短文寫作中句子的語(yǔ)法形式錯(cuò)誤及糾錯(cuò)分析

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在考研短文寫作中,一定要注意句式的正確性和句型的變化性,即文章中不僅僅有簡(jiǎn)單句,也應(yīng)該有結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的句子。長(zhǎng)短句交替會(huì)使文章增色不少。但應(yīng)盡量避免使用結(jié)構(gòu)過(guò)于復(fù)雜的句子和生硬、不貼切的詞匯,還應(yīng)避免中文式英語(yǔ)。另外還有如平行結(jié)構(gòu)的使用等等。句子在語(yǔ)法形式上的錯(cuò)誤主要表現(xiàn)在以下幾個(gè)方面:   1、漢語(yǔ)式句子   漢語(yǔ)式句子就是完全按照漢語(yǔ)的思維模式而造出來(lái)的句子,他們經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在學(xué)生的習(xí)作里。比如:有的學(xué)生把"好好學(xué)習(xí),天天向上"表達(dá)成Good good study,day day up .有的學(xué)生把"如果你敢唬我,我就給你兩下子"表述成If you dare tiger me ,Iwill give you two down son .盡管這兩個(gè)例子有點(diǎn)極端,但它們表明漢語(yǔ)式句子是作文中一個(gè)普遍存在的現(xiàn)象。   例1誤:My English spoken is not good.   正:I am not good at spoken English. Or :My spoken English is not good.   2、主謂不一致   造句時(shí)要遵循的一個(gè)最基本的原則就是主謂一致原則。   例1誤:One of these houses need repairing.   正:One of these houses needs repairing.   分析:這屬于主謂一致方面的錯(cuò)誤用法。One of +名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式,謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)用單數(shù)。   3、平行結(jié)構(gòu)誤用   平行結(jié)構(gòu)要求:同等重要的、并列的句子成分(思想或概念)要用同類的語(yǔ)法形式來(lái)表示,要用并列連詞連接。在使用并列連詞如and ,but ,or ,neither…nor, either…..or, not only….but also, both…and等時(shí),所連接的應(yīng)該是名詞對(duì)名詞,副詞對(duì)副詞,分詞對(duì)分詞,不定式對(duì)不定式,動(dòng)詞對(duì)動(dòng)詞,句子對(duì)句子,而不能把其中一個(gè)概念用分詞結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá),另外兩個(gè)概念用不定式或從句來(lái)表達(dá)等。   (1)名詞(短語(yǔ))平行結(jié)構(gòu)   例1誤:The speaker called attention to the beginning and how it ended.   正:The speaker called attention to the beginning and end of the movement   (2)形容詞平行結(jié)構(gòu)   例1誤:He was sympathetic,tolerant,and people respected him.   正:He was sympathetic,tolerant,and respected by people.   (3)分詞平行結(jié)構(gòu)   例1誤:The boys were running,shouting and to laugh.   正:The boys were running,shouting and laughing.   (4)動(dòng)名詞平行結(jié)構(gòu)   例1誤:Jane prefers singing to dance.   正:Jane prefers singing to dancing.   (5)動(dòng)詞不定式平行結(jié)構(gòu)   例1誤:To know what is good and doing what is right is not the same thing   正:To know what is good and to do what is right is not the same thing   (6)副詞平行結(jié)構(gòu)   例1誤:The work is handsome and skillfully done.   正:The work is handsomely and skillfully done.   (7)短語(yǔ)平行結(jié)構(gòu)   例1誤:Studies serve for delight ,for ornament ,and being able   正:Studies serve for delight ,for ornament ,and for ability   4、破句   破句又稱為:"片語(yǔ)",也是寫作中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的錯(cuò)誤之一/簡(jiǎn)單地說(shuō),破句就是斷句,它在語(yǔ)義上是不完整的、在語(yǔ)法上是不正確的。   例1誤:I spent almost three hours on the phone yesterday,Trying to find a garage to repair my car .   正:I spent almost three hours on the phone yesterday,trying to find a garage to repair my car .   5、懸垂修飾語(yǔ)   修飾語(yǔ)必須非常明確地修飾句子中的某一個(gè)詞或某一組詞。懸垂修飾是指修飾語(yǔ)與其邏輯主語(yǔ)之間產(chǎn)生意義上的矛盾,或者在句子初看好像修飾某個(gè)詞語(yǔ),但實(shí)際上什么也沒(méi)有修飾,使修飾語(yǔ)處于懸浮狀態(tài),無(wú)處著落。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞或介詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),其邏輯主語(yǔ)應(yīng)該是句子的主語(yǔ)。如果句子主語(yǔ)不能充當(dāng)其邏輯主語(yǔ),就得另加上邏輯主語(yǔ),否則該非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞或介詞短語(yǔ)便是懸垂結(jié)構(gòu)了。   例3誤:My term paper was finished sfter sitting up half the night.   正:After sitting up half the night , Ifinished my term paper.