英譯漢中的代詞（ 3 ）
5 疑問(wèn)代詞：總共有 5 個(gè)—— who,whose ,whom,which,what.
在考研英譯漢中出現(xiàn)最多的是 who,which 和 what. 這些疑問(wèn)代詞往往要翻譯成名詞。
例一 ： There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.Historians ， especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of “ tunnel method ，” frequently fall victim to the “ technicist fallacy. ” Also common in the natural sciences ， the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation.
It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources.And to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.
分析：句中兩個(gè) who 的使用是典型的英語(yǔ)表達(dá)，它們使整個(gè)句子構(gòu)成一個(gè)表達(dá)多層次意思的復(fù)合句。
而漢語(yǔ)喜歡使用簡(jiǎn)單句，兩個(gè) who 引導(dǎo)的從句顯然和主句分開譯比較好，它們分別修飾 traditional historians 和 social science historians 這樣一來(lái)， who 指代什么名詞就應(yīng)該譯成什么名詞，直譯為“誰(shuí)”肯定是行不通的。
例二 ： Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.
分析： which 在句中引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句（注意不是定于從句，如果是它就該是介詞 of 的賓語(yǔ)，
二句中 which 不能既作介詞賓語(yǔ)又作從句主語(yǔ)，從而導(dǎo)致從句缺主語(yǔ)），因此不是指代前面的名詞 issue, 而是指代更前面的 pure science 和 technology 中間的任何一個(gè)，故明確解釋翻譯成“哪一方（純科學(xué)或者技術(shù)）或者“純科學(xué)和技術(shù)哪一方”。
6 關(guān)系代詞：在考研中英譯漢中主要有 which 和 that 兩個(gè)詞。由關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的往往是定語(yǔ)從句，修飾或說(shuō)明前面的先行詞，如果這個(gè)從句較簡(jiǎn)單，則采用合譯法，關(guān)系代詞不用翻譯；如果這個(gè)從句比較復(fù)雜，則采用拆譯法，關(guān)系代詞的翻譯往往是重復(fù)先行詞。
例一： How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.
分析： which 在句中指代前面的先行詞 skill and wisdom ，由于 which 后面的從句較短，可以合譯成“解釋（ it ）的技巧和智慧”， which 不用譯出；如果分開來(lái)譯，則是“（ it ）通過(guò)這些技巧和智慧來(lái)解釋。”
例二： Tylor defined culture as “…that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society”.
分析： 由于 which 前面只有個(gè)帶修飾語(yǔ)的名詞， which 這時(shí)譯成“它”是很清楚的，如果譯成“這個(gè) + 先行詞”當(dāng)然也不會(huì)有問(wèn)題，只不過(guò)有些啰嗦。
★代詞翻譯的小小總結(jié) & 規(guī)律★ ： 只要見(jiàn)到代詞就要清楚它指代什么，譯文中用代詞不清楚時(shí)就用名詞來(lái)表達(dá)，哪怕有些啰嗦也要多用名詞，只有在明顯清楚或者找不到合適的名詞時(shí)采用代詞。
練習(xí)：
1 請(qǐng)下面的句子翻譯成中文。
There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.Historians ， especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of “ tunnel method ，” frequently fall victim to the “ technicist fallacy. ” Also common in the natural sciences ， the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation.
It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources.And to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques. （ 1999 年英譯漢真題）
2 請(qǐng)下面的句子翻譯成中文。
In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined. (1994 年英譯漢真題 )
3 請(qǐng)下面的句子翻譯成中文。
Tylor defined culture as “…that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society”. (2003 年英譯漢真題 )
5 疑問(wèn)代詞：總共有 5 個(gè)—— who,whose ,whom,which,what.
在考研英譯漢中出現(xiàn)最多的是 who,which 和 what. 這些疑問(wèn)代詞往往要翻譯成名詞。
例一 ： There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.Historians ， especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of “ tunnel method ，” frequently fall victim to the “ technicist fallacy. ” Also common in the natural sciences ， the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation.
It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources.And to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.
分析：句中兩個(gè) who 的使用是典型的英語(yǔ)表達(dá)，它們使整個(gè)句子構(gòu)成一個(gè)表達(dá)多層次意思的復(fù)合句。
而漢語(yǔ)喜歡使用簡(jiǎn)單句，兩個(gè) who 引導(dǎo)的從句顯然和主句分開譯比較好，它們分別修飾 traditional historians 和 social science historians 這樣一來(lái)， who 指代什么名詞就應(yīng)該譯成什么名詞，直譯為“誰(shuí)”肯定是行不通的。
例二 ： Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.
分析： which 在句中引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句（注意不是定于從句，如果是它就該是介詞 of 的賓語(yǔ)，
二句中 which 不能既作介詞賓語(yǔ)又作從句主語(yǔ)，從而導(dǎo)致從句缺主語(yǔ)），因此不是指代前面的名詞 issue, 而是指代更前面的 pure science 和 technology 中間的任何一個(gè)，故明確解釋翻譯成“哪一方（純科學(xué)或者技術(shù)）或者“純科學(xué)和技術(shù)哪一方”。
6 關(guān)系代詞：在考研中英譯漢中主要有 which 和 that 兩個(gè)詞。由關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的往往是定語(yǔ)從句，修飾或說(shuō)明前面的先行詞，如果這個(gè)從句較簡(jiǎn)單，則采用合譯法，關(guān)系代詞不用翻譯；如果這個(gè)從句比較復(fù)雜，則采用拆譯法，關(guān)系代詞的翻譯往往是重復(fù)先行詞。
例一： How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.
分析： which 在句中指代前面的先行詞 skill and wisdom ，由于 which 后面的從句較短，可以合譯成“解釋（ it ）的技巧和智慧”， which 不用譯出；如果分開來(lái)譯，則是“（ it ）通過(guò)這些技巧和智慧來(lái)解釋。”
例二： Tylor defined culture as “…that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society”.
分析： 由于 which 前面只有個(gè)帶修飾語(yǔ)的名詞， which 這時(shí)譯成“它”是很清楚的，如果譯成“這個(gè) + 先行詞”當(dāng)然也不會(huì)有問(wèn)題，只不過(guò)有些啰嗦。
★代詞翻譯的小小總結(jié) & 規(guī)律★ ： 只要見(jiàn)到代詞就要清楚它指代什么，譯文中用代詞不清楚時(shí)就用名詞來(lái)表達(dá)，哪怕有些啰嗦也要多用名詞，只有在明顯清楚或者找不到合適的名詞時(shí)采用代詞。
練習(xí)：
1 請(qǐng)下面的句子翻譯成中文。
There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.Historians ， especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of “ tunnel method ，” frequently fall victim to the “ technicist fallacy. ” Also common in the natural sciences ， the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation.
It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources.And to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques. （ 1999 年英譯漢真題）
2 請(qǐng)下面的句子翻譯成中文。
In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined. (1994 年英譯漢真題 )
3 請(qǐng)下面的句子翻譯成中文。
Tylor defined culture as “…that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society”. (2003 年英譯漢真題 )