我去過倫敦,那是個(gè)美麗的城市。
Your father, whom I respect very much, is a kind old man.
你父親是個(gè)很和善的老頭,我很尊重他。
Nanjing, where I lived for five years, is very hot in summer.
南京夏天非常熱,我在那里生活過五年。
在以上三例當(dāng)中,定語從句不就能是限定性的。若變成限定性定語從句,其意就成了“我去過那個(gè)是座美麗的城市的倫敦。你那個(gè)我很尊重的父親是個(gè)很和善的老頭。我在那里生活過五年的南京夏天非常熱?!毖酝庵馐沁€有別的倫敦、父親和南京。
通過這幾個(gè)例子我們可以看出,專用名詞以及世界上獨(dú)一無二的東西都不能有限定性定語從句。因?yàn)樗鼈兊囊饬x本身已經(jīng)非常清楚,不需要對其進(jìn)行限定。另外,非限定性定語從句的先行詞還可以是整個(gè)主句所表達(dá)的意義。
如:He did well in the physics exam, which surprised me.
他物理考得很好,這使我很吃驚。
(學(xué)地道的英語有兩個(gè)重要的練習(xí)方法:parallel writing, and reverse translation,即平行寫作和逆翻譯。所謂平行寫作,就是模仿英語的句子寫類似的句子。而逆翻譯就是先把英語譯成漢語,或根據(jù)漢語的譯文,再把漢語翻譯成英語,再把英語譯文同原文比較,分析差異。這兩種方法能避免漢語式英語。)
He did well in the physics exam, which surprised me.
他物理考得很好,這使我很吃驚。
請把這句話逆翻譯。有的同學(xué)會(huì)翻譯為:He did well in the physics exam, this surprised me. 這句話錯(cuò)在什么地方呢?錯(cuò)在句法。這句話有兩個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu),是兩個(gè)并列的分句,但沒有連詞(this 是代詞),這就成了串句。
再如:He’s very particular about wording, which I am not.
他很咬文嚼字,而我不。
I said nothing, which made her angry.
我什么也沒說,這使她很生氣。
Tom didn’t go to the show, which was a pity.
沒去看演出,這很遺憾。
下面看看各個(gè)關(guān)系詞的用法:
1.指人的關(guān)系代詞:who, whom, whose, that 的用法:
(1)作主語(who, that )
Those who are going to play in the match are to meet at the gate at 1:30 after lunch.
那些參加比賽的人午飯后1:30在大門口集合。
在本句中,先行詞是those;關(guān)系代詞who引導(dǎo)定語從句,同時(shí)代替先行詞在從句中擔(dān)任動(dòng)詞are going to play 的主語。
The man who/that is talking with Mr. Wang is a famous doctor.
正在和王先生說話的那個(gè)人是一個(gè)有名的醫(yī)生。
在本句中,先行詞是the man;關(guān)系代詞who/that引導(dǎo)定語從句,同時(shí)代替先行詞在從句中擔(dān)任動(dòng)詞is talking的主語。
這個(gè)復(fù)合句可以還原成兩個(gè)句子:
The man is a famous doctor. He is talking with Mr. Wang.
(2)作賓語包括作介詞賓語(whom, that )。此種情況下的關(guān)系代詞可以省略;
This is just the man(whom/that) I want for the job.這正是我要的做這份工作的人。
在本句中,先行詞是the man;關(guān)系代詞whom/that 引導(dǎo)定語從句,同時(shí)代替先行詞在從句中擔(dān)任動(dòng)詞want 的賓語。
Is he the manager (whom/that) you are looking for?
他是你在找的那位經(jīng)理嗎?
(3)當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞緊跟介詞作介詞賓語時(shí),不能用that,也不能省略,
如:The book from which I got a lot of useful information was written by a famous scientist.
我從中得到許多有用信息的那本書是一位科學(xué)家寫的。
Who is the boy with whom you were talking a moment ago.
你剛才和他說話的那個(gè)男孩是誰?
I know the young couple from whose house the music is coming.
但是當(dāng)介詞放在從句末尾時(shí),作為介詞賓語的關(guān)系代詞可以用that 并且可以省略。
如上頭兩句可改為:
The book (that /which) I got a lot of information from was written by a famous scientist.
Who is the boy (that/whom) you were talking with a moment ago?
Your father, whom I respect very much, is a kind old man.
你父親是個(gè)很和善的老頭,我很尊重他。
Nanjing, where I lived for five years, is very hot in summer.
南京夏天非常熱,我在那里生活過五年。
在以上三例當(dāng)中,定語從句不就能是限定性的。若變成限定性定語從句,其意就成了“我去過那個(gè)是座美麗的城市的倫敦。你那個(gè)我很尊重的父親是個(gè)很和善的老頭。我在那里生活過五年的南京夏天非常熱?!毖酝庵馐沁€有別的倫敦、父親和南京。
通過這幾個(gè)例子我們可以看出,專用名詞以及世界上獨(dú)一無二的東西都不能有限定性定語從句。因?yàn)樗鼈兊囊饬x本身已經(jīng)非常清楚,不需要對其進(jìn)行限定。另外,非限定性定語從句的先行詞還可以是整個(gè)主句所表達(dá)的意義。
如:He did well in the physics exam, which surprised me.
他物理考得很好,這使我很吃驚。
(學(xué)地道的英語有兩個(gè)重要的練習(xí)方法:parallel writing, and reverse translation,即平行寫作和逆翻譯。所謂平行寫作,就是模仿英語的句子寫類似的句子。而逆翻譯就是先把英語譯成漢語,或根據(jù)漢語的譯文,再把漢語翻譯成英語,再把英語譯文同原文比較,分析差異。這兩種方法能避免漢語式英語。)
He did well in the physics exam, which surprised me.
他物理考得很好,這使我很吃驚。
請把這句話逆翻譯。有的同學(xué)會(huì)翻譯為:He did well in the physics exam, this surprised me. 這句話錯(cuò)在什么地方呢?錯(cuò)在句法。這句話有兩個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu),是兩個(gè)并列的分句,但沒有連詞(this 是代詞),這就成了串句。
再如:He’s very particular about wording, which I am not.
他很咬文嚼字,而我不。
I said nothing, which made her angry.
我什么也沒說,這使她很生氣。
Tom didn’t go to the show, which was a pity.
沒去看演出,這很遺憾。
下面看看各個(gè)關(guān)系詞的用法:
1.指人的關(guān)系代詞:who, whom, whose, that 的用法:
(1)作主語(who, that )
Those who are going to play in the match are to meet at the gate at 1:30 after lunch.
那些參加比賽的人午飯后1:30在大門口集合。
在本句中,先行詞是those;關(guān)系代詞who引導(dǎo)定語從句,同時(shí)代替先行詞在從句中擔(dān)任動(dòng)詞are going to play 的主語。
The man who/that is talking with Mr. Wang is a famous doctor.
正在和王先生說話的那個(gè)人是一個(gè)有名的醫(yī)生。
在本句中,先行詞是the man;關(guān)系代詞who/that引導(dǎo)定語從句,同時(shí)代替先行詞在從句中擔(dān)任動(dòng)詞is talking的主語。
這個(gè)復(fù)合句可以還原成兩個(gè)句子:
The man is a famous doctor. He is talking with Mr. Wang.
(2)作賓語包括作介詞賓語(whom, that )。此種情況下的關(guān)系代詞可以省略;
This is just the man(whom/that) I want for the job.這正是我要的做這份工作的人。
在本句中,先行詞是the man;關(guān)系代詞whom/that 引導(dǎo)定語從句,同時(shí)代替先行詞在從句中擔(dān)任動(dòng)詞want 的賓語。
Is he the manager (whom/that) you are looking for?
他是你在找的那位經(jīng)理嗎?
(3)當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞緊跟介詞作介詞賓語時(shí),不能用that,也不能省略,
如:The book from which I got a lot of useful information was written by a famous scientist.
我從中得到許多有用信息的那本書是一位科學(xué)家寫的。
Who is the boy with whom you were talking a moment ago.
你剛才和他說話的那個(gè)男孩是誰?
I know the young couple from whose house the music is coming.
但是當(dāng)介詞放在從句末尾時(shí),作為介詞賓語的關(guān)系代詞可以用that 并且可以省略。
如上頭兩句可改為:
The book (that /which) I got a lot of information from was written by a famous scientist.
Who is the boy (that/whom) you were talking with a moment ago?