計(jì)算機(jī)組成原理名詞解釋集

Computer systems consist of hardware and software. Hardware is the physical part of the system. Once designed，hardware is difficult and expensive to change. Software is the set of programs that instruct the hardware and is easier to modify than hardware.
     計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)由硬件和軟件組成。硬件是系統(tǒng)的物理部分。硬件一旦設(shè)計(jì)完畢，要修改是困難的，并且花費(fèi)也大。軟件是指揮硬件的程序集合，比硬件容易修改。
     Every computer has four basic hardware components：
     • Input devices．
     • Output devices.
     • Main memory.
     • Central processing unit（CPU）．
     每臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)都有如下4種基本硬件部件：
     輸入設(shè)備；
     輸出設(shè)備；
     主存儲(chǔ)器；
     中央處理器。
    A processor is composed of two functional units—a control unit and an arithmetic/logic unit—and a set of special workspaces called registers．
     處理器由兩個(gè)功能部件（控制部件和算術(shù)邏輯部件）與一組稱為寄存器的特殊工作空間組成。
    The Control Unit　　控制部件
    The Arithmetic and Logic Unit　　算術(shù)邏輯部件
    Registers　　寄存器
    Memory Devices　　存儲(chǔ)器
    RANDOM-ACCESS MEMORY　　隨機(jī)存儲(chǔ)器
    READ-ONLY MEMORY　　只讀存儲(chǔ)器
    MAGNETIC DISKS　　磁盤
    CD-ROMS　　只讀光盤
    MAGNETIC TAPE　　磁帶
    Programmed I/O　　程序控制I/O
    Programmed I/O，also known as direct I/O，is accomplished by a program executing on the processor itself to control the I/O operations and transfer the data．
    程序控制I/O，又稱直接I/O，由在處理器上執(zhí)行的程序去控制I/O操作和傳送數(shù)據(jù)。
    Memory-Mapped I/O　　存儲(chǔ)器映射I/O
    Memory-Mapped I/O is another form of programmed I/O that maps the device connections to bits in memory address space，
     存儲(chǔ)器映射I/O是另一種程序控制I/O，它把I/O設(shè)備連接映射成存儲(chǔ)器地址空間中的位組，