第九章 動詞如何轉(zhuǎn)換成名詞 動名詞（Gerund）和不定詞（Infinitive）
9§1 問題的來源
對我們說中文的人而言，一個(gè)字究竟是動詞，還是名詞，其實(shí)是很少人知道的，對一般人而言，“唱歌”是動詞，但是如果我們說，“唱歌是有益的”，我們又發(fā)現(xiàn)〝唱歌〞其實(shí)也是名詞?！拔覑鄢琛?，這句話中，“唱歌”也是名詞。
英文就不同了，英文里很少有一個(gè)字，又是動詞，又是名詞的，sing是動詞，絕不能當(dāng)很名詞用。怪不得有很多中國人會說
＊Sing is good for you. 或者是 ＊I like sing.
既然sing是動詞，也沒有一個(gè)“sing”的名詞，怎么辦呢？英文解套的辦法很有趣，他們用動名詞（gerund）和不定詞（infinitive）來將一個(gè)動詞改成一個(gè)名詞。
9§2 動名詞（Gerund）
所謂動名詞，乃是將一個(gè)動詞，字尾加上ing，一夜之間，這個(gè)動詞就可以當(dāng)作名詞用了。請看以下的例子：
I like singing.
Playing basketball is good for you.
Do you enjoy listening to classical music？
Is traveling around the world meaningful to you？
Studying English is not difficult.
我們不妨將動名詞的用法分一下類：
1.動名詞可用作主詞，如
Playing tennis is enjoyed by many people.
Taking drugs is avoided by most people.
eing kind to others is important for every one.
Respecting your parents shows good character.
2.動名詞可以用作動詞的受詞，如
I enjoy studying English.
He does not mind walking long distances.
I have never enjoyed being alone in my life.
He loves swimming.
3.動名詞可以用作介系詞（preposition）的受詞，英文里有很多介系詞，at， in， about， of， on等等都是介系詞，介系詞后面必定跟一個(gè)名詞，也是它的受詞，舉例來說
on the table
in my home
about Hitler
of my life
on this island
各位一定注意到，每一個(gè)介系詞后面都有一個(gè)名詞，作為它的受詞。
動名詞是可以作為介系詞的受詞的，如：
This book is about traveling.
He is responsible for cleaning the kitchen.
My brother is capable of writing programs.
You just keep on going straight.
在下面，我們要給各位更多有關(guān)gerund的例子，各位不妨看看每一個(gè)句子中，那個(gè)動名詞是作什么用的。
Instead of swimming， he walks every morning.
He likes walking in the woods.
Are you interested in playing tennis？
Loving is to be kind to others.
Reading is important to students.
In addition to traveling， he also likes reading novels.
You will be happy by helping others.
He is worried about being late.
I finished writing the report yesterday.
They thanked me for lending them money.
He has never finished writing the novel.
She is in change of teaching English in our school.
My father objected to my going to the summer camp.
Please stop joking about my brother.
I look forward to seeing you.
He has never enjoyed traveling.
She was excited about going abroad.
I consider gambling a bad thing to do.
I have never dreamed of flying an airplane.
He suggested talking to our teacher.
I believe in doing some kind of exercise every day.
Playing the piano is no fun at all.
Nancy is accustomed to sleeping late.
Are you tired of driving for so long？
You should forgive others for doing wrong things.
He insists on getting up early every morning.
Thank you for participating in my concert.
He is used to studying alone.
They are not used to speaking English.
He is accustomed to being polite to others.
I object to seeing dirty movies.
You should take advantage of studying in such a good place.
「練習(xí)三十八」
改正以下的錯(cuò)誤
1.＊Play tennis is fun.
2.＊I hate swim.
3.＊Stop talk about me.
4.＊In addition to read interesting books， you should also watch TV from time to time.
5.＊I am not interested in swim.
6.＊He talks about go to America.
7.＊I believe in do exercise every day.
8.＊The cost of transfer a student to another school is very high.
9.＊Please forgive me for make this mistake.
10.＊Swim keeps me from getting cold.
「練習(xí)三十九」
填充，每一個(gè)句子填入一個(gè)介系詞和一個(gè)動名詞，先舉一個(gè)例子。
1. I am interested （listen） to music.
2. Please forgive me （be） so late.
3. In addition （study） ， you should also have some exercises every day.
4. We talked （build） a house next year.
5. Thank you （help） me.
6. He is excited （travel） to Japan.
7. I am looking forward （meet） you.
8. He insists （talk） to me personally.
9. I believe （exercise） every day.
10. Did you participate that （swim） match.
11. He was not used （listen） to classic music.
12. My mother objected （visit） my aunt tomorrow.
13. I am not accustomed （go） to bed so late.
14. I am interested （swim） .
15. Are you responsible （write） this report？
16. He is excited （see） me tomorrow.
17. He is looking forward （see） that movie.
18. I am not used （hear） that kind of noise.
19. You should take advantage （have） such a good family.
20.He is in charge （send） students to other schools.
「練習(xí)四十」
將以下中文句子譯成英文句子：
1.我不喜歡跳舞。
2.你對游泳有興趣嗎？
3.打藍(lán)球是有趣的。
4.我們昨天談到（talk about）教英文的事。
5.我不習(xí)慣（be not used to）抽煙。
6.我反對（object to）在公開場合哭泣（cry in public）。
7.除了游泳以外，他還應(yīng)該打棒球（用in addition to）。
8.他可以（be capable of）每天跑一公里。
9.他負(fù)責(zé)（be in charge of）找尋一個(gè)好的地方。
10.我已習(xí)慣了（be accustomed to）早起。
9§3 不定詞（Infinitives）
不定詞＝to＋動詞的原式。例如to go， to love， to eat等等，都是不定詞，不定詞和動名詞的用法相似，以下全是用不定詞用作名詞的例子：
To love is to forgive.
To forgive your enemies will make you happy.
I like to eat chicken.
I asked my brother to come here.
He continued to read.
也許讀者發(fā)現(xiàn)了不定詞和動名詞不同的地方：不定詞不能用在介系詞的后面，以下的句子都是錯(cuò)的：
＊I am interested in to play piano.
＊He is worried about to go abroad.
＊I am in charge of to prepare for the party.
如何將不定詞用成名詞呢？
1.不定詞可以用作主詞：如
To play tennis is great fun.
To play safe in the stock market is necessary.
To be kind to others is important for every one.
To respect your parents shows good character.
2.不家詞可以用成很多動詞的受詞：
I like to swim.
He loves to listen to jokes.
My brother seems to be different.
I agree to lend him money.
Do you like to sing？
3.不定詞可以跟在代名詞的后面，形式如下：
動詞（verb）＋代名詞（pronoun）＋不定詞（infinitive）
例如：
I told him to work hard.
I asked my brother to come back home.
He expects his friends to help him.
My teacher told me to wait for him.
I invited my sister to go to see a movie.
4.不定詞常用在上述句子的被動語氣中，例如：
He was told to work hard.
My brother was asked to come back home.
His friend is expected to help me.
I was told by my teacher to wait.
My sister was invited to go to see a movie.
以下是更多的不定詞例子：
To give is more meaningful than to receive.
I love to swim in cold weather.
He agreed to listen to my story.
He decided to go anyway.
I told him to buy my book.
I invited him to come to my house.
I asked him to cook for me tonight.
Students are asked to work hard.
He needs to work hard.
I want you to send this letter to my father.
He requires every student to read one novel every week.
Every student is required to read one novel every week.
讀者一定會問，是不是動名詞可以和不定詞互調(diào)，答案是否定的，有些動詞后面可以跟動名詞和不定詞，但也有些動詞，后面只能跟動名詞，有些動詞后面只能跟不定詞。
有些動詞后面可以跟動名詞或不定詞：love， like， hate， start， begin，以下的動詞，后面只能跟動名詞：
Enjoy
I enjoy eating good food.
Appreciate
I appreciate your being kind to others.
Avoid
You should avoid making mistakes.
keep on
Keep on working hard.
keep
Keep singing.
consider
He considered leaving home.
finish
He finished writing this book.
suggest
May I suggest drinking a cup of coffee？
discuss
We discussed traveling to New Zealand.
以下的動詞正好相反，只能跟不定詞
agree
I agree to sign this letter.
plan
He plans to go away.
want
They want to rent a car.
decide
He decided to work hard.
seem
He seems to be very happy.
appear
He appears to be very sad.
一個(gè)字非常特殊，必須討論一下，那就是stop：
stop smoking 指不再抽煙了
stop to smoke 指停下來，開始抽煙
9§4 動名詞和不定詞的被動和否定形式
將動詞改成名詞的時(shí)候，也可以有被動語氣和否定語氣，以下是一些例子：
Everyone likes to be loved.
This cup needs to be washed.
Being trusted is important.
I told him not to leave this house.
He asked me not to cry.
I was told not to fall asleep in class.
To be given a good gift on Christmas Eve makes me happy.
Being invited to that party is a great honor to me.
「練習(xí)四十一」
將下面的空格填入動名詞或不定詞
1. I enjoy （listen） to rock and roll music.
2. I asked him （go） away.
3. He was asked （leave）。
4. I suggest （have） some fun.
5. He seems （be） a kind person.
6. You appear （be） quite tired.
7. I told him （have） a cup of wine.
8. I invited him （come） over.
9. Every one of you is required （work） hard.
10. Do you like （swim）？
11. I ordered him （read） my book.
12. I was expected （write） a letter to you.
13. He asked me （read） this letter to him.
14. Please keep （talk） to me.
15. Stop （drive） s fast. It is dangerous to drive too fast.
16. I hate （smoke）。
17. （pass） the test is important.
18. （work） hard is the key to success.
19. My wife asked me to （bring） some flowers home.
20. He avoided （tell） lies.
「練習(xí)四十二」
將以下中文句子譯成英文句子，用gerund或infinitive。
1.我請（invite）他到我家來。
2.我教（teach）他游泳。
3.被人愛令人快樂。
4.我討厭（hate）抽煙。
5.我們應(yīng)該避免（avoid）飲煙。
6.不要再（stop）抽煙了。
7.每個(gè)人都期待（expect）他寫一本好書。
8.我要求（require）他每天念英文。
9§5 不定詞的簡式
不定詞中一定要有to，但在有幾個(gè)動詞的后面，to又要省掉，最的是let，我們絕不可以說
＊I let him to leave.
而一定要說
I let him leave.
我們也不能說
＊I made him to work hard.（我使他努力工作）
而一定要說
I made him work hard.
以下的動詞后面，不定詞的后面都要省掉to。
動詞
例句
let
My mother let me watch TV tonight.
make
He makes his students respect teachers.
have
He had his sons clean their rooms.
see
I saw him run away.
hear
I heard the birds sing.
watch
I watched the kids play.
notice
I noticed her cry.
因?yàn)樵谶@些動詞的后面，本來應(yīng)該用不定詞，僅僅是to被省掉了，因此我們在這些動詞的后面仍然要用原式，以下的句子都是錯(cuò)的：
＊He made his son ran away from home.
＊I saw him walked away……
＊I have never heard him sang any song.
Help這一個(gè)動詞非常特別，它后面的不定詞中的to可省略也可不省，以下的句子都是對的：
I helped him wash his car.
I helped him to wash his car.
「練習(xí)四十三」
以下的句子都有錯(cuò)，請改正：
1.＊He lets his son to drive his car.
2.＊He made me felt happy.
3.＊I made my friend to discuss his problem with me.
4.＊I had my son to get up early every morning.
5.＊I helped my father painted his house.
6.＊I had my brother to carry this heavy luggage for me.
7.＊I had Mary to marry me.
8.＊This song makes everyone to cry.
9.＊I helped Nancy worked hard.
10.＊He made us to believe him.
11.＊I saw him to play.
12.＊I heard Mary sang several songs.
13.＊I watched her to swim.
14.＊I saw the birds to fly away.
9§1 問題的來源
對我們說中文的人而言，一個(gè)字究竟是動詞，還是名詞，其實(shí)是很少人知道的，對一般人而言，“唱歌”是動詞，但是如果我們說，“唱歌是有益的”，我們又發(fā)現(xiàn)〝唱歌〞其實(shí)也是名詞?！拔覑鄢琛?，這句話中，“唱歌”也是名詞。
英文就不同了，英文里很少有一個(gè)字，又是動詞，又是名詞的，sing是動詞，絕不能當(dāng)很名詞用。怪不得有很多中國人會說
＊Sing is good for you. 或者是 ＊I like sing.
既然sing是動詞，也沒有一個(gè)“sing”的名詞，怎么辦呢？英文解套的辦法很有趣，他們用動名詞（gerund）和不定詞（infinitive）來將一個(gè)動詞改成一個(gè)名詞。
9§2 動名詞（Gerund）
所謂動名詞，乃是將一個(gè)動詞，字尾加上ing，一夜之間，這個(gè)動詞就可以當(dāng)作名詞用了。請看以下的例子：
I like singing.
Playing basketball is good for you.
Do you enjoy listening to classical music？
Is traveling around the world meaningful to you？
Studying English is not difficult.
我們不妨將動名詞的用法分一下類：
1.動名詞可用作主詞，如
Playing tennis is enjoyed by many people.
Taking drugs is avoided by most people.
eing kind to others is important for every one.
Respecting your parents shows good character.
2.動名詞可以用作動詞的受詞，如
I enjoy studying English.
He does not mind walking long distances.
I have never enjoyed being alone in my life.
He loves swimming.
3.動名詞可以用作介系詞（preposition）的受詞，英文里有很多介系詞，at， in， about， of， on等等都是介系詞，介系詞后面必定跟一個(gè)名詞，也是它的受詞，舉例來說
on the table
in my home
about Hitler
of my life
on this island
各位一定注意到，每一個(gè)介系詞后面都有一個(gè)名詞，作為它的受詞。
動名詞是可以作為介系詞的受詞的，如：
This book is about traveling.
He is responsible for cleaning the kitchen.
My brother is capable of writing programs.
You just keep on going straight.
在下面，我們要給各位更多有關(guān)gerund的例子，各位不妨看看每一個(gè)句子中，那個(gè)動名詞是作什么用的。
Instead of swimming， he walks every morning.
He likes walking in the woods.
Are you interested in playing tennis？
Loving is to be kind to others.
Reading is important to students.
In addition to traveling， he also likes reading novels.
You will be happy by helping others.
He is worried about being late.
I finished writing the report yesterday.
They thanked me for lending them money.
He has never finished writing the novel.
She is in change of teaching English in our school.
My father objected to my going to the summer camp.
Please stop joking about my brother.
I look forward to seeing you.
He has never enjoyed traveling.
She was excited about going abroad.
I consider gambling a bad thing to do.
I have never dreamed of flying an airplane.
He suggested talking to our teacher.
I believe in doing some kind of exercise every day.
Playing the piano is no fun at all.
Nancy is accustomed to sleeping late.
Are you tired of driving for so long？
You should forgive others for doing wrong things.
He insists on getting up early every morning.
Thank you for participating in my concert.
He is used to studying alone.
They are not used to speaking English.
He is accustomed to being polite to others.
I object to seeing dirty movies.
You should take advantage of studying in such a good place.
「練習(xí)三十八」
改正以下的錯(cuò)誤
1.＊Play tennis is fun.
2.＊I hate swim.
3.＊Stop talk about me.
4.＊In addition to read interesting books， you should also watch TV from time to time.
5.＊I am not interested in swim.
6.＊He talks about go to America.
7.＊I believe in do exercise every day.
8.＊The cost of transfer a student to another school is very high.
9.＊Please forgive me for make this mistake.
10.＊Swim keeps me from getting cold.
「練習(xí)三十九」
填充，每一個(gè)句子填入一個(gè)介系詞和一個(gè)動名詞，先舉一個(gè)例子。
1. I am interested （listen） to music.
2. Please forgive me （be） so late.
3. In addition （study） ， you should also have some exercises every day.
4. We talked （build） a house next year.
5. Thank you （help） me.
6. He is excited （travel） to Japan.
7. I am looking forward （meet） you.
8. He insists （talk） to me personally.
9. I believe （exercise） every day.
10. Did you participate that （swim） match.
11. He was not used （listen） to classic music.
12. My mother objected （visit） my aunt tomorrow.
13. I am not accustomed （go） to bed so late.
14. I am interested （swim） .
15. Are you responsible （write） this report？
16. He is excited （see） me tomorrow.
17. He is looking forward （see） that movie.
18. I am not used （hear） that kind of noise.
19. You should take advantage （have） such a good family.
20.He is in charge （send） students to other schools.
「練習(xí)四十」
將以下中文句子譯成英文句子：
1.我不喜歡跳舞。
2.你對游泳有興趣嗎？
3.打藍(lán)球是有趣的。
4.我們昨天談到（talk about）教英文的事。
5.我不習(xí)慣（be not used to）抽煙。
6.我反對（object to）在公開場合哭泣（cry in public）。
7.除了游泳以外，他還應(yīng)該打棒球（用in addition to）。
8.他可以（be capable of）每天跑一公里。
9.他負(fù)責(zé)（be in charge of）找尋一個(gè)好的地方。
10.我已習(xí)慣了（be accustomed to）早起。
9§3 不定詞（Infinitives）
不定詞＝to＋動詞的原式。例如to go， to love， to eat等等，都是不定詞，不定詞和動名詞的用法相似，以下全是用不定詞用作名詞的例子：
To love is to forgive.
To forgive your enemies will make you happy.
I like to eat chicken.
I asked my brother to come here.
He continued to read.
也許讀者發(fā)現(xiàn)了不定詞和動名詞不同的地方：不定詞不能用在介系詞的后面，以下的句子都是錯(cuò)的：
＊I am interested in to play piano.
＊He is worried about to go abroad.
＊I am in charge of to prepare for the party.
如何將不定詞用成名詞呢？
1.不定詞可以用作主詞：如
To play tennis is great fun.
To play safe in the stock market is necessary.
To be kind to others is important for every one.
To respect your parents shows good character.
2.不家詞可以用成很多動詞的受詞：
I like to swim.
He loves to listen to jokes.
My brother seems to be different.
I agree to lend him money.
Do you like to sing？
3.不定詞可以跟在代名詞的后面，形式如下：
動詞（verb）＋代名詞（pronoun）＋不定詞（infinitive）
例如：
I told him to work hard.
I asked my brother to come back home.
He expects his friends to help him.
My teacher told me to wait for him.
I invited my sister to go to see a movie.
4.不定詞常用在上述句子的被動語氣中，例如：
He was told to work hard.
My brother was asked to come back home.
His friend is expected to help me.
I was told by my teacher to wait.
My sister was invited to go to see a movie.
以下是更多的不定詞例子：
To give is more meaningful than to receive.
I love to swim in cold weather.
He agreed to listen to my story.
He decided to go anyway.
I told him to buy my book.
I invited him to come to my house.
I asked him to cook for me tonight.
Students are asked to work hard.
He needs to work hard.
I want you to send this letter to my father.
He requires every student to read one novel every week.
Every student is required to read one novel every week.
讀者一定會問，是不是動名詞可以和不定詞互調(diào)，答案是否定的，有些動詞后面可以跟動名詞和不定詞，但也有些動詞，后面只能跟動名詞，有些動詞后面只能跟不定詞。
有些動詞后面可以跟動名詞或不定詞：love， like， hate， start， begin，以下的動詞，后面只能跟動名詞：
Enjoy
I enjoy eating good food.
Appreciate
I appreciate your being kind to others.
Avoid
You should avoid making mistakes.
keep on
Keep on working hard.
keep
Keep singing.
consider
He considered leaving home.
finish
He finished writing this book.
suggest
May I suggest drinking a cup of coffee？
discuss
We discussed traveling to New Zealand.
以下的動詞正好相反，只能跟不定詞
agree
I agree to sign this letter.
plan
He plans to go away.
want
They want to rent a car.
decide
He decided to work hard.
seem
He seems to be very happy.
appear
He appears to be very sad.
一個(gè)字非常特殊，必須討論一下，那就是stop：
stop smoking 指不再抽煙了
stop to smoke 指停下來，開始抽煙
9§4 動名詞和不定詞的被動和否定形式
將動詞改成名詞的時(shí)候，也可以有被動語氣和否定語氣，以下是一些例子：
Everyone likes to be loved.
This cup needs to be washed.
Being trusted is important.
I told him not to leave this house.
He asked me not to cry.
I was told not to fall asleep in class.
To be given a good gift on Christmas Eve makes me happy.
Being invited to that party is a great honor to me.
「練習(xí)四十一」
將下面的空格填入動名詞或不定詞
1. I enjoy （listen） to rock and roll music.
2. I asked him （go） away.
3. He was asked （leave）。
4. I suggest （have） some fun.
5. He seems （be） a kind person.
6. You appear （be） quite tired.
7. I told him （have） a cup of wine.
8. I invited him （come） over.
9. Every one of you is required （work） hard.
10. Do you like （swim）？
11. I ordered him （read） my book.
12. I was expected （write） a letter to you.
13. He asked me （read） this letter to him.
14. Please keep （talk） to me.
15. Stop （drive） s fast. It is dangerous to drive too fast.
16. I hate （smoke）。
17. （pass） the test is important.
18. （work） hard is the key to success.
19. My wife asked me to （bring） some flowers home.
20. He avoided （tell） lies.
「練習(xí)四十二」
將以下中文句子譯成英文句子，用gerund或infinitive。
1.我請（invite）他到我家來。
2.我教（teach）他游泳。
3.被人愛令人快樂。
4.我討厭（hate）抽煙。
5.我們應(yīng)該避免（avoid）飲煙。
6.不要再（stop）抽煙了。
7.每個(gè)人都期待（expect）他寫一本好書。
8.我要求（require）他每天念英文。
9§5 不定詞的簡式
不定詞中一定要有to，但在有幾個(gè)動詞的后面，to又要省掉，最的是let，我們絕不可以說
＊I let him to leave.
而一定要說
I let him leave.
我們也不能說
＊I made him to work hard.（我使他努力工作）
而一定要說
I made him work hard.
以下的動詞后面，不定詞的后面都要省掉to。
動詞
例句
let
My mother let me watch TV tonight.
make
He makes his students respect teachers.
have
He had his sons clean their rooms.
see
I saw him run away.
hear
I heard the birds sing.
watch
I watched the kids play.
notice
I noticed her cry.
因?yàn)樵谶@些動詞的后面，本來應(yīng)該用不定詞，僅僅是to被省掉了，因此我們在這些動詞的后面仍然要用原式，以下的句子都是錯(cuò)的：
＊He made his son ran away from home.
＊I saw him walked away……
＊I have never heard him sang any song.
Help這一個(gè)動詞非常特別，它后面的不定詞中的to可省略也可不省，以下的句子都是對的：
I helped him wash his car.
I helped him to wash his car.
「練習(xí)四十三」
以下的句子都有錯(cuò)，請改正：
1.＊He lets his son to drive his car.
2.＊He made me felt happy.
3.＊I made my friend to discuss his problem with me.
4.＊I had my son to get up early every morning.
5.＊I helped my father painted his house.
6.＊I had my brother to carry this heavy luggage for me.
7.＊I had Mary to marry me.
8.＊This song makes everyone to cry.
9.＊I helped Nancy worked hard.
10.＊He made us to believe him.
11.＊I saw him to play.
12.＊I heard Mary sang several songs.
13.＊I watched her to swim.
14.＊I saw the birds to fly away.