[D] The theoretical ideal decisions could have more various formats than the actual decisions.
32. The passage is mainly about.
[A]graduate students’ decision
[B] method of decisionmaking on problems
[C] theoretical ideal decisions
[D] defining the problem
33. In Line 22, the word “multifaceted” probably means.
[A] different [B] many alternatives
[C] various aspects [D] many faces of problem
34. What cannot be inferred from the passage is that.
[A] on future the graduate consider more about vocation
[B] each consideration listed on worksheet is assigned a numerical value to reflect its relative importance
[C] people deal with fewer variables in mind
[D] worksheet is not useful when the decision involves a large number of variables with easy relationships
35. Why might a graduating student have different questions “What will I do after graduation?” and “What will I do after graduation to a successful career?”
[A] Because the statement of problem on shortrange is more succinct than that on longrange.
[B] Because there is some distinction between the decision of longrange goals and shortrange ones.
[C] Because the goals of shortrange and longrange are different.
[D] The decision involves a large number of variables with complex relationships.
Text4
Whether work should be placed among the causes of happiness may perhaps be regarded as a doubtful question. There is certainly much work which is exceedingly irksome, and an excess of work is always very painful. I think, however, that, provided work is not excessive in amount, even the dullest work is to most people less painful than idleness.
There are in work all grades, from mere relief of tedium up to the profoundest delights, according to the nature of the work and the abilities of the worker. Most of the work that most people have to do is not in itself interesting but even such work has certain great advantages. To begin with, it fills a good many hours of the day without the need of deciding what one shall do. Most people, when they are left free to fill their own time according to their own choice, are at a loss to think of anything sufficiently pleasant to be worth doing. And whatever they decided on, they are troubled by the feeling that something else would have been pleasanter. To be able to fill leisure intelligently is the last product of civilization, and at present very few people have reached this level. Moreover the exercise of choice is in itself tiresome.
Except to people with unusual initiative it is positively agreeable to be told what to do at each hour of the day, provided the orders are not too unpleasant. Most of the idle rich suffer unspeakable boredom as the price of their freedom from drudgery. At times they find relief by hunting big game in Africa, or by flying round the world, but the number of such sensations is limited, especially after youth is past. Accordingly the more intelligent rich men work nearly as hard as if they were poor, while rich women for the most part keep themselves busy with innumerable trifles of whose earth shaking importance they are firmly persuaded.
Work therefore is desirable, first and foremost, as a preventive of boredom, for the boredom that a man feels when he is doing necessary though uninteresting work is as nothing in comparison with the boredom that he feels when he has nothing to do with his days. With this advantage of work another is associated, namely that it makes holidays much more delicious when they come.
36. Which title suits this passage best?
[A] On relief [B] On work [C] On pleasure [D] On irksomeness
37. We can conclude from the first paragraph that in the author’s opinion,.
[A] an excess of work can bring people not only torture, but pleasure
[B] even the dullest work can be enjoyed by people
[C] the author himself feels puzzled whether work should be placed among the causes of happiness
[D] work can give people pleasure
38. The reason why most rich people suffer tromp unvoiced pain is that.
[A] they are only interested in hunting games
[B] they find some work irksome
[C] they can’t find anything to kill time
[D] they find work less painful than idleness
39. We can infer from this passage that the author’s viewpoint towards work is.
[A] tiresomeness is more painful than dull work
[B] work is necessary to everybody
[C] one must find some interesting than dull work
[D] the rich suffer more than the working people because of their boredom
40. According to this passage, which of the following statements is not false .
[A] rich people tend to work as hard as poor people
[B] rich people tend to work much harder than poor people
[C] rich people tend to work for anything but pleasure
[D] rich people tend to work very hard so that they may enjoy more delicious holidays
Part B
Sample One
Directions:
In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 4145, choose the most suitable one from the list AG to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
The volcano in the cornfield grew until it was bigger than the cornfield!（41) P(pán)eople called the volcano the Little Monster because it grew so fast. Scientists came from all over the world to study it and watch it grow. It is not often that people get a chance to watch a volcano from the very beginning.
Most of the volcanoes have been here for a very long time. Some have been here so long that now they are cold. They are called dead volcanoes. They have stopped throwing out fire and melted rock and smoke. It is safe to walk on them. Farms are plowed on the quiet slopes, and people have built houses there.
Some volcanoes have stopped throwing out hot rock, but they still smoke a little now and then. They are “sleeping” volcanoes. Sometime they may “wake up”.
（42)
Today volcanoes are not so dangerous for people as they were a long time ago. Now we know more about why volcanoes do what they do, and we can usually tell when they are going to do it. （43).
People used to think dragons under the earth caused volcanoes. They said the smoke that puffed above the ground was the dragon’s breath. They said the earthquakes were caused by the dragon’s moving around down in the earth. Now we know that this is not true.
Another thing we know about volcanoes is that they don’t happen just anywhere. （44).Scientists know where these places are, and maps have been made to let everybody know.
There are different kinds of volcanoes. Some explode so violently that the rock goes high into the air and falls miles away. A volcano may shoot out ashes so high that they float all the way around the world. They have made the sunsets green and the snow purple.
（45).
One very tall volcano stays fiery red at the top all the time. It is lucky that the volcano is near the ocean. Sailors can use it for a lighthouse.
［A］Other volcanoes are more gentle. The hot lava rises in their cones and overflows, rolling slowly down the mountainside, where it becomes cool and hard.
［B］Black smoke puffed out. Hot ashes fell like black snowflakes. Hot rock and fire and lava shot out.
［C］Smoke puffed up, and rock started popping up out of a crack that opened in the ground.
［D］A volcano named Vesuvius slept for a thousand years. But it woke up and threw out so much hot melted rock that it buried the buildings of two cities.
［E］Before a sleeping volcano wakes up, it usually makes a noise like faraway thunder, and the ground shakes in small earthquakes. People are warned and have time to get away safely.
［F］A volcano starts from a hole in the ground from which hot rock and smoke and steam come out. Far, far under the ground it is so hot that rock melts. This hot melted rock, or lava, is sometimes pushed out of the earth through a hole or a crack in the ground. The steam inside the earth pushes the rock out.
［G］There are certain places under the earth where the rock is broken in a way that lets the steam and hot rock escape to the outside more easily.
Sample Two
Directions:
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41—45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A—G to fill in each numbered box. The first and the last paragraphs have been placed for you in Boxes. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
[A] Antivirus software often bounces a warning back to the sender of an infected email, saying that the email in question cannot be delivered because it contains a virus. SoBig.F was able to spoof this system by “harvesting” email addresses from the hard disks of infected computers. Some of these addresses were then sent infected emails that had been doctored to look as though they had come from other harvested addresses. The latter were thus sent warnings, even though their machines may not have been infected.
[B] Blaster worked by creating a “buffer overrun in the remote procedure call”. In English, that means it attacked a piece of software used by Microsoft’s Windows operating system to allow one computer to control another. It did so by causing that software to use too much memory.
[C] Though both of these programs fell short of the apparent objectives of their authors, they still caused damage. For instance, they forced the shutdown of a number of computer networks, including the one used by the New York Times newsroom, and the one organising trains operated by CSX, a freight company on America’s east coast. Computer scientists expect that it is only a matter of time before a truly devastating virus is unleashed.
[D] Most worms work by exploiting weaknesses in an operating system, but whoever wrote Blaster had a particularly refined sense of humour, since the website under attack was the one from which users could obtain a program to fix the very weakness in Windows that the worm itself was exploiting.
[E] One way to deal with a wicked worm like Blaster is to design a fairy godmother worm that goes around repairing vulnerable machines automatically. In the case of Blaster someone seems to have tried exactly that with a program called Welchi. However, according to Mr Haley, Welchi has caused almost as many problems as Blaster itself, by overwhelming networks with “pings”signals that checked for the presence of other computers.
[F] SoBig.F was the more visible of the two recent waves of infection because it propagated itself by email, meaning that victims noticed what was going on. SoBig.F was so effective that it caused substantial disruption even to those protected by antivirus software. That was because so many copies of the virus spread (some 500,000 computers were infected) that many machines were overwhelmed by messages from their own antivirus software. On top of that, one common countermeasure backfired, increasing traffic still further.
[G] Kevin Haley of Symantec, a firm that makes antivirus software, thinks that one reason SoBig.F was so much more effective than other viruses that work this way is because it was better at searching harddrives for addresses. Brian King, of CERT, an internetsecurity centre at CarnegieMellon University in Pittsburgh, notes that, unlike its precursors, SoBig.F was capable of “multithreading”: it could send multiple emails simultaneously, allowing it to dispatch thousands in minutes.
Order:
F→
41→
42→
43→
44→
45→C
Sample Three
Directions:
You are going to read a text about paper, followed by a list of explanations. Choose the best explanation from the list AF for each numbered subheading (4145). There is one extra explanation which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Paper is made of thin sheets of compressed vegetable cellulose fibers. Paper is used for writing and printing, for wrapping and packaging, and for a variety of special purposes ranging from the filtration of precipitates from solutions to the manufacture of certain types of building materials. Paper is a necessity in modern civilization, and the development of machinery for its highspeed production has been largely responsible for the increase in literacy and the raising of educational levels of people throughout the world.
(41) Hand papermaking
The basic process of making paper has not changed in more than 2,000 years. It involves two stages: the breaking up of raw material in water to form a suspension of individual fibers and the formation of felted sheets by spreading this suspension on a suitable porous surface, through which excess water can drain.
(42) Machine papermaking
Although the essential procedures of papermaking by machine are identical with those of hand papermaking, machine papermaking is considerably more complex.
(43) Paper sizes
Paper is usually sold by the ream in sheets of standard sizes. A ream of paper usually contains 480 sheets, but reams of drawing paper and handmade paper contain 472 sheets.
(44) Syntheticfiber paper
In 1955 papers were prepared from nylon, Dacron, and Orlon fibers, and from blends of these fibers with wood pulp.
(45) History
According to tradition, paper was first made in ad 105 by Ts’ai Lun, a eunuch attached to the Eastern Han court of the Chinese emperor Ho Ti. The material used was probably the bark of the mulberry tree, and the paper was made on a mold of bamboo strips.
[A] The materials chiefly used in modern papermaking are cotton or linen rags and wood pulp. Today more than 95 percent of paper is made from wood cellulose. For the cheapest grades of paper, such as newsprint, groundwood (mechanically processed) pulp alone is used; for better grades, chemical wood (pulp in which undesirable materials are chemically removed), pulp, or a mixture of pulp and rag fiber is employed; and for the finest papers, such as the highest grades of writing papers, rag fiber alone is used.
[B] Papers that are to be used for writing or printing with ink require additional treatment following drying, because without such treatment the paper would absorb ink and yield fuzzy lines or impressions.
[C] The use of paper was introduced into Europe by the Moors, and the first papermaking mill was established in Spain about 1150. In succeeding centuries, the craft spread to most of the European countries. The introduction of movable type about the middle of the 15th century made book printing practical and greatly stimulated papermaking.
[D] Such papers are produced on conventional papermaking machinery and can be made with a wide range of appearances and characteristics, from crisp stock resembling ordinary paper to drapable, fabriclike materials. Because of their unique properties, this kind of papers have many applications for which ordinary paper is unsuitable.
[E] In making paper by hand, the raw materialstraw, leaves, bark, rags, or other fibrous materialis placed in a vat or trough and is pounded with a heavy pestle or hammer to separate the fibers.
[F] Book paper and newsprint for flatplate printing are sold in reams of 500 sheets and in perfect reams of 516 sheets. The most common bookpaper size is octavo (112 by 168 cm/44 by 66 in). Newsprint for rotarypress printing comes in rolls of varying sizes; a typical roll of newsprint, as used by large metropolitan newspapers in the United States, is 168 cm (66 in) wide and 7,925 m (26,000 ft) long, and weighs about 725 kg (1,600 lb).
Sample Four
Directions:
You are going to read a list of headings and a text about US airways seeking aid. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A—F for each numbered paragraph (41—45). There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
[A] The response to the news in stock market
[B] When and who releases the news
[C] The information of the first loan to airline industry
[D] How the restructure is to be carried out
[E] How the restructure is to be like if the loan is obtained
[F] The general situation of the airline industry at present
The US airline industry showed it is still hurting from the September 11 suicide attacks as US Airways said it will need federal loan guarantees as part of a restructuring plan, or file for bankruptcy.
The sixthlargest US carrier said it continued to lose money in the first quarter and is working with investors to formulate a restructuring plan.
41
“The company’s management is currently working with key stakeholders to develop a restructuring plan,” US Airways said when filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
“The company contemplates that such a restructuring plan would be supported by liquidity assistance in the form of a governmentguaranteed loan under the Air Transportation Safety and System Stabilization Act.”
41
Shares of US Airways planged 27 percent on the news to end at US $ 3.60 on Friday.
41
“The airline industry is facing very difficult conditions and continues to struggle form the effects of the September 11 attacks,” said Art Hogan, chief market strategist with Jefferies and Co.
US Airways would be the largest airline to seek the loan guarantees passed by Congress last year as part of a US $ 15 billion rescuer package after the suicide airline attacks that killed 3,000 people and devastated the industry.
41
America West, the eighth largest career, is so far the only airline to obtain the loan guarantees. It obtained guarantees of US $ 400 million, offering a 10 percent stake in the company as collateral.
41
US Airways said it hopes to reach an accord with its creditors but that it “also recognizes that in order to successfully restructure the company, alternative restructuring scenarios in the context of a judicial reorganization also must be considered.”
Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
(46) The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation. There is no more difference, but there is just the same kind of difference, between the mental operations of a man of science and those of an ordinary person, as there is between the operations and methods of a baker or of a butcher weighing out his goods in common scales, and the operations of a chemist in performing a difficult and complex analysis by means of his balance and finely graded weights. (47) It is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.
You will understand this better, perhaps, if I give you some familiar examples. (48) You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction (歸納法) and deduction, that by the help of these operations, they, in a sort of sense, manage to extract from Nature certain natural laws, and that out of these, by some special skill of their own, they build up their theories. (49) And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training. To hear all these large words, you would think that the mind of a man of science must be constituted differently from that of his fellow men; but if you will not be frightened by terms, you will discover that you are quite wrong, and that all these terrible apparatus are being used by yourselves every day and every hour of your lives.
There is a wellknown incident in one of Moliere’s plays, where the author makes the hero express unbounded delight on being told that he had been talking prose (散文) during the whole of his life. In the same way, I trust that you will take comfort, and be delighted with yourselves, on the discovery that you have been acting on the principles of inductive and deductive philosophy during the same period. (50) Probably there is not one here who has not in the course of the day had occasion to set in motion a complex train of reasoning, of the very same kind, though differing in degree, as that which a scientific man goes through in tracing the causes of natural phenomena.
Section Ⅲ Writing
Part A
51. Directions:
Miss Wang who is in your University Placement office has suggested you to write to XX company to look for a parttime job in its Accounting Department.
The following points should also be covered in your letter:
1)introduce yourself and your personal life briefly;
2)your worktime;
3)wish to have an interview;
4)the way of contacting you.
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming ” instead. You do not need to write the address. (10 points)
Part B
52. Directions:
Study the following charts carefully and write an article. In your article, you should cover the following points:
1)describe the phenomenon;
2)analyze the phenomenon and give your comment on it.
You should write about （160200） words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
英語(yǔ)模擬試題（二）參考答案及解析
Section I Use of English
1.【答案】C
【解析】本題考查介詞。此句意思是：在別的文化城市，孩子們被期望照料他們年邁的父母。 care for“照顧，照料，撫養(yǎng)（尤指老人，病人）”。
2.【答案】A
【解析】本題考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。此句意思是：成年孩子和他們父母居住的比例達(dá)到了65%至70%。reside“住，居住”。
3.【答案】D
【解析】本題考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析?！斑_(dá)到，到達(dá)”用reach，可指到達(dá)某地或達(dá)到某一數(shù)量。如果用amount，后面必須加to。
4.【答案】B
【解析】 本題考查近義詞詞義辨析。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，只有alone 為副詞，作狀語(yǔ)，修飾動(dòng)詞live。其他三項(xiàng)都是形容詞。
5.【答案】B
【解析】本題考查介詞?！安煌幕g”的介詞應(yīng)該用across。
6.【答案】B
【解析】本題考查近義詞詞義辨析。link常與together, to, with連用，表示“連接；聯(lián)系起來(lái)”，為正確答案。associate“與……結(jié)合（合伙，交往）”；unite“使合為一體，統(tǒng)一，合并”；combine“（使）組合，聯(lián)合”。
7.【答案】D
【解析】本題考查副詞用法。leave...behind“將……留在身后”。
8.【答案】A
【解析】本題考查近義詞詞義辨析。此句意思是：將老人留在孤零零的鄉(xiāng)村地帶。isolated“隔離的，分離的，孤立的”，符合題意；segregated“隔離的”，一般僅用于“種族隔離”；idealized“理想的”；secluded“退隱的，隱居的”，側(cè)重“有意使自己與他人隔離”的意思。
9.【答案】A
【解析】本題考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。因?yàn)樾枰钊氲膭?dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)是tradition，并且根據(jù)上下文的意思，該詞的意思應(yīng)該是“保留”。而promote意為“推崇，提倡”，如果填入promote,給人感覺(jué)是這個(gè)傳統(tǒng)以前在意大利不曾有過(guò)，而這是不符合事實(shí)的。reserve意為“（為某種特別的目的而）儲(chǔ)備，預(yù)備”，也不如maintain恰當(dāng)。
10.【答案】D
【解析】本題考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。此句意思是：顯然，單純以經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展很難解釋（人們）更喜歡哪種生活安排。preferred 此處作定語(yǔ)，prefer“更喜歡，寧愿”。appoint“約定，指定（時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)），任命”，assign“分配，指派”；preserve“保護(hù)，保持，保存，保藏”。
11.【答案】C
【解析】 本題考查名詞詞義辨析。predominate意為“（與over連用）統(tǒng)治，支配，占優(yōu)勢(shì)；居支配地位”。control“控制，支配，管理（物價(jià)等），操縱，抑制”。control為及物動(dòng)詞，后面一般跟賓語(yǔ)。overtake“趕上，追上”；overwhelm“淹沒(méi)，覆蓋，制服，控制，壓服，擊敗”。
12.【答案】B
【解析】本題考查介詞。表達(dá)“在這樣的制度中”用under such systems。
13.【答案】D
【解析】本題考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有inherit有“繼承”的意思。deliver“遞送，傳遞”；convey“傳送，運(yùn)送，輸送”；conceive“構(gòu)想出，設(shè)想”。
14.【答案】A
【解析】本題考查短語(yǔ)。as well as“以及”，在此處相當(dāng)于coupled with，如果放在句尾，則用as well。
15.【答案】D
【解析】本題考查介詞。bring about“帶來(lái)，導(dǎo)致，造成”，文中要表達(dá)“帶來(lái)很多社會(huì)變化”，故此為正確答案。bring...off “成功地做”。例如：bring off a big business deal做成了一筆生意。 bring up“教育，養(yǎng)育”。
16.【答案】A
【解析】本題考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。文中要表達(dá)“削弱”的意思，選undermine合適,decrease“減少，變少，降低”；diminish“（使）減少，（使）變小”。
17.【答案】D
【解析】本題考查名詞詞義辨析。文化方面的“傳統(tǒng)”一般用tradition。
18.【答案】A
【解析】本題考查介詞。表達(dá)“和……的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)相比較”，通常用“by...standards”。
19.【答案】C
【解析】本題考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。decline“下降，下滑，下傾”；incline“使傾向,傾斜”, recline“靠，躺，倚”；reduce“減少，縮小”，一般后面加賓語(yǔ)。
20.【答案】D
【解析】本題考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。recede“后退，向后傾斜”；remove“移走，脫掉，去掉，開(kāi)除”；invade“侵入，侵列”；erode“侵蝕，腐蝕，使變化，逐漸消蝕掉”。此句意思是：傳統(tǒng)的生活方式將會(huì)被磨滅掉。因此正確答案為erode。
譯文
在美國(guó)，老年人幾乎不與成年子女同住。但是在許多其他有著不同文化的社會(huì)中，子女要照顧年老的父母。在意大利的某些地方，與父母同住的成年子女的比例高達(dá)65％到70％。在泰國(guó)，子女也需要照顧年老的父母；泰國(guó)的老年人很少是自己一個(gè)人住的。
如何解釋不同文化中居住方式的差異呢？現(xiàn)代化理論將大家庭與低的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平聯(lián)系起來(lái)。在傳統(tǒng)的社會(huì)中，老年人與子女同住是出于對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)因素的考慮。但是伴隨著現(xiàn)代化，子女搬到城市居住，將老人留在了與世隔絕的農(nóng)村。但是現(xiàn)代化理論無(wú)法解釋為什么大家庭在美國(guó)和英國(guó)并不普遍，也無(wú)法解釋為什么完全現(xiàn)代化的意大利家庭保持著強(qiáng)烈的數(shù)代同居的傳統(tǒng)。顯然，經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展不足以解釋人們所選擇的居住方式。
另一個(gè)理論將數(shù)代同居的居住方式與繼承形式聯(lián)系了起來(lái)。在某些文化中，主干家庭的繼承形式占主導(dǎo)地位。在這個(gè)系統(tǒng)中，父母與一個(gè)已婚的孩子同住，通常是長(zhǎng)子，在父母去世時(shí)，他可以繼承其遺產(chǎn)。主干家庭系統(tǒng)曾經(jīng)在日本很普遍。但是繼承法的改變，工業(yè)化和城市化所帶來(lái)的更廣泛的社會(huì)變革，破壞了這個(gè)傳統(tǒng)。在1960年大約80％的65歲以上的人與子女同住；到1990年，只有60％是如此——雖然一直在下降，但與美國(guó)相比，這個(gè)數(shù)字仍然很高。在韓國(guó)，采用傳統(tǒng)的居住方式的人也在減少：與兒子同住的韓國(guó)老年人的比例從1984年的77％下降到了十年后的50％。盡管大多數(shù)韓國(guó)老年人仍然希望與兒子同住，但他們的成年子女并不希望在自己年老之后與子女同住。
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Text 1
21．【答案】C
【解析】這是一道細(xì)節(jié)題。依據(jù)原文第三句可知，科學(xué)和技術(shù)之間的相似之一便是研究方法的實(shí)驗(yàn)性。因此答案為C。B項(xiàng)中casual不等于原文中的causal，排除。
22．【答案】B
【解析】這是一道是非判斷題。依據(jù)第二段首句，作者認(rèn)為“科學(xué)是技術(shù)創(chuàng)新的理論基礎(chǔ)，以及純理論研究對(duì)工業(yè)文明的發(fā)展是不可或缺的這兩種說(shuō)法都是錯(cuò)誤的”，可見(jiàn)作者不贊同的是B項(xiàng)的說(shuō)法，故B為答案。
23．【答案】A
【解析】這是一道例證題。第二段末句中，作者提到蒸汽發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)是為了反駁“理論研究對(duì)工業(yè)文明的發(fā)展是不可或缺的”這一觀點(diǎn)，故答案為A，A中“feed off”意為“靠……生存”。
24．【答案】D
【解析】這是一道句意題。引號(hào)句的意思在末段得到了充分的說(shuō)明，“技術(shù)創(chuàng)新改變了傳統(tǒng)的文化體制，往往帶來(lái)難以預(yù)料的社會(huì)后果。所以，技術(shù)既具有進(jìn)步性也具有毀滅性”，這就是所謂的“失去控制”，可見(jiàn)答案為D。
25．【答案】D
【解析】這是一道詢問(wèn)歷史學(xué)家態(tài)度的態(tài)度題。末段中，歷史學(xué)家們對(duì)技術(shù)的發(fā)展態(tài)度具有肯定和否定的兩面，所以答案為D.“有保留地認(rèn)可”。
譯文
“科學(xué)”和“技術(shù)”的意義，從一代到下一代都會(huì)發(fā)生深刻的變化，然而這兩個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)之間的相似之處遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)多于其不同之處。兩者都含有思維特征，兩者都涉及物質(zhì)世界的因果關(guān)系，兩者皆用實(shí)驗(yàn)性的研究方法，由此而得出的經(jīng)驗(yàn)性結(jié)果都可重復(fù)驗(yàn)證?？茖W(xué)，至少在理論上，不太在乎結(jié)果的實(shí)用性，它更在乎普遍法則的創(chuàng)立，但實(shí)際上，科學(xué)和技術(shù)是密不可分的。兩者之間不同程度的相互影響可見(jiàn)于各種行業(yè)的歷史發(fā)展過(guò)程，諸如：化學(xué)、工程、物理、天文、土木、制陶以及其他行業(yè)?？茖W(xué)家和技術(shù)人員的研究活動(dòng)的差異與下列因素有關(guān)：不同的教育要求、社會(huì)地位、方法、術(shù)語(yǔ)、獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)方式、機(jī)構(gòu)目標(biāo)及職業(yè)目標(biāo)，但縱觀歷史，許多“純”科學(xué)家既有理論建樹(shù)也有實(shí)用創(chuàng)新。
的確，科學(xué)是技術(shù)創(chuàng)新的理論基礎(chǔ)，以及純理論研究對(duì)工業(yè)文明的發(fā)展是不可或缺的這兩種說(shuō)法都是錯(cuò)誤的。大多數(shù)工業(yè)進(jìn)步都與實(shí)驗(yàn)室研究無(wú)關(guān)，機(jī)械、化工、天文、冶金、水利領(lǐng)域的基本工具及流程早在相關(guān)理論法則發(fā)現(xiàn)之前就已存在。例如，早在熱動(dòng)力學(xué)解釋了蒸汽的原理之前，蒸汽發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)業(yè)已廣泛存在。
近幾年，科學(xué)和技術(shù)之間的價(jià)值分歧越來(lái)越尖銳。科學(xué)進(jìn)步的反對(duì)者是一直存在的，然而，現(xiàn)在有很多人對(duì)技術(shù)的恐懼甚于對(duì)科學(xué)的擔(dān)心。他們覺(jué)得，科學(xué)可視為是對(duì)永恒的自然法則的和平、客觀的探究，但現(xiàn)代社會(huì)中，技術(shù)的實(shí)際應(yīng)用似乎有點(diǎn)失控。
許多科學(xué)史家們認(rèn)為，技術(shù)是發(fā)達(dá)的工業(yè)文明的必然條件，他們也認(rèn)為，過(guò)去幾百年的技術(shù)發(fā)展也已積累了可觀的動(dòng)量。技術(shù)創(chuàng)新的速度以幾何級(jí)別在增長(zhǎng)，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超出了地理和政治的限定。這些技術(shù)創(chuàng)新改變了傳統(tǒng)的文化體制，往往帶來(lái)難以預(yù)料的社會(huì)后果。所以，技術(shù)既具有進(jìn)步性也具有毀滅性。
Text 2
26.【答案】C
【解析】本題是綜合推斷考題。圍繞美國(guó)人民對(duì)城市生活的看法，以及后來(lái)對(duì)于城市進(jìn)行的改革為線索。尤其第二段第三段更為明顯。
27.【答案】B
【解析】本題是首段末句考題。根據(jù)文章第一段第五六句，經(jīng)濟(jì)現(xiàn)實(shí)戰(zhàn)勝了理想，為了獲得安全和薪水高的工作，人們返回都市。
28.【答案】A
【解析】本題是典型的難句理解考題。根據(jù)文章第二段第二句，他們擔(dān)心的是只有富人才能承擔(dān)得起這種服務(wù)。
29.【答案】D
【解析】本題是關(guān)鍵詞替換考題。根據(jù)文章第二段第四句。事實(shí)上A、D項(xiàng)在文中都沒(méi)有直接提到，但A在前文中有所暗示，因此兩者相比，應(yīng)選擇D項(xiàng)。
30.【答案】A
【解析】本題是細(xì)節(jié)信息題。后一段第三句，顯然在快速的工業(yè)化和城市增長(zhǎng)的同時(shí)卻忽略了城市規(guī)劃，這可以在下文中的都市的復(fù)興的發(fā)展規(guī)劃中得到印證。
譯文
在整個(gè)19世紀(jì)到20世紀(jì)美國(guó)人對(duì)大城市有偏見(jiàn)。多數(shù)人居住在農(nóng)場(chǎng)或小鎮(zhèn)上，他們相信城市就是腐敗、犯罪、貧窮和道德敗壞的中心。他們的不信任，一方面是由國(guó)家的意識(shí)形態(tài)引起的，認(rèn)為種地是偉大的職業(yè)，農(nóng)村生活要優(yōu)于城市生活。即使在城市人口增加，城市成為國(guó)家景觀重要部分時(shí)，該觀點(diǎn)依然盛行。經(jīng)濟(jì)現(xiàn)實(shí)逐漸地代替了該意識(shí)形態(tài)。為了得到更好的更穩(wěn)定的報(bào)酬，成千上萬(wàn)的農(nóng)工放棄了不穩(wěn)定的農(nóng)場(chǎng)生活，來(lái)到了城市。然而，當(dāng)他們離開(kāi)農(nóng)村時(shí)，也帶著恐懼和懷疑。這些新的市民已經(jīng)意識(shí)到城市擁有許多問(wèn)題, 非常渴望使城市的混亂回歸新秩序。
對(duì)公共設(shè)施進(jìn)行的許多中的一項(xiàng)改革就是，市政府通常管理水與排污系統(tǒng), 但氣和電網(wǎng)卻私有。改革派認(rèn)為私有公用設(shè)施公司會(huì)對(duì)主要服務(wù)收取過(guò)高的費(fèi)用，并且只向那些出得起錢(qián)的人提供服務(wù)。有些州政府采取了管理公用事業(yè)公司的措施,但有些城市開(kāi)始自己供應(yīng)這些服務(wù)。那些改革的支持者們認(rèn)為共有和管理將會(huì)保證大家能廣泛地享用這些服務(wù)，并可確保其合理的價(jià)格。
同時(shí)，有些改革圍繞著政府與公共行為, 有些改革將城市視為一個(gè)整體。城市領(lǐng)導(dǎo)相信實(shí)際環(huán)境會(huì)影響到人們的行為, 提出城市應(yīng)制定一個(gè)總規(guī)劃來(lái)指導(dǎo)未來(lái)的發(fā)展。城市規(guī)劃不是啥新東西，而是19世紀(jì)末期的快速工業(yè)化和城市擴(kuò)大應(yīng)制定規(guī)劃用于指導(dǎo)未來(lái)的發(fā)展。城市規(guī)劃不是啥新東西，但快速工業(yè)化應(yīng)有序進(jìn)行。在20世紀(jì)先后按幾種方式進(jìn)行了數(shù)次城市更新。有些城市出臺(tái)規(guī)劃要全部重建城市的核心。大多數(shù)城市對(duì)采用區(qū)域規(guī)劃管理未來(lái)發(fā)展表示滿意。城市的有些地方被限制專門(mén)用于居住，另一些地方專門(mén)用于工業(yè)或商業(yè)用途。
Text 3
31.【答案】A
【解析】本題是關(guān)鍵詞替換考題。在文章首段中，我們可以讀到原文中“to see how similar they are”，可以看出心理學(xué)家研究的結(jié)果表明兩者是很相似的，而選項(xiàng)A表達(dá)的語(yǔ)義正是理論決定和實(shí)際決定相一致。
32.【答案】B
【解析】本題是綜合歸納的主旨考題。通過(guò)對(duì)worksheet是一個(gè)列出一個(gè)問(wèn)題的不同方面，并予以評(píng)分，然后通過(guò)相比較來(lái)解決問(wèn)題的方法，選項(xiàng)B正好表達(dá)了多個(gè)問(wèn)題綜合理解的結(jié)果。
33.【答案】C
【解析】本題是典型的詞匯考題。所考的短語(yǔ)multifacet的意思是多方面的，選項(xiàng)C是多個(gè)方面的意思，正好二者是語(yǔ)義的近義替換。
34.【答案】D
【解析】worksheet是一種解決復(fù)雜問(wèn)題更為有效的辦法，但并不意味著對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單問(wèn)題沒(méi)有意義。
35.【答案】C
【解析】本題是因果邏輯考題。因?yàn)殚L(zhǎng)短期的目的不同才會(huì)做出不同決定，并做出不同表述，所以根本的原因是目標(biāo)不同，而非其他。
譯文
心理學(xué)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)一種做出重要決定的好辦法, 例如選擇上一所大學(xué)或投一項(xiàng)資, 采用一個(gè)決定工作表。研究佳化的心理學(xué)家將人們實(shí)際做出規(guī)定同理論上的理想決定相比較，以確定它們是如何的相似。支持者們認(rèn)為可對(duì)相同格式的工作表做出規(guī)定幾種變化，但主要方面是相似的。工作表需簡(jiǎn)明地確定問(wèn)題，并列出所有可能問(wèn)題的所有解決辦法，接著，列出各決定可能會(huì)影響到的合理考慮,并確定每種考慮或結(jié)果的相對(duì)重要性。給每一種考慮一個(gè)數(shù)值，以反映其相對(duì)重要性。通過(guò)將這些值加在一起， 計(jì)算出一種決定。這些具有高值的比較就是佳決定。
由于大多數(shù)重要問(wèn)題具有多面性，因此有幾個(gè)可選答案,每個(gè)答案有優(yōu)點(diǎn)也有缺點(diǎn)。一支筆和一張紙的好處之一就是它能使人們處理比大腦能記住和理解更多的變量。平均來(lái)說(shuō)，人們?cè)谀X中可裝住大約七種想法。當(dāng)決定涉及到大量復(fù)雜關(guān)系變量時(shí)，工作表就顯得非常有用。對(duì)許多大學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)，一個(gè)實(shí)際的例子就是我畢業(yè)后干什么? 畢業(yè)生可能會(huì)找一份提供專門(mén)培訓(xùn)的工作，追求更高發(fā)展，或出國(guó)一年。
一份工作表一開(kāi)始簡(jiǎn)明地說(shuō)明問(wèn)題，將問(wèn)題明確會(huì)有所幫助。將長(zhǎng)期和近期目標(biāo)區(qū)分開(kāi)是很重要的，因?yàn)?，長(zhǎng)期目標(biāo)通常涉及到的決定同短期有所不同。圍繞長(zhǎng)期目標(biāo)，畢業(yè)生可能會(huì)將上述問(wèn)題修改為畢業(yè)后干什么才會(huì)使事業(yè)成功?
Text 4
36.【答案】A
【解析】本題是主旨判斷題。根據(jù)首段首句可以得出本文主旨并非講工作本身。
37.【答案】D
【解析】本題是推斷題。A的錯(cuò)誤在于過(guò)量的工作無(wú)論對(duì)誰(shuí)都不會(huì)帶來(lái)任何的樂(lè)趣；B在缺乏條件的情況下下結(jié)論。從全文可以看出，作者對(duì)工作作為幸福的理由之一是完全贊成的，所以C也不對(duì)。
38.【答案】A
【解析】本題是因果邏輯考題。從文中可以知道人們?cè)馐芡纯嗟脑蚴撬麄冎粚?duì)獵取游戲感興趣。其中D選項(xiàng)是他們認(rèn)為游手好閑更痛苦，選項(xiàng)C是他們不能找到消磨時(shí)光的方法，選項(xiàng)B表明他們發(fā)現(xiàn)工作很無(wú)聊，所以D答非所問(wèn)，BC也與原文不符。
39.【答案】C
【解析】本題是歸納推斷題。A錯(cuò)在作者并沒(méi)有將無(wú)聊和單調(diào)的工作進(jìn)行比較的意思，B過(guò)于絕對(duì)化，D論斷錯(cuò)誤。
40.【答案】A
【解析】這是難句理解考題，是句子理解的細(xì)節(jié)考題。認(rèn)真閱讀后一段可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，作者鼓勵(lì)人們只要工作到“不傷害健康”為止，無(wú)論是窮人還是富人，而且富人工作的目的也不僅僅是為了快樂(lè)，所以只能選A。
譯文
無(wú)論工作是否歸納于高興的原委也可能是一個(gè)值得懷疑的問(wèn)題。當(dāng)然許多工作令人討厭,許多工作使人痛苦。然而，我認(rèn)為所提供的工作并不是很多，即使很無(wú)趣的工作也比無(wú)工作要好。
根據(jù)工作的性質(zhì)和工人的能力，從簡(jiǎn)單的乏味的到非常有趣的工作可分為許多等級(jí)。多數(shù)人從事的工作并非因?yàn)樗鼈冇腥?，而是該工作有一定的?yōu)先條件。首先，在很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間內(nèi)你無(wú)需考慮決定做啥事。多數(shù)人在空閑時(shí)來(lái)安排自己的時(shí)間，想不出能使人高興的事。無(wú)論決定做啥事，常被其他的事會(huì)更有趣而困擾他。為了很好地消磨業(yè)余時(shí)間是文明要解決的后一件事,目前只有很少一部分人才達(dá)到了此水平。然而，選擇本身是很難的事。
除擁有非凡主動(dòng)權(quán)的人們外，多數(shù)人喜歡隨時(shí)接受所安排的工作, 假如這些指令不是太令人討厭。由于以犧牲自由為代價(jià)，多數(shù)無(wú)聊的富有人遭受無(wú)法形容的厭煩。他們通過(guò)在非洲娛樂(lè)或環(huán)球飛行得到了滿足,但這種感覺(jué)是有限的,尤其在青春期之后。如果他們以前很貧窮的話，這些富人依然會(huì)同樣工作努力,同時(shí)，女富豪們?cè)诙鄶?shù)時(shí)間會(huì)忙于她們認(rèn)為是驚天動(dòng)地的無(wú)數(shù)小事。
因此，工作是值得要的,首先它們可免除無(wú)聊, 男人在做無(wú)聊的工作時(shí)會(huì)認(rèn)為跟無(wú)事干時(shí)一樣感到無(wú)聊。工作還會(huì)帶來(lái)另一好處，那就是在節(jié)日到來(lái)時(shí)可使它更有意義。
Part B
Sample One
41.B42.D43.E44.G45.A
解說(shuō)
這篇文章講述火山噴發(fā)的各種情況。在選擇正確段落補(bǔ)入原文時(shí)，要特別注意每段缺失文字之前的那句話或段落，因?yàn)樗笔У奈淖终菍?duì)這些句子或段落的說(shuō)明、舉例或?qū)Ρ取?BR> 譯文
玉米地里的火山長(zhǎng)得比玉米地還大！黑煙冒了出來(lái)。滾燙的灰塵像黑色的雪花一樣飄落。滾燙的巖石、火焰和巖漿沖了出來(lái)。人們把火山稱作小妖怪，因?yàn)樗L(zhǎng)得太快了。來(lái)自世界各地的科學(xué)家都來(lái)研究它并觀察它長(zhǎng)大。并不是經(jīng)常有機(jī)會(huì)從一開(kāi)始就觀察火山生長(zhǎng)。
這里的大多數(shù)火山都存在了很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。有些在這兒存在的時(shí)間太久了，都變冷了。它們被稱為死火山。它們不再噴出火焰、熔巖和煙灰。走上死火山是安全的。農(nóng)民在平靜的山坡上耕種，而且建造房屋。
有些火山已經(jīng)停止了噴出滾燙的巖石，但是它們還時(shí)不時(shí)噴出一些煙霧。它們是休眠火山。有時(shí)候它們可能蘇醒。
維蘇利亞火山休眠了一千年。但是它蘇醒了并且噴出了大量的滾燙熔巖，將兩個(gè)城市的建筑都埋在了地下。
現(xiàn)在火山?jīng)]有再像以前那么危險(xiǎn)了?，F(xiàn)在我們對(duì)火山有了更多的了解，我們通常也知道它們什么時(shí)候噴發(fā)。在休眠火山蘇醒之前，它通常會(huì)發(fā)出像很遠(yuǎn)的雷聲的噪音，而且地面會(huì)發(fā)生小地震。人們得到通知并且有足夠時(shí)間安全逃離。
以前，人們以為是地下的龍?jiān)斐闪嘶鹕奖l(fā)。他們說(shuō)噴出地面的煙是呼出的氣，地震是由于龍?jiān)诘叵乱苿?dòng)?，F(xiàn)在我們知道事實(shí)并非如此。
關(guān)于火山，我們還知道另一個(gè)事實(shí)，那就是并不是每個(gè)地方都有火山。在地下，某些地方的巖石斷裂，致使蒸氣和熱巖石更容易沖出地面。
有不同種類的火山。有些火山猛烈噴發(fā)，巖石沖上云霄，落到數(shù)英里之外。如果火山噴出的灰塵太高，就會(huì)飄散到世界各地。這會(huì)導(dǎo)致日落看起來(lái)是綠的，雪看起來(lái)是紫的。
其他的火山更溫和。熱熔巖從火山中噴出，緩慢地從山上流下，變冷、變硬。
有一座很高的火山山頂總是赤紅的。慶幸的是火山位于大洋邊。海員可以把它當(dāng)作燈塔。
Sample Two
41. A42. G43. B44. D45. E
解說(shuō)
選項(xiàng)G是Kevin對(duì)選項(xiàng)A中的SoBig的理解。選項(xiàng)D是對(duì)Blaster的進(jìn)一步解釋，而E是將應(yīng)對(duì)Blaster的方法。
譯文
巨無(wú)霸是近兩波病毒感染中較明顯的一個(gè)，它通過(guò)郵件傳播，受害者看得見(jiàn)它的發(fā)作。巨無(wú)霸如此有效，它能給那些有防毒軟件保護(hù)的電腦造成很大的破壞。這主要是因?yàn)榇罅康牟《颈粡?fù)制（大約50萬(wàn)電腦被感染）傳播，許多電腦被自己的防毒軟件發(fā)出的無(wú)數(shù)信息壓得癱瘓。除此之外，普通的回?fù)舸胧┦屡c愿違，使郵件數(shù)量進(jìn)一步增加。
防毒軟件通常會(huì)給感染了病毒的郵件發(fā)送者發(fā)個(gè)警告，說(shuō)相關(guān)郵件因?yàn)楹胁《静荒馨l(fā)送。巨無(wú)霸能騙住系統(tǒng)，收集感染了病毒的電腦硬盤(pán)中的郵箱地址。有些地址就會(huì)收到含病毒的郵件，偽裝得像是來(lái)自所收藏的地址所發(fā)來(lái)的郵件。后者因此又會(huì)收到警告，即使電腦并沒(méi)有病毒感染。
Symantec是一家編制防毒軟件的公司，公司的Kevin Haley認(rèn)為，巨無(wú)霸之所以比其他病毒有效是因?yàn)?，它更擅長(zhǎng)于搜索硬盤(pán)中的地址。位于匹茲堡的卡耐基－梅隆大學(xué)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全中心CERT的Brian King認(rèn)為，與以前的病毒不同，巨無(wú)霸能“多徑發(fā)送”，能同時(shí)發(fā)送許多郵件，幾分鐘多達(dá)上千條。
沖擊波病毒使“緩沖區(qū)由遠(yuǎn)程程序指令占用”來(lái)進(jìn)行破壞。用普通語(yǔ)言來(lái)說(shuō)，就是向微軟視窗操作系統(tǒng)使用的一個(gè)軟件發(fā)動(dòng)進(jìn)攻，從而使一臺(tái)電腦控制另一臺(tái)電腦，只要讓該軟件的記憶儲(chǔ)存疲勞就可做到這一點(diǎn)。
多數(shù)蠕蟲(chóng)病毒都是利用操作系統(tǒng)中的薄弱點(diǎn)來(lái)進(jìn)行破壞，但不管誰(shuí)編了沖擊波，這人有特別雅致的幽默感，因?yàn)樵獾焦舻木W(wǎng)址正是用戶獲取程序修補(bǔ)視窗缺陷的網(wǎng)址，這些缺陷被蠕蟲(chóng)病毒利用。
對(duì)付像沖擊波這樣的惡毒蠕蟲(chóng)的一個(gè)方法是，設(shè)計(jì)出一個(gè)教母蠕蟲(chóng)，自動(dòng)修補(bǔ)電腦薄弱點(diǎn)。就沖擊波而言，似乎已有人設(shè)計(jì)出叫“Welchi”的程序。然而，Haley先生認(rèn)為，Welchi導(dǎo)致的問(wèn)題和沖擊波一樣的多，它使用一種檢測(cè)其他電腦存在的信號(hào)“pings”，而使網(wǎng)絡(luò)幾近癱瘓。
盡管這兩種病毒與編者的明顯的目標(biāo)差之甚遠(yuǎn)，它們還是造成了破壞。例如，它們迫使許多網(wǎng)絡(luò)關(guān)閉，包括紐約時(shí)報(bào)的新聞室的網(wǎng)絡(luò)，以及美國(guó)東海岸的貨運(yùn)公司CSX組織火車(chē)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)。電腦專家們說(shuō)，過(guò)不了多久，真正具有毀滅性的病毒就會(huì)出現(xiàn)。
Sample Three
41. E42. A43. F44. D45. C
解說(shuō)
這篇文章依次介紹了手工造紙、機(jī)器造紙、紙的尺寸、特別的紙和紙的歷史。弄清楚每段的主題后就可以從備選項(xiàng)中選出與標(biāo)題相符合的文字。
譯文
紙是由一薄層壓縮的植物纖維素纖維制成的。紙被用于寫(xiě)字、出版、打包，還有其他許多用途，從過(guò)濾沉淀到制造建筑材料。在現(xiàn)代文明中，紙必不可少。機(jī)器的發(fā)展是它的生產(chǎn)速度加快，這也是現(xiàn)在世界上人民文化水平提高的一個(gè)原因。
手工制造紙
兩千年來(lái)，制造紙的基本工藝沒(méi)有發(fā)生變化。它包含兩個(gè)步驟：將原料打碎，使其形成獨(dú)立纖維的懸浮液，然后把它鋪在合適的有孔的平面上并將其壓緊，這樣多余的水就被擠出了。手工制造紙時(shí)，原料——稻草、樹(shù)葉、樹(shù)皮、碎布或其他含纖維的材料——被放在大缸或槽內(nèi)，并用錘子敲擊，使纖維分開(kāi)。
機(jī)器制造紙
盡管機(jī)器造紙的基本步驟與手工造紙的步驟相同，但機(jī)器造紙要復(fù)雜得多?，F(xiàn)代造紙的材料主要是棉花或亞麻的碎布和木漿?，F(xiàn)在95％的紙來(lái)自木纖維素。對(duì)于廉價(jià)的紙，例如報(bào)紙，只是使用了木漿；對(duì)于更好的紙，使用的是化學(xué)木料（不需要的部分已經(jīng)被化學(xué)去除的木漿）、木漿或木漿與碎布纖維的混合；對(duì)于好的紙，例如高等級(jí)的書(shū)寫(xiě)紙，只使用的是碎布纖維。
紙的尺寸
紙張通常是按照標(biāo)準(zhǔn)尺寸以令為單位銷(xiāo)售的。一令紙通常是480張，但是一令畫(huà)紙或手工紙是472張。用于平板印刷的書(shū)籍和報(bào)紙的用紙，一令是500張，有時(shí)是516張。普遍的書(shū)籍紙張尺寸是八開(kāi)本（112厘米寬，168厘米長(zhǎng)）。報(bào)紙的尺寸不一；典型的一卷報(bào)紙，如美國(guó)大的都市報(bào)紙，尺寸是168厘米寬，7925米長(zhǎng)，重725公斤。
合成纖維紙
在1955年，有的紙就是從尼龍、滌綸和奧綸纖維與木漿的混合物制成。這些紙是由普通的造紙機(jī)做出的，可以改變它們的外形和特性，可以像普通紙一樣脆，也可以像織物一樣有褶皺。由于這些特性，在普通紙張不適合的場(chǎng)合可以使用這種紙。
紙的歷史
根據(jù)歷史記載，紙是中國(guó)東漢時(shí)期的宦官蔡倫造出來(lái)的。所用的材料大概是桑樹(shù)皮，紙是在竹條上制造的。摩爾人將紙介紹到了歐洲。在大約1150年，在西班牙建立了第一個(gè)造紙磨坊。在接下來(lái)的數(shù)個(gè)世紀(jì)，造紙技術(shù)傳播到了歐洲的大多數(shù)國(guó)家。15世紀(jì)中葉活字印刷的引入是書(shū)籍的印刷更方便，而且很大地刺激了造紙業(yè)的發(fā)展。
Sample Four
41. B42. A43. E44. C45. D
解說(shuō)
這篇文章既講了美國(guó)航空業(yè)的總體現(xiàn)狀，又講了美國(guó)航空公司向政府提出貸款用于重組的要求。弄清每一段的大意，再找出與之相對(duì)應(yīng)的標(biāo)題。
譯文
美國(guó)航空業(yè)至今仍然遭受“9·11”自殺襲擊所造成的損失，因?yàn)槊绹?guó)航空公司宣稱需要聯(lián)邦政府提供貸款用于重組，否則將會(huì)破產(chǎn)。
第六大的美國(guó)航空運(yùn)輸企業(yè)聲稱第一季度還是虧損，現(xiàn)在正與投資者共商重組方案。
發(fā)布消息的事件和人物
“公司的管理層現(xiàn)在正在與主要持股人商討重組計(jì)劃?！泵绹?guó)航空公司在證券交易委員會(huì)宣布?！案鶕?jù)航空運(yùn)輸安全與系統(tǒng)穩(wěn)定法的相關(guān)規(guī)定，公司認(rèn)為此重組計(jì)劃需要得到政府擔(dān)保的貸款的支持?！?BR> 股市對(duì)這一消息的反應(yīng)
在這一消息出現(xiàn)后，美國(guó)航空公司的股價(jià)下跌了27％，星期五以3.6美元收盤(pán)。
航空業(yè)的現(xiàn)狀
Jefferies和Co.的首席市場(chǎng)開(kāi)放官Art Hogan說(shuō)：“航空業(yè)現(xiàn)在面臨困境，仍然受到‘911’事件的影響?！?BR> 美國(guó)航空公司將會(huì)尋求政府貸款的大航空公司。這項(xiàng)貸款是去年自殺襲擊之后國(guó)會(huì)通過(guò)的150億美元的援救議案的一部分。那次襲擊使3000人喪命，也摧毀了航空業(yè)。
關(guān)于航空業(yè)的第一筆貸款
美西航空公司，第八大航空公司，是現(xiàn)在惟一獲得了貸款的航空公司。它獲得了4億美元的貸款，公司10％的貸款用作還貸。
重組如何進(jìn)行
美國(guó)航空公司說(shuō)它希望與貸款者達(dá)成協(xié)議，但是它“也認(rèn)識(shí)到為了成功地重組公司，必須考慮在明晰合理的重組中采用非常規(guī)的重組運(yùn)作方式?！?BR> Part C
46.科學(xué)研究的方法不過(guò)是對(duì)大腦思維基本工作模式的表現(xiàn)。也就是對(duì)一切現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行思索并給以精確而嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)解釋的表達(dá)方式。
47.這并不是說(shuō)面包師或賣(mài)肉者所用的磅秤和化學(xué)家所用的天平在構(gòu)造原理或工作方式上存在差別，而是說(shuō)與前者相比，后者是一種更精密得多的裝置，因而在計(jì)量上必然更準(zhǔn)確得多。
48.你們都多次聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)，科學(xué)家是用歸納法和演繹法來(lái)工作的，他們用這些方法，在某種意義上說(shuō)，是力求從自然界找出某些自然規(guī)律，然后他們根據(jù)這些規(guī)律，用自己的某種特殊本領(lǐng)，建立起他們的理論。
49.許多人以為，普通人的思維活動(dòng)根本無(wú)法與科學(xué)家的思維過(guò)程相比，認(rèn)為這些思維過(guò)程必須經(jīng)過(guò)某種專門(mén)訓(xùn)練才能掌握。
50.在座的諸位中，大概不會(huì)有人一整天都沒(méi)有機(jī)會(huì)進(jìn)行一連串復(fù)雜的思考活動(dòng)，這些思考活動(dòng)與科學(xué)家在探索自然現(xiàn)象原因時(shí)所經(jīng)歷的思考活動(dòng)，盡管復(fù)雜程度不同，但在類型上是完全一樣的。
Section III Writing
Part A
51.
Dear Sir or Madam,
I wonder if I can work in your Accounting Department as a parttime employee. Miss Wang, the University Placement Office, has suggested that I write to you, since I would like to work for your company after I finish my courses at the university. I have heard so much about your company, and I believe it offers a good chance to a man interested in construction work and trained in business.
I am enclosing a resume that gives details of my l, ife so far. My father died when I was twelve years old, and I have been on my own since fourteen. I am finishing college plenty late but I have had some experience along the way, with four years in the military.
I could work every afternoon and all day Saturday. Professor Li at the university can tell you about my work in accounting. He is Dean of Accounting Department of my university.
Please look over the attached resume. I can come for an interview, if you wish. My telephone number is 6373833.
Yours sincerely
Li Ming
Part B
52.
As is described in the picture, the boy and the girl who are in love, are sitting on green ground or on long benches on campus. It is shown that love among college students has become increasingly common.
What has made campus romance so popular? There may be several possible reasons for the increasing popularity of campus love. First, with the development of society, young boys and girls become more independent than before. They believe that they are mature enough to pursue their own love. Second, stress from study and competition among peers make quite a number of students try to seek relief from love. Moreover, peer influence may also be a contributing factor. If a student sees his classmates or friends with girlfriends, he may want to try himself. If he is left alone, he may feel ashamed.
As far as I am concerned, there is nothing wrong with campus romance and no one can really ban it. What really counts is that college students should hold a reasonable attitude towards it. They should be aware that their personal relationships should not get in the way of their study. They should keep their eyes wide open while trying to find a lifelong companion, otherwise their love will not last for long.