主謂一致關(guān)系中的幾個(gè)疑難問(wèn)題解答 - 六級(jí)語(yǔ)法

字號(hào):

??問(wèn):1.With the development of modern agriculture and industry,more and more waste and poison is poured into the water, the soil and the air.
    ??2.More and more Chinese and Japanese silks are exported to Italy.
    ??這兩個(gè)句子都是由and連接的復(fù)合主語(yǔ),為什么謂語(yǔ)分別用單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)呢?
    答:在英語(yǔ)中,用and連接兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的復(fù)合主語(yǔ)有兩種不同性質(zhì)的關(guān)系,即同位語(yǔ)性等立關(guān)系和非同位語(yǔ)性等立關(guān)系。如果and所連接的復(fù)合主語(yǔ)是表示單一概念,指的是同一事物,則屬同位語(yǔ)性等立關(guān)系。根據(jù)意義一致原則,其謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)選用單數(shù)形式;如果由and連接的復(fù)合主語(yǔ)不是表示單一概念,而是指不同的事物,則屬非同位語(yǔ)性等立關(guān)系。無(wú)論是根據(jù)語(yǔ)法一致原則還是根據(jù)意義一致原則,其謂語(yǔ)都應(yīng)該用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
    ??據(jù)此,第1句中的"waste and poison"(有毒的廢物)是屬于同位語(yǔ)性等立關(guān)系,該詞組中and的含義實(shí)際上和with相似,因此,必須作單數(shù)看待。類(lèi)似于這種關(guān)系的詞組常見(jiàn)的有:bacon and eggs(臘肉荷包蛋),bread and butter(涂有黃油的面包),truth and honesty(真誠(chéng))等;而第2句中的"Chin- ese and Japanese silks"意為"Chinese silk and Japanese silk"(中國(guó)絲綢和日本絲綢),是指兩個(gè)不同的事物,屬非同位語(yǔ)性等立關(guān)系,因此,該句的謂語(yǔ)要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
    ??問(wèn):3.Dr Smith,together with his wife and two sons,is to arrive on the evening flight.
    ??4.One man with his wife,both looking very anxious,were asking the guard to let them through.
    ??這兩個(gè)句子結(jié)構(gòu)相似,為什么謂語(yǔ)卻有單復(fù)數(shù)之分呢?
    答:with,together with,as well as, rather than,no less than,but,except, besides,as much as等是屬于"準(zhǔn)連接詞",其作用與介詞類(lèi)似。一般情況下,主語(yǔ)后面跟上由這類(lèi)詞連接的成分,雖然主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)隔開(kāi)了,但謂語(yǔ)仍須和真正的主語(yǔ)保持一致。在第3句中,其真正的主語(yǔ)是Dr Smith,所以謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式;第4句屬口語(yǔ)體,在這個(gè)句子中,with的意義和and相近,通常情況下根據(jù)意義一致的原則,即使主語(yǔ)是單數(shù),謂語(yǔ)仍可用復(fù)數(shù)形式,因此,其謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
    ??問(wèn):5.A number of accidents always occur on such days.
    ??6.A limited number of cars is available.
    ??根據(jù)習(xí)慣用法,"a number of +名詞復(fù)數(shù)"作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)一般用復(fù)數(shù)形式,然而為什么第6句的謂語(yǔ)又用單數(shù)呢?
    答:一般來(lái)說(shuō),"a number of"雖然在語(yǔ)法形式上是單數(shù),但在意義上卻作"很多"解,相當(dāng)于many。根據(jù)意義一致的原則,"a number of +名詞復(fù)數(shù)"作主語(yǔ)時(shí),其謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)該用復(fù)數(shù)形式,所以,上述第5句的謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。但是,第6句中的"a limited number of"意為"the limited number of"(有限的數(shù)目),根據(jù)習(xí)慣用法,"the limited number of +名詞復(fù)數(shù)"作主語(yǔ)時(shí),其謂語(yǔ)一般用單數(shù)形式,故此,第6句的謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式。
    問(wèn):7.A group of Italian soldiers was advancing slowly towards the position of the enemy.
    ??8.A group of children are playing in the garden.
    ??這兩個(gè)句子的主語(yǔ)都是a group of +名詞復(fù)數(shù),為什么謂語(yǔ)卻不同?能否都用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)形式呢?
    ??答:從結(jié)構(gòu)上來(lái)講,這兩個(gè)句子是完全相同的,但從意義上來(lái)講,第7句中"a group of Italian soldiers"是指一個(gè)整體,意為"一個(gè)小分隊(duì)的意大利士兵"。因?yàn)樵谲婈?duì)等團(tuán)體中,小分隊(duì)可以看作是一個(gè)整體編制單位,所以根據(jù)意義一致的原則,第7句的謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式較為妥當(dāng)一些。在第8句中,"a group of children"意為"一群孩子",因此,這只能看作是一個(gè)群體而不能看作是一個(gè)整體單位,故其謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式較為妥當(dāng)些。
    問(wèn):9.No bird and no beast is seen on the bare island.
    ? 10.Mary,and not you,is the right person to do the work.
    ??這兩個(gè)句子的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為什么都用單數(shù)呢?
    答:根據(jù)習(xí)慣用法,當(dāng)and連接的復(fù)合主語(yǔ)都為單數(shù)且前面被no,each,every, many a等修飾時(shí),通常當(dāng)作單數(shù)來(lái)看待,其后面的謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式。第9句中的"no bird and no beast"實(shí)際意思為"not a single bird or a single beast",所以其謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式。
    ??然而,如果在復(fù)合主語(yǔ)中,其中一個(gè)是表示肯定意義,而另一個(gè)則表示否定意義,其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞須與肯定的主語(yǔ)保持一致。在上述第10句中,"and not you"實(shí)際意思為"but not you",所強(qiáng)調(diào)的是"Mary",因此,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)與"Mary"保持一致用單數(shù)形式。
    問(wèn):11.Joan is one of those people who go/goes out of their ways to be helpful.
    ??12.Mike is the one of the boys who is willing to take on another assignment.
    ??為什么第11句的謂語(yǔ)既可以用單數(shù)形式又可以用復(fù)數(shù)形式,而第12句的謂語(yǔ)只用單數(shù)形式呢?
    答:在"one of +名詞復(fù)數(shù)(代詞復(fù)數(shù))+關(guān)系分句"結(jié)構(gòu)中,"關(guān)系分句"的謂語(yǔ)通常依照語(yǔ)法一致原則用復(fù)數(shù)形式。但是,有時(shí)為了強(qiáng)調(diào)one,這類(lèi)結(jié)構(gòu)里關(guān)系分句中的謂語(yǔ)也可用單數(shù)形式,因此,上述第 11句中的謂語(yǔ)既可用復(fù)數(shù)形式也可用單數(shù)形式。然而,在這類(lèi)結(jié)構(gòu)中的one被the或the only,the just等限定詞或強(qiáng)調(diào)詞修飾時(shí),關(guān)系分句中的謂語(yǔ)則依據(jù)one的意義而用單數(shù)形式,所以第12句的謂語(yǔ)只能用單數(shù)形式。
    問(wèn):13.More than one person has been involved in the case.
    ??14.More persons than one have been involved in the case.
    ??這兩個(gè)句子意思相同,為什么一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式而另一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)卻又用復(fù)數(shù)形式呢?
    答:more than從含義上來(lái)講是表示復(fù)數(shù),但當(dāng)"more than one +名詞單數(shù)"結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí),根據(jù)毗鄰吸引原則,其后的謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)該用單數(shù)形式。所以上述第13句的謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式。
    從含義上講,"more +名詞復(fù)數(shù)+than one"和"more than one +名詞單數(shù)"這兩個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)的意思基本相同。但是前者所強(qiáng)調(diào)的是more后面的名詞復(fù)數(shù)。根據(jù)意義一致原則,其后面的謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)該是復(fù)數(shù)形式。所以,第14句的謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
    問(wèn):15.Either reading aloud of poetry or reciting it by heart compels the students to study their meaning closely.
    ??16.Either the teachers or the students have misunderstood this.
    ??這兩個(gè)句子都是由either...or連接的復(fù)合主語(yǔ),為什么謂語(yǔ)分別用單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)呢?
    答:在英語(yǔ)中,either...or(or),neither...nor(nor)屬于等立連詞。當(dāng)這些等立連詞連接兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的復(fù)合主語(yǔ)時(shí),判斷謂語(yǔ)的形式有以下三條原則:
    (1)如果所連接的成分分別為單數(shù)時(shí),其謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式。
    (2)如果所連接的成分分別為復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),其謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
    (3)如果所連接的成分在數(shù)上不一致,根據(jù)毗鄰吸引原則,其謂語(yǔ)單復(fù)數(shù)形式取決于它前面最近的主語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)情況。
    ??根據(jù)以上原則在上述第15句中,either...or所連接的兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)都是單數(shù),所以其謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式較為妥當(dāng)一些。而在第16句中,either...or連接的兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)都是復(fù)數(shù),故謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
    問(wèn):17.Nobody likes to be deceived, does he?
    ??18.Nobody has been called while I have been out,have they?
    ??為什么這兩個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)相同的句子在其附加疑問(wèn)句中主謂語(yǔ)分別用單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)呢?
    答:當(dāng)no one,nobody,anyone,anybody,everyone,everybody作主語(yǔ)時(shí),在正式語(yǔ)體中,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式。但在口語(yǔ)或非正式語(yǔ)體中,在毗鄰吸引原則的影響下,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有時(shí)也可以用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如:"Nobody,not even their teachers, are listening to the speech."
    ??上述第17句的意思為"每個(gè)人都不喜歡上當(dāng)受騙,不是嗎?",這里指的是"每一個(gè)對(duì)象",所以其附加疑問(wèn)部分的主謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式。然而,在反意疑問(wèn)句中,根據(jù)上下文意思,如果陳述部分主語(yǔ)no one, nobody強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)全體的整體性否定,則附加疑問(wèn)部分的主謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)該用復(fù)數(shù)形式為妥。而上述第18句的意思是"我不在家時(shí),沒(méi)有人打電話來(lái),對(duì)不對(duì)?"這強(qiáng)調(diào)的是"對(duì)全體整體性的否定",所以其附加疑問(wèn)部分的主謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
    [實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練]用動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。
    1.More than two hundred boys _______ (be)to Be ijing .
    2.I have read a large part of the book,the rest _______ (be)more difficult.
    3.The father,rather than the brothers, _______ (be)responsible for the accident.
    4.Not only the students but also the teachers _______ (support)the plan.
    5.Bread and butter _______ (be) my favorite .
    6.Each boy and each girl _______ (be)happy at the Christmas party.
    7.One of the things she wrote about _______ (be)life on a small farm.
    8.This group,among whom are Jean and Eddie,certainly _______ (be) the life of the party.
    Key:
    主謂一致關(guān)系中的幾個(gè)疑難問(wèn)題解答
    1.have been 2.is 3.is 4.support 5.is 6.is 7.was 8.is