全國(guó)碩士研究生入學(xué)考試英語沖刺試題Simulated Entrance Test of English for MA/MS Candidates Model Test 8
畢金獻(xiàn)命制
版權(quán)所有侵權(quán)必究
考生注意事項(xiàng)
- 考生必須嚴(yán)格遵守各項(xiàng)考場(chǎng)規(guī)則。
- 答題前，考生應(yīng)按準(zhǔn)考證上的有關(guān)內(nèi)容填寫答題卡上的“考生姓名”、“報(bào)考單位”、“考生編號(hào)”等信息。
- 答案必須按要求填涂或?qū)懺谥付ǖ拇痤}卡上。
★英語知識(shí)運(yùn)用、閱讀理解A節(jié)、B節(jié)的答案填涂在答題卡1上。填涂部分應(yīng)該按照答題卡上的要求用2B鉛筆完成。如要改動(dòng)，必須用橡皮擦干凈。
★閱讀理解C節(jié)的答案和作文必須用(藍(lán))黑色字跡鋼筆、圓珠筆或簽字筆在答題卡2上作答。字跡要清楚。
- 考試結(jié)束后，將答題卡1、答題卡2一并裝入原試卷袋中，試題交給監(jiān)考人員。
做 題 提 醒
- 本試卷嚴(yán)格按照最新考綱的要求編寫，針對(duì)性、權(quán)威性強(qiáng)，信度高，是備考訓(xùn)練的精品。
- 建議以臨戰(zhàn)狀態(tài)進(jìn)行自測(cè)，結(jié)束后仔細(xì)核對(duì)答案，自己評(píng)分并找出薄弱環(huán)節(jié)，在以后的復(fù)習(xí)中重點(diǎn)突破。
考試時(shí)間180分鐘滿分100分得分英語沖刺試題8第頁(yè)
Section ⅠUse of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A，B，C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Due to recent national events, the Yardley City Government has introduced new bomb threat procedures for government buildings. This information is 1 department use only.
From this 2 on, all personnel must be on the highest 3. You must pay close attention to your surroundings. If a vehicle you do not 4 enters the parking lot, observe driver and passenger behavior. If an employee has been 5 recently, examine his or her performance evaluations and exit 6 reports. If there are incidents involving visitors, 7 your supervisor. Keep in mind, however, that we must not 8. Part of being alert is exercising proper 9.
If there is an actual bomb threat, 10 the following procedures: First, remove all the peopel from the building. Do not fall 11 fire drill routines, remember you are doing so in order to avoid injury 12 from planned violence. Leave the building immediately, and take nothing with you. Do not 13 electric equipment. Keep movement 14 a minimum. If there are visitors and/or persons 15 special needs in the building, make certain that they are removed.
Proceed to the area away from the building 16 in the fire drill policy. Do not enter vehicles parked nearby. Take attendance, and make mental notes about any 17 personnel or any questionable activity in or near the building. If you received the actual threat, 18 as much information as possible: gender, specific language, “insider” information, type of violence threatened. 19 you reach your safe area, inform emergency personnel and 20 the information with them.
1. [A] to [B] for [C] in [D] of
2. [A] period [B] instance [C] point [D] event
3. [A] readiness [B] defence [C] guard [D] alert
4. [A] recognize [B] distinguish [C] discern [D] perceive
5. [A] terminated [B] questioned [C] suspected [D] transferred
6. [A] inquiry [B] inspection [C] instruction [D] interview
7. [A] signify [B] notify [C] verify [D] testify
8. [A] overrate [B] oversight [C] overreact [D] overbear
9. [A] function [B] judgment [C] influence [D] authority
10. [A] cling to [B] clutch at [C] abide by [D] carry out
11. [A] for [B] in [C] into [D] off
12. [A] stemming [B] emerging [C] deviating [D] suffering
13. [A] shut down [B] switch on[ C] turn up [D] break off
14. [A] at [B] to [C] on [D] in
15. [A] in [B] for [C] with [D] within
16. [A] regulated [B] confined [C] designed [D] designated
17. [A] remaining [B] dispersing [C] losing [D] missing
18. [A] record [B] offer [C] store [D] supply
19. [A] Until [B] Unless [C] Once [D] Since
20. [A] deliver [B] share [C] analyze [D] evaluate
Section ⅡReading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A，B，C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text1
Recently, the right of public personalities to direct and profit from all commercial exploitations of their fame has gained widespread acceptance. Recognition of this “right of publicity,” however, has raised difficult questions concerning the proper scope and duration of the right as well as its relationship to free speech and free trade interests. Often, the “type” of personality, be it an entertainer, politician, or athlete, also weighs on this decision-making process.
The right of publicity protects economic interests of celebrities in their own fame by allowing them to control and profit from the publicity values which they have created. Before courts recognized this right, celebrities’ primary protection against the unauthorized commercial appropriation of their names or likenesses was a suit for invasion of privacy. Privacy law, however, proved to be an inadequate response to the legal questions presented by celebrities seeking to protect their economic interest in fame. Whereas privacy law protects a person’s right to be left alone, publicity law proceeds from adverse assumptions. Celebrities do not object to public attention—they thrive on it. However, they seek to benefit from any commercial use of their popularity.
A celebrity’s public image has many aspects, each of which may be appropriated for a variety of purposes. Plaintiffs(persons bringing a suit) have sought to protect various attributes including: name, likeness, a particular routine or act, characters made famous by their celebrity, unique style, and biographical information. In deciding whether the right of publicity applies to particular attribute, courts consider underlying legal and policy goals.
Two goals support recognition of the right of publicity: the promotion of creative endeavor and prevention of unjust enrichment through the theft of goodwill. Courts determine the scope of publicity rights by balancing these policies against offsetting First Amendment and free trade interests. Recognizing the celebrity’s ability to control the exercise of some personal attribute may limit the “speech” of would-be appropriators and give the celebrity a commercial monopoly. Thus, the value of promoting creativity and preventing unjust enrichment must outweigh negative constitutional and commercial repercussions(effects) before courts extend the right of publicity to any particular attribute.
The value of a publicity right in a particular attribute depends largely on the length of time such a right is recognized and protected by the law. Courts disagree on whether publicity rights survive the death of their creators. Some courts advocate unconditional devisability. They emphasize that the ability to control exploitation of fame is a property right, carrying all the characteristics of the title. Other courts conclude that the right of publicity terminates at the celebritys death. These courts fear that recognizing postmortem(after-death) publicity rights would negatively affect free speech and free trade.
The right of publicity, especially in the cases of well-known politicians and statesmen, often conflicts with First Amendment interests and thus should be defined with care and precision.
21. According to the author, privacy laws are inadequate for celebrities because
［A］ individuals lose privacy rights by becoming public figures.
［B］ stars wish to create higher value by keeping from the public.
［C］ the unauthorized use of celebrities’images is beyond remedy.
［D］ economic issues inherent in their fame are ignored by the laws.
22. The text implies that the judicial response to “right of publicity” issues has been
［A］ inconclusive. ［B］ impractical.
［C］ justifiable. ［D］ significant.
23. We learn that a feature of “devisability”(Par.5) is the ability to be
［A］ split into diverse legal entities.
［B］ assigned by the celebrity’s will.
［C］ structured in several equal shares.
［D］ traded with the owner’s permission.
24. Which of the following would most reasonably call upon the “right of publicity”?
［A］ A famous athlete plans to design and market a line of sportswear.
［B］ The work of a celebrated screen actor is re-edited after his death.
［C］ A portion of a professor’s book is cited in a student’s paper.
［D］ The image of a TV host is used in an ad campaign for a drug.
25. Which of the following statements best summarizes the chief ideas of the text?
［A］ Publicity law is an appropriate legal remedy for public figures.
［B］ Approaches to publicity law cases contradict free trade interests.
［C］ The legal issues about the right of publicity are unresolved fully.
［D］ The promotion of creative endeavor justifies the right of publicity.
Text2
Science-fiction movies can serve as myths about the future and thus give some assurance about it. Whether the film is 2001 or Star Wars，such movies tell about progress that will expand man’s powers and his experiences beyond anything now believed possible，while they assure us that all these advances will not wipe out man or life as we now know it. Thus one great anxiety about the future—that it will have no place for us as we now are—is alleviated by such myths. They also promise that even in the most distant future，and despite the progress that will have occurred in the material world，man’s basic concerns will be the same，and the struggle of good against evil—the central moral problem of our time—will not have lost its importance..
Past and future are the lasting dimensions of our lives: the present is but a brief moment. So these visions about the future also contain our past; in Star Wars，battles are fought around issues that also motivated man in the past. Thus，any vision about the future is really based on visions of the past，because that is all we can know for certain.
As our religious myths about the future never went beyond Judgment Day，so our modern myths about the future cannot go beyond the search for life’s deeper meaning. The reason is that only as long as the choice between good and evil remains man’s supreme moral problem does life retain that special dignity that derives from our ability to choose between the two. A world in which this conflict has been permanently resolved eliminates man as we know him. It might be a universe peopled by angels，but it has no place for man.
The moving picture is a visual art，based on sight. Speaking to our vision，it ought to provide us with the visions enabling us to live the good life; it ought to give us insight into ourselves. About a hundred years ago，Tolstoy wrote,“Art is a human activity having for its purpose the transmission to others of the highest and best feelings to which men have risen.” Later，Robert Frost defined poetry as “beginning in delight and ending in wisdom.” Thus it might be said that the state of the art of the moving image can be assessed by the degree to which it meets the mythopoetic task of giving us myths suitable to live by in our time—visions that transmit to us the highest and best feelings to which men have risen—and by how well the moving images give us that delight which leads to wisdom. Let us hope that the art of the moving image, this most genuine American art，will soon meet the challenge of becoming truly the great art of our age.
26. In the author’s view，science-fiction movies
［A］ assure us of the scientific miracles created.
［B］ predict likely advances in human experiences.
［C］ offer invented stories concerning man’s fate.
［D］ signify human powers to a fantastic extent.
27. In science-fiction movies,man can find
［A］ fantasies that may relieve his anxiety for future existence.
［B］ forecasts that his domination will be extended indefinitely.
［C］ promises that his swelling demands will be fully satisfied.
［D］ assurances that confirm the importance of moral principles.
28. The movies such as Star Wars
［A］ fail to reflect contemporary problems for their transience.
［B］ fail to free their subjects from issues of man’s concerns.
［C］ succeed in depicting magic scenes irrelevant to the past.
［D］ succeed in offering imaginary visions irrespective of reality.
29. The theme of modern myths could be drastically changed
［A］ only if the struggle for good life were fully discarded.
［B］ if only the conflict between good and evil had ceased.
［C］ on condition that man as he is now became extinct.
［D］ provided that average people were converted to angels.
30. The quotes from Tolstoy are used to
［A］ reinforce the author’s account about visual art.
［B］ provide fresh points about the moving picture.
［C］ define the basic characteristics of art activities.
［D］ describe the requirements for the art transmission.
Text3
Depletion is a natural phenomenon that characterizes the development of all non-renewable resources and oil in particular. Narrowly speaking, depletion refers to the decline of production associated with a particular field, reservoir, or well. If it were not for changes in prices, costs, and technology, depletion of the world’s resources would resemble the simple decline curve of a single well.
Estimates of oil resources by field are routinely made by geologists and engineers, but the estimates are a “best guess” given the available data and are revised as more knowledge becomes available. There is no time frame or probability associated with estimates of total resources in place. In contrast, proved reserves of crude oil are the estimated quantities that are demonstrated with reasonable certainty to be recoverable in the future from known reservoirs under existing economic and operating conditions.
Each year, production is taken from proved reserves, reducing both proved reserves and the total resource. Innovative production techniques such as well recompletions, secondary and tertiary enhanced recovery techniques, and expanded production of unconventional resources have reduced net depletion rates at the well and field levels. Advanced exploration and drilling techniques have reduced the cost of finding new pools, reduced the risk of dry holes and their costs, and allowed new pools to be developed and produced more quickly. More rapid production of resources from a field increases the return on capital because earnings are realized sooner, and therefore, discounted less.
Higher returns make some fields that are too expensive to develop under “normal” circumstances economically feasible, because reduced costs allow firms to make profits where they could not before. On the other hand, more rapid development and production of a field by definition increases the rate of depletion. While the rate of depletion increases with technological progress, the adverse effects of depletion are diminished, and higher levels of production can be maintained for longer periods of time. As depletion leads producers to abandon older fields and develop new ones, the process of developing domestic oil resources leads producers to find and develop the larger, more economical fields first. Later fields tend to be less desirable because they are farther away from existing infrastructure or smaller in size. Thus, as time progresses more effort is required to produce the same level of the resource from the same exploration area.
While the frontier for new resources is diminishing, increased innovation has, thus far, served to offset depletion at least partially, keeping production stronger than it would have been in the absence of the innovations. But eventually, as field sizes decrease, the ultimate recovery from discovered fields will shrink. Thus, despite technological improvements, ultimate recovery from the average field of the future will be smaller than from the average field today.
[詞匯提示]
① depletion n. 耗盡，枯竭；大量減少 ② recoverable a. 可開采的
31. The text is primarily intended to
[A] sketch a plan to delay exhaustion of existing resources.
[B] warn of the consequence of overexploiting oil reserves.
[C] introduce more efficient techniques for oil exploration.
[D] analyse economic factors in oil production and depletion.
32. According to the text, proved oil reserves
[A] are determined by geological principles.
[B] require advanced techniques for recovery.
[C] can parallel natural resources in diminution.
[D] exist until their depletion is verified by experts.
33. The author implies that an oil well is removed from production when
[A] the capital for running it has been recovered.
[B] the cost of its operation exceeds the return.
[C] new wells are superior to it in capacity.
[D] its supply of oil is entirely interrupted.
34. Technological innovations offset natural depletion because they
[A] make it profitable to locate and exploit more resources.
[B] reduce the ratio of proved reserves to actual quantities.
[C] permit to explore more fields with larger reservoirs.
[D] minimize capital expenditures in fuel production.
35. Which of the following is most likely to result in an increase in proved reserves?
[A] Increased oil production by foreign sources.
[B] A significant soaring in the price of crude oil.
[C] A reduction in estimates of total oil resources.
[D] Federal regulations requiring cleaner engines.
Text4
While disease is present prior to social organization，communal life creates special hazards. While the organization of society can reduce the dangers of disease，trade and urbanization，with their consequent problems of sanitation and pollution，can also aggravate such dangers. Even in the mid-twentieth century，during the brief calm between the polio and AIDS epidemics，epidemic health risks associated with carcinogens(cancer-producing substances) from polluted air threatened the industrialized world.
To the economist，efforts to combat these risks are at least partially public goods. The benefits from public goods are indivisible among beneficiaries. A sole private purchaser of health care would give others in society a “free ride” with respect to the benefits obtained. To market theorists，such goods are lawful objects of governmental intervention in the market. While the theory of public goods helps explain aspects of public health law and assists in fitting it into modern economic theory，it omits a critical point. Ill health is not a mere byproduct of economic activity，but an inevitable occurrence of human existence. As a result，wherever there is human society，there will be public health. Every society has to face the risks of disease. And because it must，every society searches to make disease comprehensible within the context of the society’s own particular culture，religion，or science. In this sense，health care is public not only because its benefits are indivisible and threats to it arise from factors outside of the individual but also because communal life gives individuals the cultural context in which to understand it.
Governments typically have assumed an active role with respect to health care，acting as if their role were obligatory. How governments have fulfilled that duty has varied throughout time and across societies，according not only to the wealth and scientific sophistication of the culture but also to its fundamental values—because health is defined in part by a community’s belief system，public health measures will necessarily reflect cultural norms and values.
Those who criticize the United States government today for not providing health care to all citizens equate the provision of health care with insurance coverage for the costs of medical expenses. By this standard，seventeenth and eighteenth-century America lacked any significant conception of public health law. However，despite the general paucity (scarcity) of bureaucratic organization in preindustrial America，the vast extent of health regulation and provision stands out as remarkable. Of course，the public role in the protection and regulation of eighteenth-century health was carried out in ways quite different from those today. Organizations responsible for health regulation were less stable than modern bureaucracies，tending to appear in crises and fade away in periods of calm. The focus was on epidemics which were seen as unnatural and warranting a response，not to the many prevalent and chronic conditions which were accepted as part and parcel of daily life. Additionally，and not surprisingly，religious influence was significant，especially in the seventeenth century. Finally，in an era which lacked sharp divisions between private and governmental bodies，many public responsibilities were carried out by what we would now consider private associations. Nevertheless，the extent of public health regulation long before the dawn of the welfare state is remarkable and suggests that the founding generation’s assumptions about the relationship between government and health were more complex than commonly assumed.
36. The author’s primary purpose is to
［A］ comment on the government role in health-care provision.
［B］ argue about the social organization’s tasks concerning health care.
［C］ trace the historical development of the national health-care system.
［D］ discuss the societal duty to make provision against epidemic diseases.
37. The author mentions all of the following as causes of epidemic diseases EXCEPT
［A］ expanding international trade.
［B］ rapid general urbanization.
［C］ inadequate sanitation facilities.
［D］ poor preventive measures.
38. Health care is inherently a public concern for all of the following reasons EXCLUDING
［A］ the indivisibility of its benefits among its receivers.
［B］ the impact of societal factors on the individual’s health.
［C］ the government obligation to provide health care for its people.
［D］ the comprehension of disease within a particular cultural context.
39. Which of the following finds the LEAST support in the text?
［A］ Government involvement in health care is characterized by action.
［B］ Philosophical considerations weigh less in making health policies.
［C］ Health organizations took common diseases as an essential part of daily life.
［D］ Modern public health agencies provide comprehensive protection against most diseases.
40. Which of the following best expresses the main point of the last paragraph?
［A］ The government precautions against diseases have failed many critics.
［B］ The government should spare no efforts on preventing epidemic diseases.
［C］ History witnessed government contribution to the provision of health care.
［D］ Health problems prior to the welfare state arose largely for lack of funds.
Part B
Directions:
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41～45，you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A—G to fill in each numbered box. The first and last paragraphs have been placed for you in Boxes. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
［A］ These difficulties are compounded by question-marks caused by government policy proposals，for example，concerning moves from direct to indirect taxation or regulations concerning the introduction of lead-free petrol. Increasingly，consumers may find that structural changes in the world economy are undermining expectations about employment and promotion prospects that they have long taken for granted; yet new opportunities may not instantly stand out. Added to these worries are new puzzles arising from social changes such as the rise of the Women’s Movement—for example，how a couple might carve out two careers as a joint future without these endangering each other. Given this，one might expect that economists would devote a good deal of attention to the ways in which consumers set about making up their minds in situations of uncertainty and complexity.
［B］ Unfortunately，this has not been the case. The typical economist proceeds to analyze consumer behavior in a way which makes the problem of choice trivial. The individual consumer is portrayed as if she already has a completely specified set of preferences and seeks to maximize her utility subject to three constraints: her accumulated human and non-human capital，the state of technology，and the prevailing set of relative prices. The consumer’s prior investments in her own skills，coupled with her initial endowment of human capital，determine her employment opportunities. The latter，in turn，constrain her in respect of the commodities she will be able and inclined to purchase，given the prevailing set of prices.
［C］ If opportunities are not to be thrown needlessly away，the consumer must be a skilled spectator and strategist. Instability in exchange rates and inflation rates，and the unevenness with which inflationary forces feed through the system，makes it difficult to assess trends in respect to relative prices，including real wages.
［D］ Having assumed that the consumer is able to rank hypothetical bundles of consumption goods and employment obligations in order of preference，it is not surprising that the typical economist comes to think of the consumer simply as if she selects the highest-ranking bundle from her feasible set. What we have is an example of what Herbert Simon calls “substantive rationality”: the achievement of given goals within the limits imposed by given conditions.
［E］ Technological change results in flux in the qualities and varieties of goods on offer，while the increasing complexity of modern products opens up scope for expensive errors when consumer durables are being purchased: the modern consumer cannot hope to be an expert buyer in all markets.
［F］How the consumer works out what these “given conditions” might be is not discussed. The economist theories as if the consumer has defined her problem in advance in a way that makes its solution transparent，and then allows her on to the stage seemingly to solve it.
［G］Being a consumer is not an easy role to play successfully，even in an affluent society. Consumers have to act in a complex，unsettled world where surprises are commonplace and not more deviations around a trend，a world full of novelty and obsolescence，a world that is，in short，turbulent.
Order:
G →41. →42. →43. →44. →45. →F
Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
Justice in society must include both a fair trial to the accused and the selection of an appropriate punishment for those proven guilty. Because justice is regarded as one form of equality，we find in its earlier expressions the idea of a punishment equal to the crime. Recorded in the Bible is the expression “an eye for an eye，and a tooth for a tooth.” That is，the individual who has done wrong has committed an offense against society. 46) To make repayment for this offense，society must get equally balanced，which can be done only by imposing an equal injury upon him. 47) This conception of deserved-punishment justice is reflected in many parts of the legal codes and procedures of modern times，which is illustrated when we demand the death penalty for a person who has committed murder. This philosophy of punishment was supported by the German idealist Hegel，who believed that society owed it to the criminal to put into operation a punishment equal to the crime he had committed. 48) The criminal had by his own actions denied his true self and it is necessary to do something that will eliminate this denial and restore the self that has been denied. To the murderer nothing less than giving up his own life will pay his debt. The demand for the death penalty is a right the state owes the criminal and it should not deny him what he deserves.
Modern jurists have tried to replace deserved-punishment justice with the notion of corrective justice. The aim of the latter is not to abandon the concept of equality but to find a more adequate way to express it. It tries to preserve the idea of equal opportunity for each individual to realize the best that is in him. 49) The criminal is regarded as being socially ill and in need of treatment that will enable him to become a normal member of society. Before a treatment can be put into operation，the cause of his antisocial behavior must be found. If the cause can be removed，provisions must be made to have this done. Only those criminals who are incurable should be permanently separated from the rest of society. This does not mean that criminals will escape punishment or be quickly returned to take up careers of crime. It means that justice is to heal the individual，not simply to get even with him. If severe punishment is the only adequate means for accomplishing this，it should be administered. 50) However，the individual should be given every opportunity to assume a normal place in society，and his conviction of crime must not deprive him of the opportunity to make his way in the society of which he is a part.
Section Ⅲ Writing
Part A
51. Directions:
Write a letter to your professor, making an apology for the delayed return of the issues of U.S. business magazine you borrowed from him a month ago.
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.
Do not write the address.(10 points)
Part B
52. Directions:
Study the following cartoon carefully and write an essay in which you should
1) describe the cartoon,
2) interpret its main idea,and
3) propose possible solutions.You should write about 160～200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(20 points)
答案速查
1~5DBCAA
11~15BDCAC6~10DBCDA
16~20BDACB21~25DBACB
31~35CDCBA26~30DCCAB
36~40BCADC41~45CEDGA
答案與解析：
Model Test 8
Section Ⅰ Use of English
1. ［答案］ \[B\] for
［解析］ 名詞use可與不同介詞搭配表示不同意義：“for...use only”(僅供……用)，in use(在使用著)，of use(有用)，put...to use(利用……)等。根據(jù)句意，只能選用［B］。
2. ［答案］ \[C\] point
［解析］ 由“from...on”(從……時(shí)起)可知，［C］構(gòu)成“此刻”(＝now)為當(dāng)然答案。
［A］“時(shí)期”，［B］“事例”，［D］“事件”，皆不適用。
3. ［答案］ \[D\] alert
［解析］ 由句意和介詞on判斷，［D］“警惕；戒備”最合適：be on the highest alert：保持高度警惕。
［A］“準(zhǔn)備”和［B］“防御”通常用介詞in,［C］“守衛(wèi)”(on guard 意為“在崗上”)，均不可取。
4. ［答案］ \[A\] recognize
［解析］ 此空位于修飾“vehicle”的定語從句中，據(jù)上下文推斷，［A］“認(rèn)識(shí)”最合邏輯。
［B］“辨別”，［C］“識(shí)別”，［D］“覺察”，均不合句意。
5. ［答案］ \[A\] terminated
［解析］ 據(jù)后面主句中的“performance evaluations”(業(yè)績(jī)?cè)u(píng)價(jià))和“exit”(離職)判斷，此處應(yīng)選［A］“被解雇”。
［B］“被詢／訊問”，［C］“被懷疑”，［D］“被調(diào)動(dòng)”，皆不合句意邏輯。
6. ［答案］ \[D\] interview
［解析］ “exit interview”(離職面談)是解雇人員的例行程序，符合此處句意。
［A］“質(zhì)詢”，［B］“檢查”，［C］“指示”，均與句意相悖。
7. ［答案］ \[B\] notify
［解析］ 據(jù)“If”從句判斷，只有［B］“通知；報(bào)告”符合句意邏輯。
［A］“表示”，［C］“核實(shí)”，［D］“證實(shí)”，詞義、詞形雙干擾。
8. ［答案］ \[C\] overreact
［解析］ 上句指出，發(fā)生事件要向上級(jí)主管報(bào)告?！癶owever”表明此句是上句句意的轉(zhuǎn)折。據(jù)此，［C］“反應(yīng)過激”符合文意需要。
［A］“高估”，［B］“忽略”，［D］“壓服”，均不合文意。
9. ［答案］ \[B\] judgment
［解析］ 此句是整段內(nèi)容的總結(jié)，故［B］“判斷力”符合要求：“保持警惕的條件之一就是要正確運(yùn)用判斷力?！?BR> ［A］“職能”，［C］“影響力”，［D］“權(quán)力”，皆不合文意邏輯。
10. ［答案］ \[D\] carry out
［解析］ 據(jù)“procedures”(步驟)和下文推斷，此處用［D］“執(zhí)行；實(shí)施”最恰當(dāng)。
［A］“堅(jiān)持”，［B］“抓住”，［C］“遵守”，均不合邏輯。
11. ［答案］ \[C\] into
［解析］ 動(dòng)詞fall與不同介詞搭配表示不同意義：fall for：愛上；受……騙；fall in:坍塌；集合；fall into:陷于，進(jìn)入(某狀態(tài))；fall off:跌落；下降。依句意應(yīng)選［C］?！癴ire drill routines”意為“消防演習(xí)程序”。
12. ［答案］ \[A\] stemming
［解析］ 由空格后的“from”判斷，［A］stemming(from)意為“是……的結(jié)果；起源于”，符合句意要求。
［B］emerging(from)：露出/暴露，［C］deviating(from)：背／偏離……，［D］suffering(from)：受……苦／折磨，均非所需。
13. ［答案］ \[A\] shut down
［解析］ 所給的四個(gè)短語動(dòng)詞意義各不相同：［A］“關(guān)閉”，［B］“開(電燈等)”，［C］“開大；調(diào)高”，［D］“斷開；折斷”。據(jù)文意應(yīng)選［A］，因?yàn)殛P(guān)掉電氣設(shè)備會(huì)引發(fā)驚慌、混亂和損失。
14. ［答案］ \[B\] to
［解析］ “keep sth. to a minimum”是常用短語，意為“將……保持在最低限度”，故答案非［B］莫屬。
15. ［答案］ \[C\] with
［解析］ 介詞短語“with sth.”修飾名詞時(shí)意為“(who/which) have or carry sth.”(有；具有；帶有)，符合此句需要。故［C］為正確答案。其余三個(gè)介詞在用法與意義上皆不適用。
16. ［答案］ \[D\] designated
［解析］ 此處的分詞短語修飾“area”，用［D］“被指定的”最恰當(dāng)，即“消防演習(xí)方案所指定區(qū)域”。
［A］“被控制的”，［B］“被限制的”，［C］“被設(shè)計(jì)的”均不可取。
17. ［答案］ \[D\] missing
［解析］ 這里所需的形容詞修飾“personnel”(人員)，故應(yīng)選［D］“失蹤的”。“Take attendance”：點(diǎn)名，清點(diǎn)；“make mental notes about”：記住／下……。
［A］“留／剩下的”，［B］“分散的”，［C］“要失敗的”，皆不合句意。
18. ［答案］ \[A\] record
［解析］ 由句意判斷，［A］“記錄下”是選擇。“insider information”：內(nèi)部人員情況。
［B］“提供”，［C］“貯／保存”，［D］“供應(yīng)”，皆不合情理。
19. ［答案］ \[C\] Once
［解析］ 據(jù)句意邏輯判斷，［C］“一……就”是當(dāng)然之選。句中“emergency personnel”：應(yīng)急人員。
［A］“直到”，［B］“除非”，［D］“因?yàn)椤?，均不合邏輯?BR> 20. ［答案］ \[B\] share
［解析］ 句意表明，［B］“把……告訴……；與……分享……”最恰當(dāng)，即“把所獲得信息告訴應(yīng)急人員”。
［A］“傳送”，后接to，而非with;［C］“分析”，［D］“評(píng)價(jià)”，不合句意邏輯。
1. ［答案］ B. computed
［解析］ compute=calculate(計(jì)算)。
D. count意為“計(jì)數(shù)”。其余二詞與句意無關(guān)。
2. ［答案］ C. contribution
［解析］ contribution=sth.contributed(貢獻(xiàn))。
A. creation(創(chuàng)造)，B. distribution(分配)，D. donation(捐贈(zèng))，與句意不符。
3. ［答案］ A. realistic
［解析］ realistic=practical(實(shí)際的；現(xiàn)實(shí)的)。a more realistic index(更切合實(shí)際的指數(shù))指制造產(chǎn)品所增加的價(jià)值。
B. specific(具體的)，C. elastic(彈性的)，D. economic(經(jīng)濟(jì)的)，不合句意。
4. ［答案］ D. gross
［解析］ gross=total(總的；毛的)，與net(純的，凈的)相反。gross sales:銷售總額，符合文意。retail:零售的。ready sales:暢銷。
5. ［答案］ D. nothing
［解析］ 前半句提到gross sales(銷售總額)是一種misleading(誤導(dǎo)的)數(shù)字，故此處只能選表示否定的nothing。
6. ［答案］ C. whether
［解析］ 此從句與product costs(生產(chǎn)成本)并列，作about的賓語，而非與because并列。據(jù)句意邏輯與結(jié)構(gòu)(句尾有or)，只有用表示間接問句的whether最恰當(dāng)。句末的at a profit or at a loss意為“贏利還是虧損”。
7. ［答案］ A. operating
［解析］ operate=work(運(yùn)行；經(jīng)營(yíng))，作不及物動(dòng)詞,符合此句結(jié)構(gòu)要求。其余三詞主要為及物動(dòng)詞,其后應(yīng)有賓語，均不合此句結(jié)構(gòu)。
8. ［答案］ B. debate
［解析］ debate=formal discussion,eg.at a public meeting or in Parliament(正式討論；辯論)，a spirited debate“熱烈的辯論”。
A. argument(爭(zhēng)吵；爭(zhēng)論),C. quarrel(爭(zhēng)吵)，D. disturbance(擾亂；*)。
9. ［答案］ C. appropriate
［解析］ appropriate=suited to(適宜于……的)，后接for/to,恰合此題要求。delightful(令人高興的)，distinctive(特別的)，acceptable (to) (可接受的)，不合句意。
10. ［答案］ A. reflected
［解析］ 此處reflect=express(表達(dá)；表現(xiàn)；反映)。句中command意為deserve and get(應(yīng)得，博得)。例如： Great men command our respect. 偉人應(yīng)受我們尊敬。
B. embodied(體現(xiàn)，包括)，C. embraced(包括)，D. indicated(表示)。
11. ［答案］ B. upon
［解析］ upon/on+動(dòng)詞性名詞或動(dòng)名詞，意為“在……后(立即)”，符合句意要求。
12. ［答案］ D. impressive
［解析］ 此處impressive=moving(動(dòng)人的)。impressive salaries意為“豐厚的薪金”。plentiful和abundant同義，皆指事物供應(yīng)的“豐富，充裕”，通常后接不可數(shù)名詞。
13. ［答案］ A. appreciable
［解析］ appreciable=enough to be seen or noticed (〈大得〉可看到的；明顯的；可觀的)。applicable (可應(yīng)用的)不合句意。essential (基本的)和inherent (固有的)與后面的added (增加上的)相矛盾。
14. ［答案］ D. by
［解析］ 此處的結(jié)構(gòu)是value added to...by...(由……添加到……上的價(jià)值)，by引入被動(dòng)行為的主體。
15. ［答案］ C. received
［解析］ receive=accept; get(接受；得到)，它的賓語which被省略。其余三詞不合句意。
16. ［答案］ B. however
［解析］ 上句所說只是by implication(根據(jù)內(nèi)涵)的推斷；此句說，“當(dāng)更仔細(xì)查看時(shí)……”，兩句之間應(yīng)是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，故只有however可取。
17. ［答案］ D. obviously
［解析］ obviously: easily seen; clearly (顯而易見地；明顯地)，符合句意。curiously(奇怪地)，graciously(優(yōu)雅地)，dubiously(猶豫不決地)。
18. ［答案］ C. prior
［解析］ prior=before，恰好與后面的after相對(duì)，指“學(xué)生受教育前的能力與畢業(yè)生獲學(xué)士學(xué)位后的能力之間的差別”，便是學(xué)生從教育中獲益的部分，此文將它比作“生產(chǎn)成本”。
19. ［答案］ A. earning
［解析］ earn: get sth. that one deserves, or because of ones qualities (得到；獲得)，相當(dāng)于receive,與句意相符。granting (給予)，conferring (授予)，offering (提供)，皆指給予別人。
20. ［答案］ B. benefit
［解析］ benefit from=receive benefit from/by (受益；獲益于)，適合句意。attain (獲得)，reward (酬勞，獎(jiǎng)賞)，favor (有利于)，皆不適用。
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Part A
21.D［解析］ 第2段末兩句表明，雖然privacy law(隱私法)保護(hù)個(gè)人權(quán)利不受侵犯,但publicity law(公知法)卻源于相反的考慮：celebrities(名人)不反對(duì)公眾的關(guān)注，因?yàn)樗麄円源硕擅⒃噲D從其名聲的商業(yè)應(yīng)用中獲利。據(jù)此推斷，D項(xiàng)“名人聲譽(yù)所固有的經(jīng)濟(jì)問題未納入隱私法中”是應(yīng)選答案。
A項(xiàng)“成為公眾人物的人便失去隱私權(quán)”，B項(xiàng)“明星欲避開公眾以創(chuàng)造更高價(jià)值”，C項(xiàng)“未經(jīng)許可使用名人形象是無法補(bǔ)償?shù)摹?，均不?duì)題。
22.A［解析］ 此題考查對(duì)第1段末兩句的理解：承認(rèn)這種“公知權(quán)”引發(fā)了許多難題，如這種權(quán)利的適用范圍和期限，以及它與言論自由和交易自由的關(guān)系。名人的“類別”，如藝人、政治家或運(yùn)動(dòng)員，也往往影響這一裁決過程。由此可見，法庭對(duì)“公知權(quán)”問題的應(yīng)對(duì)是A項(xiàng)“無定論的”。
B項(xiàng)“不現(xiàn)實(shí)的”，C項(xiàng)“有理由的”，D項(xiàng)“意義重大的”，皆不合文意。
23.B［解析］ “devisability”用于法律意為“可遺贈(zèng)性”。第5段第2~4句說：名人死后其公知權(quán)是否繼續(xù)存在，各法庭有分歧。有些法庭主張無條件的devisability。他們強(qiáng)調(diào)說控制利用名聲的權(quán)利是一種property right(知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán))，它具有知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的全部特征。因此，B項(xiàng)“由該名人遺囑讓與”是正確答案。
A項(xiàng)“分割成不同的合法實(shí)體”，C項(xiàng)“精心分割成數(shù)個(gè)等份”，D項(xiàng)“經(jīng)持有人準(zhǔn)許進(jìn)行交易”，皆與devisability的意思不符。
24.D［解析］ 題干中的call upon(on)意為need to use(需要使用，須訴諸)。文章第3、4段表明，名人的名譽(yù)特征包括姓名、肖像、特有的節(jié)目或動(dòng)作，名人成名的個(gè)性，獨(dú)特的風(fēng)格及傳記信息。法院支持公知權(quán)有兩個(gè)目的：倡導(dǎo)創(chuàng)造性活動(dòng)，防止盜用信譽(yù)而不正當(dāng)?shù)財(cái)控?cái)。據(jù)此判斷，四個(gè)事例中，只有D項(xiàng)“某電視主持人的形象被用于一藥品的宣傳廣告中”侵犯了個(gè)人的肖像權(quán)。
A項(xiàng)“一運(yùn)動(dòng)員準(zhǔn)備設(shè)計(jì)并推銷一種新款式運(yùn)動(dòng)服”，B項(xiàng)“一影視名演員死后其作品進(jìn)行了修訂”，C項(xiàng)“一教授的著作被一學(xué)生在論文中引用了一部分”，均未侵犯公知權(quán)。
25.C［解析］ 此文重點(diǎn)討論保護(hù)公知權(quán)的法律問題。法律承認(rèn)，名人的知名權(quán)應(yīng)受保護(hù)，但其保護(hù)范圍各法院意見不一，而且它與First Amendment interests(第一修正法案權(quán)益)沖突，因此對(duì)它的界定必須謹(jǐn)慎且準(zhǔn)確(見文章末句)。這表明C項(xiàng)“公知權(quán)的諸多法律問題尚未完全解決”是此文主旨的恰當(dāng)概括。
A項(xiàng)“公知權(quán)法是解決公眾人士權(quán)益問題的恰當(dāng)法律措施”，B項(xiàng)“公知權(quán)法律案件的處理辦法與自由貿(mào)易權(quán)益沖突”，D項(xiàng)“公知權(quán)法倡導(dǎo)創(chuàng)造性活動(dòng)，這證明它是正確的”，都是文中提到的情況，但并非文章的main ideas,故不可取。
26. C［解析］ 此文第1段表明了作者對(duì)sciencefiction movies(科幻影片)的看法。A項(xiàng)說法文中未見。B項(xiàng)的likely(很可能的)與第2句中beyond anything…possible意思相反。D項(xiàng)的signify(表示/明)與句中的expand(擴(kuò)展/大)意義有別。C項(xiàng)的offer invented stories(提供虛構(gòu)的故事)相當(dāng)于第1句中的serve as myths(作為神話故事)，fate相當(dāng)于future，為應(yīng)選之答案。
27. A［解析］ A項(xiàng)中的fantasies(幻想)相當(dāng)于myths;relieve(減輕)與第3句中alleviate(減輕，緩解)同義，為正確選項(xiàng)。其余3項(xiàng)不合文意。
28. B［解析］ B項(xiàng)說法與第1段第4句意思一致，為正確答案。
A項(xiàng)說法與文意不符，其中transience(短暫，轉(zhuǎn)瞬即逝)文中未見。C項(xiàng)的irrelevant to the past(與過去無關(guān)的)和D項(xiàng)的irrespective of reality(不顧現(xiàn)實(shí)的)皆與第3段文意相悖。第3段中的Judgment Day意為“上帝的最后審判日；世界末日”。
29. D［解析］ 題干中的The theme of modern myths(現(xiàn)代神話主題)即指第1、3段都提到的the struggle of good against evil(善與惡的斗爭(zhēng))。第3段末句說，在一個(gè)善惡矛盾永久消除的世界里，我們所熟悉的人類將消失。那可能是一個(gè)天使們居住的世界，而沒有人類的位置。據(jù)此判斷，D項(xiàng)符合需要。
A項(xiàng)struggle for good life不同于“善惡斗爭(zhēng)”。B項(xiàng)if only(但愿，若是……就好了)表示愿望或感嘆，不合要求，而且ceased(停止，中止)不同于文中的permanently resolved(永久解決)。C項(xiàng)的extinct(滅絕)是對(duì)句意的有意曲解。
30. A［解析］ Tolstoy(列夫·托爾斯泰——俄作家，哲學(xué)家)出現(xiàn)在末段，其中作者討論的是visual art(供觀賞的藝術(shù))。因此A項(xiàng)正確，其余3項(xiàng)不合題意。
31. D［解析］ 通讀全文可知，此文以主要篇幅分析了影響石油產(chǎn)量與枯竭的經(jīng)濟(jì)因素。人們?yōu)樽非蟾叩睦麧?rùn)，利用先進(jìn)的技術(shù)不斷加速開采現(xiàn)有的油田，鉆探新的油田，從而加快了石油資源的枯竭。由此可知，D項(xiàng)“分析影響石油產(chǎn)量與枯竭的經(jīng)濟(jì)因素”與文意相符。
A項(xiàng)“簡(jiǎn)述延緩現(xiàn)存資源枯竭的計(jì)劃”，B項(xiàng)“警告過度開采石油儲(chǔ)藏的后果”，C項(xiàng)“介紹更高效的石油勘探技術(shù)”，均非此文主要目的。
32. C［解析］ 關(guān)于“proved oil reserves”，第3段第1句指出：已探明的石油儲(chǔ)量年年都在減產(chǎn)，使已知儲(chǔ)油量和總的資源都在減少。據(jù)此判斷，C項(xiàng)“可與自然資源同時(shí)減少”符合句意。
A項(xiàng)“是由地質(zhì)學(xué)原理測(cè)定的”，B項(xiàng)“需要先進(jìn)的技術(shù)進(jìn)行恢復(fù)”，D項(xiàng)“直到專家證實(shí)它們枯竭為止”，皆與句意相左。
33. B［解析］ 第4段第1句表明，一些油田在“正常”情況下開采起來費(fèi)用過高，但高額的利潤(rùn)使它們?cè)诮?jīng)濟(jì)上是劃算的，因?yàn)槌杀镜慕档褪故凸驹谠瓉頍o利可圖的油田里獲得收益。據(jù)此判斷，B項(xiàng)“開采該油井的成本超過回報(bào)”是合理的反向推論。
A項(xiàng)“經(jīng)營(yíng)該油井的資金已被收回”，C項(xiàng)“新油井的產(chǎn)量高于該井”，D項(xiàng)“該油井完全停止出油”，均與句意相左。
34. A［解析］ 題干中的“offset”(彌補(bǔ)；補(bǔ)償)出現(xiàn)在末段，但其原因應(yīng)在第3段末兩句：先進(jìn)的勘探和鉆井技術(shù)減少了尋找新貯油層的費(fèi)用，降低了無油鉆井的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，使新油層更快地得到開發(fā)與生產(chǎn)。油田資源的盡快生產(chǎn)可增加投資回報(bào)，早日實(shí)現(xiàn)盈利。由此可知，A項(xiàng)“使勘定與開采更多資源有利可圖”符合文意。
B項(xiàng)“降低已知貯油量與實(shí)際貯量的比率”，C項(xiàng)“有可能勘探到更多含大油槽的油田”，D項(xiàng)“限度減少開采石油的投資開支”，均非其原因。
35. B［解析］ 文中并未直接談到“proved reserves”的增多，但第1段末句指出：假如沒有價(jià)格、成本和技術(shù)上的發(fā)展變化，世界石油資源就會(huì)象一口油井不斷衰竭一樣耗盡。據(jù)此判斷，B項(xiàng)“原油價(jià)格的顯著攀升”是合理的反向推論。
A項(xiàng)“外國(guó)石油產(chǎn)量的增加”，C項(xiàng)“估計(jì)石油資源總量的減少”，D項(xiàng)“要求使用更清潔發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的聯(lián)邦法規(guī)”，均與文意相左。
31. C［解析］ 此文起始句實(shí)際上提出了great thinker的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，即follow his intellect(靠自己的智力，即獨(dú)立思考)做出結(jié)論。C項(xiàng)與此意相符。
A項(xiàng)的prime events(重要事件)和B項(xiàng)的major issues(重大問題)皆是想當(dāng)然的臆斷，文中未提。D項(xiàng)強(qiáng)調(diào)intellectual faculties(智力天賦/才能)，而非think for himself(獨(dú)立思考)。
32. C［解析］ 第2段第3句說，如果他同樣不能駁倒對(duì)方的理由，不了解對(duì)方的理由是什么，那他就沒有根據(jù)采取哪一種意見。C項(xiàng)為此意的正面表達(dá)，為正確答案。
A、D兩項(xiàng)文中未說。B項(xiàng)只是一種不得已的辦法。
33. D［解析］ 第1段第8句說，在基本信念不容討論的不成文傳統(tǒng)存在的地方，在引起人類關(guān)注的重大問題的討論被認(rèn)為已結(jié)束的地方，我們就不可能希望看到產(chǎn)生非凡歷史時(shí)期的高等級(jí)的思想活動(dòng)。D項(xiàng)是此意的正面表達(dá)，為正確選項(xiàng)。
34. A［解析］ 第2段說，在辯論一問題時(shí)，只了解己方的理由，不了解也無法駁倒對(duì)方的理由，不是正確處理論據(jù)的方法(not the way to do justice to the arguments)。該段倒數(shù)第3句說，即使那些能滔滔不絕地為自己的意見辯護(hù)的人，也有99%處于這種狀況。由此可知，A項(xiàng)說法正確。
其余三項(xiàng)皆與文意相悖。D項(xiàng)的the generality of people相當(dāng)于文中的the generality of the world(大多數(shù)人)。
35. B［解析］ 第1段末句說，當(dāng)長(zhǎng)期的辯論回避能喚起人們熱情的重大問題時(shí)，一個(gè)民族的思想決不會(huì)從根本上受到激勵(lì)和推動(dòng)。B項(xiàng)是此意的正面表述，為正確答案。
A項(xiàng)是impulse產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果。C項(xiàng)文中未提。D項(xiàng)become enthusiastic about(變得熱心于)是對(duì)原句的有意曲解。
36. A［解析］ 此文以主要篇幅討論了對(duì)政府在社會(huì)衛(wèi)生保健方面所起作用的不同看法，故A項(xiàng)正確。
B、C、D各項(xiàng)文中皆提到，但并非 primary purpose (主要目的)。D項(xiàng)的make provision against…意為“預(yù)防……”。
37. D［解析］ 作者在第1段提到造成傳染病的原因有：trade, urbanization (都市化)和 sanitation (環(huán)境衛(wèi)生)問題。只有D項(xiàng)未提到，故應(yīng)選D。
本段詞匯：polio(=poliomyelitis) n. 小兒麻痹癥；carcinogen n. 致癌物。
38. C［解析］ 第2段末句說，衛(wèi)生保健是公益事業(yè)不僅因?yàn)槠湫б媸遣豢煞指畹?，及?duì)它的威脅來自個(gè)人以外的(即社會(huì)的)因素，而且因?yàn)樯鐣?huì)生活給人們提供認(rèn)識(shí)它的文化 context (環(huán)境，背景)。此句包括了A、B、D各項(xiàng)內(nèi)容。只有C項(xiàng)未提到，為所需答案。
39. B［解析］ 此題中的 LEAST表明這同樣是一否定問題。
A項(xiàng)可由第3段第1句得到支持。C項(xiàng)可在末段第6句找到依據(jù)，其中an essential part of=part and parcel of(……的主要部分)。D項(xiàng)可在末段第6句以下內(nèi)容得到印證。只有B項(xiàng)“哲學(xué)上的因素……”文中沒有反映，答案非它莫屬。
40. C［解析］ 末段重點(diǎn)回顧了幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以來政府機(jī)構(gòu)在提供衛(wèi)生保健方面所起的突出作用。故C項(xiàng)正確。
其余三項(xiàng)皆與此段內(nèi)容不符。
此段詞匯：paucity n. 少，缺乏；part and parcel 主要部分。
Part B
41. ［答案］ C
［解析］ 此文第1段(G)開宗明義，點(diǎn)明了主題：在復(fù)雜多變、驚奇不斷的世界上做一個(gè)成功的消費(fèi)者，并非易事。研讀A—E段得知，C段指出，貨幣匯率和膨脹率的不穩(wěn)定性，使消費(fèi)者難以把握物價(jià)的走勢(shì)。這是消費(fèi)者普遍遇到的第一難題，為G段的恰當(dāng)接續(xù)段。
42. ［答案］ E
［解析］ E段進(jìn)一步說明，技術(shù)的進(jìn)步使現(xiàn)代產(chǎn)品日益復(fù)雜，人們?cè)谫?gòu)買consumer durables(耐用消費(fèi)品)時(shí)，容易犯代價(jià)高昂的錯(cuò)誤，因?yàn)橄M(fèi)者不可能是各種市場(chǎng)的行家。這是消費(fèi)者常遭遇的第二道難關(guān)。文中flux:不斷的變化。
43. ［答案］ A
［解析］ 此段第1句中These difficulties顯然指前兩段提到的那些困難，并進(jìn)一步說明加重這些困難的其他因素，故應(yīng)接在E段之后。
此段詞匯：compound：使加重；使惡化；carve out(a career):力求發(fā)跡；開創(chuàng)事業(yè)。
44. ［答案］ B
［解析］ A段末句說，人們希望經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家能致力于解決消費(fèi)者在舉棋不定的復(fù)雜情況下，如何做決定的問題。B段頭兩句對(duì)此做出了回應(yīng)：The typical economist(一般經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家)繼續(xù)分析消費(fèi)者的行為……。據(jù)此可以斷定，B段應(yīng)接在A段之后。
45. ［答案］ D
［解析］ 此段進(jìn)一步說明the typical economist 對(duì)消費(fèi)者的看法，恰與B段銜接；其末尾的the achievement of given goals within the limits imposed by given conditions(在特定條件限定的范圍內(nèi)達(dá)到特定的目的)與末段(F)中的these“given conditions”相連，故此處答案非D莫屬。
Part C
46. ［答案］ 要對(duì)這種犯罪給予報(bào)復(fù)，社會(huì)必須達(dá)到對(duì)等平衡，而要做到這點(diǎn)，只有對(duì)罪犯施以同等的傷害。
［解析］ which引入非限制性定語從句，修飾整個(gè)主句，可按原句順譯。但須譯出which指代的東西。by imposing...upon...為方式狀語，亦可譯作： “這一點(diǎn)只有通過……才能做到”。
47. ［答案］ 這種罰當(dāng)其罪的法律制裁思想，在現(xiàn)代法典和訴訟程序的許多條款中都有反映； 我們要求對(duì)殺人犯處以死刑，就是這種思想的例證。
［解析］ 此題的關(guān)鍵是一些詞的譯法： justice=the law and its administration(法律制裁；司法；審判)；code=collection of laws arranged in a system(法典；法規(guī))；procedure=order of doing things in a law case(訴訟程序)。
48. ［答案］ 罪犯已用他自己的行為否定了他本來的自我，因而有必要采取某種措施來消除這種否定，從而恢復(fù)其已被否定的自我。
［解析］ by his own actions是一方式狀語，將had denied分隔開；前一that從句譯作了狀語；后一that從句則須譯在self之前。
49. ［答案］ 罪犯可看作是一種社會(huì)疾患，需要治療，以使他變成社會(huì)的正常成員。
［解析］ ill本是形容詞，這里譯作名詞較通順；that引入的定語從句修飾treatment，這里譯作目的狀語，避免了累贅，又不失原意。
50. ［答案］ 但是，法律應(yīng)給予犯罪人一切機(jī)會(huì)，使他能取得正常的社會(huì)地位，而且對(duì)其罪行的判決亦不應(yīng)剝奪他在社會(huì)上謀求出路的機(jī)會(huì)，因?yàn)樗彩巧鐣?huì)的一員。
［解析］ 前一分句根據(jù)上下文，增加了“法律”作主語。后一分句中的his指上句中的individual(criminal);conviction是由動(dòng)詞派生的名詞，可譯作動(dòng)詞；make ones way意為make progress/headway;succeed(取得進(jìn)展；成功；發(fā)跡)，這里譯作“謀求出路”對(duì)犯過罪的人來說，可能更合適。of which定語從句修飾society,這里譯作“因?yàn)椤笨筛槙车乇磉_(dá)原意。
此句表達(dá)的就是corrective justice(教養(yǎng)性法律制裁)的意思。
Section Ⅲ Writing
Part A
51.［參考樣文］
Dear Professor,
The issues of U.S. business magazine I borrowed from you a month ago are being delivered to you by EMS.
I am really sorry for not returning them sooner as intended. Please accept my sincere apology, as well as my genuine thanks.
I found the articles I was looking for from the magazines and got a lot of valuable information. Unexpectedly, I was slower in getting them through than had promised.
It was very kind of you to lend me these magazines, and I hope the delay has not been an inconvenience to you.
I owe you very much indeed for these magazines.
Respectfully your,
Li Ming
Part B
52.［參考樣文］
The cartoon depicts a vivid scene in which two strong cyclists riding two similar bicycles labelled “ENERGY” and “ENVIRONMENT” respectively, are furiously dashing head on against each other. The most striking features of the cartoon may be the dripping sweat of the cyclists and the single front wheel shared by the two bikes, which show the intensity and inevitability of their struggle.
The main idea of the cartoon is apparent: the need to produce and consume energy comes into acute conflict with the need to preserve the environment. The rapid expansion of populations and their increasing demands for a better living lie at the root of deterioration of the natural environment.
Can we find a way to get out of the awkward situation? I presume it of vital importance for man to realize that he is an integral part of nature, the destruction of which means the perishing of himself. I also have confidence in modern technology and genius which will enable man to change present energy patterns to avoid environmental pollution. The appearance of ecological products promise a bright prospect of settling the energyenvironment contradiction.
Model Test 8 重點(diǎn)閱讀文章參考譯文
Text 2
科幻電影可以作為關(guān)于未來的神化，對(duì)未來進(jìn)行一些保證。不管是關(guān)于2001年還是關(guān)于星球大戰(zhàn)，這些電影描述的進(jìn)步將人類的力量和經(jīng)驗(yàn)擴(kuò)展到了令現(xiàn)在的人無法相信的地步，而且他們向我們保證，所有這些進(jìn)步都不會(huì)使我們現(xiàn)在所了解的人類或者生命消失。因此，這樣的神話消除了關(guān)于未來的一個(gè)很大憂慮：在未來，我們將不會(huì)再有現(xiàn)在這樣的位置了。它們還承諾說，即使在最遙遠(yuǎn)的未來，不管物質(zhì)世界發(fā)生了多大的進(jìn)步，人類關(guān)注的基本問題仍然和現(xiàn)在一樣。而我們這個(gè)時(shí)代中心的道德問題——正義和邪惡之間的斗爭(zhēng)，在未來也同樣重要。
過去和未來是我們生活中永恒的維度，而現(xiàn)在只不過是一個(gè)短暫的瞬間。所以，這些關(guān)于未來的想象也包含了我們過去的生活。星球大戰(zhàn)所圍繞的問題過去也同樣促使人們征戰(zhàn)。因此，關(guān)于未來的想象實(shí)際上是以對(duì)過去的看法為基礎(chǔ)的，因?yàn)橹挥羞^去是可以肯定的。
既然我們關(guān)于未來的宗教神話從來沒有超越過上帝的最后審判日，我們關(guān)于未來的現(xiàn)代神話也不會(huì)超越對(duì)生命更深意義的尋找。因?yàn)橹灰x和邪惡之間的抉擇依然是的道德問題，生命就仍然保有對(duì)二者進(jìn)行選擇的特殊尊嚴(yán)。永遠(yuǎn)解決了兩者之間沖突的世界，也就消除了人類的存在。那可能會(huì)是一個(gè)天使居住的世界，卻不會(huì)有人類的位置。
電影是以景象為基礎(chǔ)的視覺藝術(shù)。它與我們的視覺進(jìn)行對(duì)話，它給我們的影像應(yīng)該讓我們覺得生活更加美好；它還應(yīng)該給我們深邃的洞察力，讓我們把自身看清楚。大約一百多年前，托爾斯泰寫道：“藝術(shù)是人類的一項(xiàng)活動(dòng)。它的目標(biāo)是將人類擁有的最崇高、最美好的感情傳遞給他人。”后來，羅伯特·弗羅斯特又將詩(shī)歌定義為“始于喜悅,而終于智慧。”因此，或許可以說，電影藝術(shù)的境界可以通過它達(dá)到神話詩(shī)學(xué)的任務(wù)的等級(jí)評(píng)定——給我們這個(gè)時(shí)代生活的合適的神話，一種能夠?qū)⑷祟悡碛械淖畛绺摺⒆蠲篮玫母星閭鬟f給我們的影像——通過這些形象在多大程度上給了我們“終于智慧”的喜悅來評(píng)定。希望電影這門真正的美國(guó)藝術(shù)能夠迎接挑戰(zhàn)，成為我們這個(gè)時(shí)代真正偉大的藝術(shù)。
Text 4
雖然疾病比社會(huì)組織重要，公共生活還是會(huì)產(chǎn)生許多特殊危險(xiǎn)。雖然社會(huì)組織能夠減少疾病帶來的危險(xiǎn)，貿(mào)易、城市化，以及隨之而來的衛(wèi)生和污染問題，也會(huì)使其加重。即使在二十世紀(jì)中葉，在小兒麻痹癥和艾滋病盛行的短暫間歇，被污染空氣中的致癌物質(zhì)引發(fā)的廣泛流行的健康危機(jī)仍然威脅著工業(yè)化的世界。
對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家而言，與這些危機(jī)進(jìn)行斗爭(zhēng)所做的種種努力，至少?gòu)哪撤N程度上而言，是一種公共產(chǎn)品。它們帶給受益者的利益是不可分割的。就獲得的利益而言，衛(wèi)生保健的一位單獨(dú)購(gòu)買者能夠讓社會(huì)中其他成員搭上“順風(fēng)車”。對(duì)市場(chǎng)理論家來說，這些產(chǎn)品是政府對(duì)市場(chǎng)進(jìn)行干預(yù)的合理產(chǎn)物。雖然公共產(chǎn)品的理論能夠解釋社會(huì)健康法的有關(guān)方面，幫助其融入現(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟(jì)理論，它還是忽略了至關(guān)重要的一點(diǎn)。健康不佳不是經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的副產(chǎn)品，而是人類生存無法避免的一種因素。結(jié)果，哪里有人類社會(huì)，哪里就有公共健康問題。每個(gè)社會(huì)都必須面對(duì)疾病的危害。而正是因?yàn)楸仨毴绱耍總€(gè)社會(huì)都試圖在社會(huì)特定的文化、宗教和科學(xué)環(huán)境下理解疾病。就這個(gè)意義來說，我們說衛(wèi)生保健是公共的，不僅是因?yàn)樗鼛淼睦媸遣豢煞指畹?，?duì)它的威脅來自個(gè)人之外的因素，而且因?yàn)楣采钍箓€(gè)人可以在文化環(huán)境下對(duì)其加以理解。
政府在衛(wèi)生保健方面通常扮演著活躍的角色，似乎這樣做是一種義務(wù)。政府怎樣行使這種職責(zé)在不同時(shí)代不同社會(huì)是不同的，決定因素不僅包括各個(gè)文化中的財(cái)富水平和科技發(fā)達(dá)程度，還包括社會(huì)基本的價(jià)值觀。因?yàn)榻】刀x的一部分由社會(huì)的信仰體系決定，公共健康的尺度會(huì)不可避免的反映文化規(guī)則和價(jià)值。
那些批評(píng)美國(guó)政府沒有給全體公民提供衛(wèi)生保健的人將提供衛(wèi)生保健等同于醫(yī)療花費(fèi)的保險(xiǎn)責(zé)任范圍。根據(jù)這個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，十七和十八世紀(jì)的美國(guó)沒有任何公共健康法的觀念。然而，盡管工業(yè)時(shí)代前的美國(guó)普遍缺乏官僚機(jī)構(gòu)，那個(gè)時(shí)候衛(wèi)生法規(guī)的廣泛普及卻是非常顯著的。當(dāng)然，十八世紀(jì)時(shí)，國(guó)家在保護(hù)和規(guī)范公共健康方面的方式與今天有很大的不同。那時(shí)，負(fù)責(zé)制定衛(wèi)生法規(guī)的組織不像現(xiàn)在的機(jī)構(gòu)那樣穩(wěn)定，它們?cè)诎l(fā)生危機(jī)時(shí)出現(xiàn)，平時(shí)則退居幕后。那些組織關(guān)注的是不尋常的流行性疾病并做出反應(yīng)，而不是處理尋常的慢性疾病——那時(shí)它們被當(dāng)作日常生活中的重要部分。另外，宗教具有顯著的影響，尤其是在十七世紀(jì)，這一點(diǎn)并不意外。最后，在私人和政府機(jī)構(gòu)缺乏明確分工的時(shí)代，許多公共責(zé)任的履行是由我們今天的私人機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)行的。而且，在福利國(guó)家的觀念萌芽很久之前，公共衛(wèi)生法所包含的范圍之廣是不尋常的。這說明美國(guó)人的祖先們對(duì)于政府和健康關(guān)系的認(rèn)識(shí)比現(xiàn)在人們推測(cè)的要復(fù)雜的多。
畢金獻(xiàn)命制
版權(quán)所有侵權(quán)必究
考生注意事項(xiàng)
- 考生必須嚴(yán)格遵守各項(xiàng)考場(chǎng)規(guī)則。
- 答題前，考生應(yīng)按準(zhǔn)考證上的有關(guān)內(nèi)容填寫答題卡上的“考生姓名”、“報(bào)考單位”、“考生編號(hào)”等信息。
- 答案必須按要求填涂或?qū)懺谥付ǖ拇痤}卡上。
★英語知識(shí)運(yùn)用、閱讀理解A節(jié)、B節(jié)的答案填涂在答題卡1上。填涂部分應(yīng)該按照答題卡上的要求用2B鉛筆完成。如要改動(dòng)，必須用橡皮擦干凈。
★閱讀理解C節(jié)的答案和作文必須用(藍(lán))黑色字跡鋼筆、圓珠筆或簽字筆在答題卡2上作答。字跡要清楚。
- 考試結(jié)束后，將答題卡1、答題卡2一并裝入原試卷袋中，試題交給監(jiān)考人員。
做 題 提 醒
- 本試卷嚴(yán)格按照最新考綱的要求編寫，針對(duì)性、權(quán)威性強(qiáng)，信度高，是備考訓(xùn)練的精品。
- 建議以臨戰(zhàn)狀態(tài)進(jìn)行自測(cè)，結(jié)束后仔細(xì)核對(duì)答案，自己評(píng)分并找出薄弱環(huán)節(jié)，在以后的復(fù)習(xí)中重點(diǎn)突破。
考試時(shí)間180分鐘滿分100分得分英語沖刺試題8第頁(yè)
Section ⅠUse of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A，B，C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Due to recent national events, the Yardley City Government has introduced new bomb threat procedures for government buildings. This information is 1 department use only.
From this 2 on, all personnel must be on the highest 3. You must pay close attention to your surroundings. If a vehicle you do not 4 enters the parking lot, observe driver and passenger behavior. If an employee has been 5 recently, examine his or her performance evaluations and exit 6 reports. If there are incidents involving visitors, 7 your supervisor. Keep in mind, however, that we must not 8. Part of being alert is exercising proper 9.
If there is an actual bomb threat, 10 the following procedures: First, remove all the peopel from the building. Do not fall 11 fire drill routines, remember you are doing so in order to avoid injury 12 from planned violence. Leave the building immediately, and take nothing with you. Do not 13 electric equipment. Keep movement 14 a minimum. If there are visitors and/or persons 15 special needs in the building, make certain that they are removed.
Proceed to the area away from the building 16 in the fire drill policy. Do not enter vehicles parked nearby. Take attendance, and make mental notes about any 17 personnel or any questionable activity in or near the building. If you received the actual threat, 18 as much information as possible: gender, specific language, “insider” information, type of violence threatened. 19 you reach your safe area, inform emergency personnel and 20 the information with them.
1. [A] to [B] for [C] in [D] of
2. [A] period [B] instance [C] point [D] event
3. [A] readiness [B] defence [C] guard [D] alert
4. [A] recognize [B] distinguish [C] discern [D] perceive
5. [A] terminated [B] questioned [C] suspected [D] transferred
6. [A] inquiry [B] inspection [C] instruction [D] interview
7. [A] signify [B] notify [C] verify [D] testify
8. [A] overrate [B] oversight [C] overreact [D] overbear
9. [A] function [B] judgment [C] influence [D] authority
10. [A] cling to [B] clutch at [C] abide by [D] carry out
11. [A] for [B] in [C] into [D] off
12. [A] stemming [B] emerging [C] deviating [D] suffering
13. [A] shut down [B] switch on[ C] turn up [D] break off
14. [A] at [B] to [C] on [D] in
15. [A] in [B] for [C] with [D] within
16. [A] regulated [B] confined [C] designed [D] designated
17. [A] remaining [B] dispersing [C] losing [D] missing
18. [A] record [B] offer [C] store [D] supply
19. [A] Until [B] Unless [C] Once [D] Since
20. [A] deliver [B] share [C] analyze [D] evaluate
Section ⅡReading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A，B，C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text1
Recently, the right of public personalities to direct and profit from all commercial exploitations of their fame has gained widespread acceptance. Recognition of this “right of publicity,” however, has raised difficult questions concerning the proper scope and duration of the right as well as its relationship to free speech and free trade interests. Often, the “type” of personality, be it an entertainer, politician, or athlete, also weighs on this decision-making process.
The right of publicity protects economic interests of celebrities in their own fame by allowing them to control and profit from the publicity values which they have created. Before courts recognized this right, celebrities’ primary protection against the unauthorized commercial appropriation of their names or likenesses was a suit for invasion of privacy. Privacy law, however, proved to be an inadequate response to the legal questions presented by celebrities seeking to protect their economic interest in fame. Whereas privacy law protects a person’s right to be left alone, publicity law proceeds from adverse assumptions. Celebrities do not object to public attention—they thrive on it. However, they seek to benefit from any commercial use of their popularity.
A celebrity’s public image has many aspects, each of which may be appropriated for a variety of purposes. Plaintiffs(persons bringing a suit) have sought to protect various attributes including: name, likeness, a particular routine or act, characters made famous by their celebrity, unique style, and biographical information. In deciding whether the right of publicity applies to particular attribute, courts consider underlying legal and policy goals.
Two goals support recognition of the right of publicity: the promotion of creative endeavor and prevention of unjust enrichment through the theft of goodwill. Courts determine the scope of publicity rights by balancing these policies against offsetting First Amendment and free trade interests. Recognizing the celebrity’s ability to control the exercise of some personal attribute may limit the “speech” of would-be appropriators and give the celebrity a commercial monopoly. Thus, the value of promoting creativity and preventing unjust enrichment must outweigh negative constitutional and commercial repercussions(effects) before courts extend the right of publicity to any particular attribute.
The value of a publicity right in a particular attribute depends largely on the length of time such a right is recognized and protected by the law. Courts disagree on whether publicity rights survive the death of their creators. Some courts advocate unconditional devisability. They emphasize that the ability to control exploitation of fame is a property right, carrying all the characteristics of the title. Other courts conclude that the right of publicity terminates at the celebritys death. These courts fear that recognizing postmortem(after-death) publicity rights would negatively affect free speech and free trade.
The right of publicity, especially in the cases of well-known politicians and statesmen, often conflicts with First Amendment interests and thus should be defined with care and precision.
21. According to the author, privacy laws are inadequate for celebrities because
［A］ individuals lose privacy rights by becoming public figures.
［B］ stars wish to create higher value by keeping from the public.
［C］ the unauthorized use of celebrities’images is beyond remedy.
［D］ economic issues inherent in their fame are ignored by the laws.
22. The text implies that the judicial response to “right of publicity” issues has been
［A］ inconclusive. ［B］ impractical.
［C］ justifiable. ［D］ significant.
23. We learn that a feature of “devisability”(Par.5) is the ability to be
［A］ split into diverse legal entities.
［B］ assigned by the celebrity’s will.
［C］ structured in several equal shares.
［D］ traded with the owner’s permission.
24. Which of the following would most reasonably call upon the “right of publicity”?
［A］ A famous athlete plans to design and market a line of sportswear.
［B］ The work of a celebrated screen actor is re-edited after his death.
［C］ A portion of a professor’s book is cited in a student’s paper.
［D］ The image of a TV host is used in an ad campaign for a drug.
25. Which of the following statements best summarizes the chief ideas of the text?
［A］ Publicity law is an appropriate legal remedy for public figures.
［B］ Approaches to publicity law cases contradict free trade interests.
［C］ The legal issues about the right of publicity are unresolved fully.
［D］ The promotion of creative endeavor justifies the right of publicity.
Text2
Science-fiction movies can serve as myths about the future and thus give some assurance about it. Whether the film is 2001 or Star Wars，such movies tell about progress that will expand man’s powers and his experiences beyond anything now believed possible，while they assure us that all these advances will not wipe out man or life as we now know it. Thus one great anxiety about the future—that it will have no place for us as we now are—is alleviated by such myths. They also promise that even in the most distant future，and despite the progress that will have occurred in the material world，man’s basic concerns will be the same，and the struggle of good against evil—the central moral problem of our time—will not have lost its importance..
Past and future are the lasting dimensions of our lives: the present is but a brief moment. So these visions about the future also contain our past; in Star Wars，battles are fought around issues that also motivated man in the past. Thus，any vision about the future is really based on visions of the past，because that is all we can know for certain.
As our religious myths about the future never went beyond Judgment Day，so our modern myths about the future cannot go beyond the search for life’s deeper meaning. The reason is that only as long as the choice between good and evil remains man’s supreme moral problem does life retain that special dignity that derives from our ability to choose between the two. A world in which this conflict has been permanently resolved eliminates man as we know him. It might be a universe peopled by angels，but it has no place for man.
The moving picture is a visual art，based on sight. Speaking to our vision，it ought to provide us with the visions enabling us to live the good life; it ought to give us insight into ourselves. About a hundred years ago，Tolstoy wrote,“Art is a human activity having for its purpose the transmission to others of the highest and best feelings to which men have risen.” Later，Robert Frost defined poetry as “beginning in delight and ending in wisdom.” Thus it might be said that the state of the art of the moving image can be assessed by the degree to which it meets the mythopoetic task of giving us myths suitable to live by in our time—visions that transmit to us the highest and best feelings to which men have risen—and by how well the moving images give us that delight which leads to wisdom. Let us hope that the art of the moving image, this most genuine American art，will soon meet the challenge of becoming truly the great art of our age.
26. In the author’s view，science-fiction movies
［A］ assure us of the scientific miracles created.
［B］ predict likely advances in human experiences.
［C］ offer invented stories concerning man’s fate.
［D］ signify human powers to a fantastic extent.
27. In science-fiction movies,man can find
［A］ fantasies that may relieve his anxiety for future existence.
［B］ forecasts that his domination will be extended indefinitely.
［C］ promises that his swelling demands will be fully satisfied.
［D］ assurances that confirm the importance of moral principles.
28. The movies such as Star Wars
［A］ fail to reflect contemporary problems for their transience.
［B］ fail to free their subjects from issues of man’s concerns.
［C］ succeed in depicting magic scenes irrelevant to the past.
［D］ succeed in offering imaginary visions irrespective of reality.
29. The theme of modern myths could be drastically changed
［A］ only if the struggle for good life were fully discarded.
［B］ if only the conflict between good and evil had ceased.
［C］ on condition that man as he is now became extinct.
［D］ provided that average people were converted to angels.
30. The quotes from Tolstoy are used to
［A］ reinforce the author’s account about visual art.
［B］ provide fresh points about the moving picture.
［C］ define the basic characteristics of art activities.
［D］ describe the requirements for the art transmission.
Text3
Depletion is a natural phenomenon that characterizes the development of all non-renewable resources and oil in particular. Narrowly speaking, depletion refers to the decline of production associated with a particular field, reservoir, or well. If it were not for changes in prices, costs, and technology, depletion of the world’s resources would resemble the simple decline curve of a single well.
Estimates of oil resources by field are routinely made by geologists and engineers, but the estimates are a “best guess” given the available data and are revised as more knowledge becomes available. There is no time frame or probability associated with estimates of total resources in place. In contrast, proved reserves of crude oil are the estimated quantities that are demonstrated with reasonable certainty to be recoverable in the future from known reservoirs under existing economic and operating conditions.
Each year, production is taken from proved reserves, reducing both proved reserves and the total resource. Innovative production techniques such as well recompletions, secondary and tertiary enhanced recovery techniques, and expanded production of unconventional resources have reduced net depletion rates at the well and field levels. Advanced exploration and drilling techniques have reduced the cost of finding new pools, reduced the risk of dry holes and their costs, and allowed new pools to be developed and produced more quickly. More rapid production of resources from a field increases the return on capital because earnings are realized sooner, and therefore, discounted less.
Higher returns make some fields that are too expensive to develop under “normal” circumstances economically feasible, because reduced costs allow firms to make profits where they could not before. On the other hand, more rapid development and production of a field by definition increases the rate of depletion. While the rate of depletion increases with technological progress, the adverse effects of depletion are diminished, and higher levels of production can be maintained for longer periods of time. As depletion leads producers to abandon older fields and develop new ones, the process of developing domestic oil resources leads producers to find and develop the larger, more economical fields first. Later fields tend to be less desirable because they are farther away from existing infrastructure or smaller in size. Thus, as time progresses more effort is required to produce the same level of the resource from the same exploration area.
While the frontier for new resources is diminishing, increased innovation has, thus far, served to offset depletion at least partially, keeping production stronger than it would have been in the absence of the innovations. But eventually, as field sizes decrease, the ultimate recovery from discovered fields will shrink. Thus, despite technological improvements, ultimate recovery from the average field of the future will be smaller than from the average field today.
[詞匯提示]
① depletion n. 耗盡，枯竭；大量減少 ② recoverable a. 可開采的
31. The text is primarily intended to
[A] sketch a plan to delay exhaustion of existing resources.
[B] warn of the consequence of overexploiting oil reserves.
[C] introduce more efficient techniques for oil exploration.
[D] analyse economic factors in oil production and depletion.
32. According to the text, proved oil reserves
[A] are determined by geological principles.
[B] require advanced techniques for recovery.
[C] can parallel natural resources in diminution.
[D] exist until their depletion is verified by experts.
33. The author implies that an oil well is removed from production when
[A] the capital for running it has been recovered.
[B] the cost of its operation exceeds the return.
[C] new wells are superior to it in capacity.
[D] its supply of oil is entirely interrupted.
34. Technological innovations offset natural depletion because they
[A] make it profitable to locate and exploit more resources.
[B] reduce the ratio of proved reserves to actual quantities.
[C] permit to explore more fields with larger reservoirs.
[D] minimize capital expenditures in fuel production.
35. Which of the following is most likely to result in an increase in proved reserves?
[A] Increased oil production by foreign sources.
[B] A significant soaring in the price of crude oil.
[C] A reduction in estimates of total oil resources.
[D] Federal regulations requiring cleaner engines.
Text4
While disease is present prior to social organization，communal life creates special hazards. While the organization of society can reduce the dangers of disease，trade and urbanization，with their consequent problems of sanitation and pollution，can also aggravate such dangers. Even in the mid-twentieth century，during the brief calm between the polio and AIDS epidemics，epidemic health risks associated with carcinogens(cancer-producing substances) from polluted air threatened the industrialized world.
To the economist，efforts to combat these risks are at least partially public goods. The benefits from public goods are indivisible among beneficiaries. A sole private purchaser of health care would give others in society a “free ride” with respect to the benefits obtained. To market theorists，such goods are lawful objects of governmental intervention in the market. While the theory of public goods helps explain aspects of public health law and assists in fitting it into modern economic theory，it omits a critical point. Ill health is not a mere byproduct of economic activity，but an inevitable occurrence of human existence. As a result，wherever there is human society，there will be public health. Every society has to face the risks of disease. And because it must，every society searches to make disease comprehensible within the context of the society’s own particular culture，religion，or science. In this sense，health care is public not only because its benefits are indivisible and threats to it arise from factors outside of the individual but also because communal life gives individuals the cultural context in which to understand it.
Governments typically have assumed an active role with respect to health care，acting as if their role were obligatory. How governments have fulfilled that duty has varied throughout time and across societies，according not only to the wealth and scientific sophistication of the culture but also to its fundamental values—because health is defined in part by a community’s belief system，public health measures will necessarily reflect cultural norms and values.
Those who criticize the United States government today for not providing health care to all citizens equate the provision of health care with insurance coverage for the costs of medical expenses. By this standard，seventeenth and eighteenth-century America lacked any significant conception of public health law. However，despite the general paucity (scarcity) of bureaucratic organization in preindustrial America，the vast extent of health regulation and provision stands out as remarkable. Of course，the public role in the protection and regulation of eighteenth-century health was carried out in ways quite different from those today. Organizations responsible for health regulation were less stable than modern bureaucracies，tending to appear in crises and fade away in periods of calm. The focus was on epidemics which were seen as unnatural and warranting a response，not to the many prevalent and chronic conditions which were accepted as part and parcel of daily life. Additionally，and not surprisingly，religious influence was significant，especially in the seventeenth century. Finally，in an era which lacked sharp divisions between private and governmental bodies，many public responsibilities were carried out by what we would now consider private associations. Nevertheless，the extent of public health regulation long before the dawn of the welfare state is remarkable and suggests that the founding generation’s assumptions about the relationship between government and health were more complex than commonly assumed.
36. The author’s primary purpose is to
［A］ comment on the government role in health-care provision.
［B］ argue about the social organization’s tasks concerning health care.
［C］ trace the historical development of the national health-care system.
［D］ discuss the societal duty to make provision against epidemic diseases.
37. The author mentions all of the following as causes of epidemic diseases EXCEPT
［A］ expanding international trade.
［B］ rapid general urbanization.
［C］ inadequate sanitation facilities.
［D］ poor preventive measures.
38. Health care is inherently a public concern for all of the following reasons EXCLUDING
［A］ the indivisibility of its benefits among its receivers.
［B］ the impact of societal factors on the individual’s health.
［C］ the government obligation to provide health care for its people.
［D］ the comprehension of disease within a particular cultural context.
39. Which of the following finds the LEAST support in the text?
［A］ Government involvement in health care is characterized by action.
［B］ Philosophical considerations weigh less in making health policies.
［C］ Health organizations took common diseases as an essential part of daily life.
［D］ Modern public health agencies provide comprehensive protection against most diseases.
40. Which of the following best expresses the main point of the last paragraph?
［A］ The government precautions against diseases have failed many critics.
［B］ The government should spare no efforts on preventing epidemic diseases.
［C］ History witnessed government contribution to the provision of health care.
［D］ Health problems prior to the welfare state arose largely for lack of funds.
Part B
Directions:
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41～45，you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A—G to fill in each numbered box. The first and last paragraphs have been placed for you in Boxes. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
［A］ These difficulties are compounded by question-marks caused by government policy proposals，for example，concerning moves from direct to indirect taxation or regulations concerning the introduction of lead-free petrol. Increasingly，consumers may find that structural changes in the world economy are undermining expectations about employment and promotion prospects that they have long taken for granted; yet new opportunities may not instantly stand out. Added to these worries are new puzzles arising from social changes such as the rise of the Women’s Movement—for example，how a couple might carve out two careers as a joint future without these endangering each other. Given this，one might expect that economists would devote a good deal of attention to the ways in which consumers set about making up their minds in situations of uncertainty and complexity.
［B］ Unfortunately，this has not been the case. The typical economist proceeds to analyze consumer behavior in a way which makes the problem of choice trivial. The individual consumer is portrayed as if she already has a completely specified set of preferences and seeks to maximize her utility subject to three constraints: her accumulated human and non-human capital，the state of technology，and the prevailing set of relative prices. The consumer’s prior investments in her own skills，coupled with her initial endowment of human capital，determine her employment opportunities. The latter，in turn，constrain her in respect of the commodities she will be able and inclined to purchase，given the prevailing set of prices.
［C］ If opportunities are not to be thrown needlessly away，the consumer must be a skilled spectator and strategist. Instability in exchange rates and inflation rates，and the unevenness with which inflationary forces feed through the system，makes it difficult to assess trends in respect to relative prices，including real wages.
［D］ Having assumed that the consumer is able to rank hypothetical bundles of consumption goods and employment obligations in order of preference，it is not surprising that the typical economist comes to think of the consumer simply as if she selects the highest-ranking bundle from her feasible set. What we have is an example of what Herbert Simon calls “substantive rationality”: the achievement of given goals within the limits imposed by given conditions.
［E］ Technological change results in flux in the qualities and varieties of goods on offer，while the increasing complexity of modern products opens up scope for expensive errors when consumer durables are being purchased: the modern consumer cannot hope to be an expert buyer in all markets.
［F］How the consumer works out what these “given conditions” might be is not discussed. The economist theories as if the consumer has defined her problem in advance in a way that makes its solution transparent，and then allows her on to the stage seemingly to solve it.
［G］Being a consumer is not an easy role to play successfully，even in an affluent society. Consumers have to act in a complex，unsettled world where surprises are commonplace and not more deviations around a trend，a world full of novelty and obsolescence，a world that is，in short，turbulent.
Order:
G →41. →42. →43. →44. →45. →F
Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
Justice in society must include both a fair trial to the accused and the selection of an appropriate punishment for those proven guilty. Because justice is regarded as one form of equality，we find in its earlier expressions the idea of a punishment equal to the crime. Recorded in the Bible is the expression “an eye for an eye，and a tooth for a tooth.” That is，the individual who has done wrong has committed an offense against society. 46) To make repayment for this offense，society must get equally balanced，which can be done only by imposing an equal injury upon him. 47) This conception of deserved-punishment justice is reflected in many parts of the legal codes and procedures of modern times，which is illustrated when we demand the death penalty for a person who has committed murder. This philosophy of punishment was supported by the German idealist Hegel，who believed that society owed it to the criminal to put into operation a punishment equal to the crime he had committed. 48) The criminal had by his own actions denied his true self and it is necessary to do something that will eliminate this denial and restore the self that has been denied. To the murderer nothing less than giving up his own life will pay his debt. The demand for the death penalty is a right the state owes the criminal and it should not deny him what he deserves.
Modern jurists have tried to replace deserved-punishment justice with the notion of corrective justice. The aim of the latter is not to abandon the concept of equality but to find a more adequate way to express it. It tries to preserve the idea of equal opportunity for each individual to realize the best that is in him. 49) The criminal is regarded as being socially ill and in need of treatment that will enable him to become a normal member of society. Before a treatment can be put into operation，the cause of his antisocial behavior must be found. If the cause can be removed，provisions must be made to have this done. Only those criminals who are incurable should be permanently separated from the rest of society. This does not mean that criminals will escape punishment or be quickly returned to take up careers of crime. It means that justice is to heal the individual，not simply to get even with him. If severe punishment is the only adequate means for accomplishing this，it should be administered. 50) However，the individual should be given every opportunity to assume a normal place in society，and his conviction of crime must not deprive him of the opportunity to make his way in the society of which he is a part.
Section Ⅲ Writing
Part A
51. Directions:
Write a letter to your professor, making an apology for the delayed return of the issues of U.S. business magazine you borrowed from him a month ago.
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.
Do not write the address.(10 points)
Part B
52. Directions:
Study the following cartoon carefully and write an essay in which you should
1) describe the cartoon,
2) interpret its main idea,and
3) propose possible solutions.You should write about 160～200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(20 points)
答案速查
1~5DBCAA
11~15BDCAC6~10DBCDA
16~20BDACB21~25DBACB
31~35CDCBA26~30DCCAB
36~40BCADC41~45CEDGA
答案與解析：
Model Test 8
Section Ⅰ Use of English
1. ［答案］ \[B\] for
［解析］ 名詞use可與不同介詞搭配表示不同意義：“for...use only”(僅供……用)，in use(在使用著)，of use(有用)，put...to use(利用……)等。根據(jù)句意，只能選用［B］。
2. ［答案］ \[C\] point
［解析］ 由“from...on”(從……時(shí)起)可知，［C］構(gòu)成“此刻”(＝now)為當(dāng)然答案。
［A］“時(shí)期”，［B］“事例”，［D］“事件”，皆不適用。
3. ［答案］ \[D\] alert
［解析］ 由句意和介詞on判斷，［D］“警惕；戒備”最合適：be on the highest alert：保持高度警惕。
［A］“準(zhǔn)備”和［B］“防御”通常用介詞in,［C］“守衛(wèi)”(on guard 意為“在崗上”)，均不可取。
4. ［答案］ \[A\] recognize
［解析］ 此空位于修飾“vehicle”的定語從句中，據(jù)上下文推斷，［A］“認(rèn)識(shí)”最合邏輯。
［B］“辨別”，［C］“識(shí)別”，［D］“覺察”，均不合句意。
5. ［答案］ \[A\] terminated
［解析］ 據(jù)后面主句中的“performance evaluations”(業(yè)績(jī)?cè)u(píng)價(jià))和“exit”(離職)判斷，此處應(yīng)選［A］“被解雇”。
［B］“被詢／訊問”，［C］“被懷疑”，［D］“被調(diào)動(dòng)”，皆不合句意邏輯。
6. ［答案］ \[D\] interview
［解析］ “exit interview”(離職面談)是解雇人員的例行程序，符合此處句意。
［A］“質(zhì)詢”，［B］“檢查”，［C］“指示”，均與句意相悖。
7. ［答案］ \[B\] notify
［解析］ 據(jù)“If”從句判斷，只有［B］“通知；報(bào)告”符合句意邏輯。
［A］“表示”，［C］“核實(shí)”，［D］“證實(shí)”，詞義、詞形雙干擾。
8. ［答案］ \[C\] overreact
［解析］ 上句指出，發(fā)生事件要向上級(jí)主管報(bào)告?！癶owever”表明此句是上句句意的轉(zhuǎn)折。據(jù)此，［C］“反應(yīng)過激”符合文意需要。
［A］“高估”，［B］“忽略”，［D］“壓服”，均不合文意。
9. ［答案］ \[B\] judgment
［解析］ 此句是整段內(nèi)容的總結(jié)，故［B］“判斷力”符合要求：“保持警惕的條件之一就是要正確運(yùn)用判斷力?！?BR> ［A］“職能”，［C］“影響力”，［D］“權(quán)力”，皆不合文意邏輯。
10. ［答案］ \[D\] carry out
［解析］ 據(jù)“procedures”(步驟)和下文推斷，此處用［D］“執(zhí)行；實(shí)施”最恰當(dāng)。
［A］“堅(jiān)持”，［B］“抓住”，［C］“遵守”，均不合邏輯。
11. ［答案］ \[C\] into
［解析］ 動(dòng)詞fall與不同介詞搭配表示不同意義：fall for：愛上；受……騙；fall in:坍塌；集合；fall into:陷于，進(jìn)入(某狀態(tài))；fall off:跌落；下降。依句意應(yīng)選［C］?！癴ire drill routines”意為“消防演習(xí)程序”。
12. ［答案］ \[A\] stemming
［解析］ 由空格后的“from”判斷，［A］stemming(from)意為“是……的結(jié)果；起源于”，符合句意要求。
［B］emerging(from)：露出/暴露，［C］deviating(from)：背／偏離……，［D］suffering(from)：受……苦／折磨，均非所需。
13. ［答案］ \[A\] shut down
［解析］ 所給的四個(gè)短語動(dòng)詞意義各不相同：［A］“關(guān)閉”，［B］“開(電燈等)”，［C］“開大；調(diào)高”，［D］“斷開；折斷”。據(jù)文意應(yīng)選［A］，因?yàn)殛P(guān)掉電氣設(shè)備會(huì)引發(fā)驚慌、混亂和損失。
14. ［答案］ \[B\] to
［解析］ “keep sth. to a minimum”是常用短語，意為“將……保持在最低限度”，故答案非［B］莫屬。
15. ［答案］ \[C\] with
［解析］ 介詞短語“with sth.”修飾名詞時(shí)意為“(who/which) have or carry sth.”(有；具有；帶有)，符合此句需要。故［C］為正確答案。其余三個(gè)介詞在用法與意義上皆不適用。
16. ［答案］ \[D\] designated
［解析］ 此處的分詞短語修飾“area”，用［D］“被指定的”最恰當(dāng)，即“消防演習(xí)方案所指定區(qū)域”。
［A］“被控制的”，［B］“被限制的”，［C］“被設(shè)計(jì)的”均不可取。
17. ［答案］ \[D\] missing
［解析］ 這里所需的形容詞修飾“personnel”(人員)，故應(yīng)選［D］“失蹤的”。“Take attendance”：點(diǎn)名，清點(diǎn)；“make mental notes about”：記住／下……。
［A］“留／剩下的”，［B］“分散的”，［C］“要失敗的”，皆不合句意。
18. ［答案］ \[A\] record
［解析］ 由句意判斷，［A］“記錄下”是選擇。“insider information”：內(nèi)部人員情況。
［B］“提供”，［C］“貯／保存”，［D］“供應(yīng)”，皆不合情理。
19. ［答案］ \[C\] Once
［解析］ 據(jù)句意邏輯判斷，［C］“一……就”是當(dāng)然之選。句中“emergency personnel”：應(yīng)急人員。
［A］“直到”，［B］“除非”，［D］“因?yàn)椤?，均不合邏輯?BR> 20. ［答案］ \[B\] share
［解析］ 句意表明，［B］“把……告訴……；與……分享……”最恰當(dāng)，即“把所獲得信息告訴應(yīng)急人員”。
［A］“傳送”，后接to，而非with;［C］“分析”，［D］“評(píng)價(jià)”，不合句意邏輯。
1. ［答案］ B. computed
［解析］ compute=calculate(計(jì)算)。
D. count意為“計(jì)數(shù)”。其余二詞與句意無關(guān)。
2. ［答案］ C. contribution
［解析］ contribution=sth.contributed(貢獻(xiàn))。
A. creation(創(chuàng)造)，B. distribution(分配)，D. donation(捐贈(zèng))，與句意不符。
3. ［答案］ A. realistic
［解析］ realistic=practical(實(shí)際的；現(xiàn)實(shí)的)。a more realistic index(更切合實(shí)際的指數(shù))指制造產(chǎn)品所增加的價(jià)值。
B. specific(具體的)，C. elastic(彈性的)，D. economic(經(jīng)濟(jì)的)，不合句意。
4. ［答案］ D. gross
［解析］ gross=total(總的；毛的)，與net(純的，凈的)相反。gross sales:銷售總額，符合文意。retail:零售的。ready sales:暢銷。
5. ［答案］ D. nothing
［解析］ 前半句提到gross sales(銷售總額)是一種misleading(誤導(dǎo)的)數(shù)字，故此處只能選表示否定的nothing。
6. ［答案］ C. whether
［解析］ 此從句與product costs(生產(chǎn)成本)并列，作about的賓語，而非與because并列。據(jù)句意邏輯與結(jié)構(gòu)(句尾有or)，只有用表示間接問句的whether最恰當(dāng)。句末的at a profit or at a loss意為“贏利還是虧損”。
7. ［答案］ A. operating
［解析］ operate=work(運(yùn)行；經(jīng)營(yíng))，作不及物動(dòng)詞,符合此句結(jié)構(gòu)要求。其余三詞主要為及物動(dòng)詞,其后應(yīng)有賓語，均不合此句結(jié)構(gòu)。
8. ［答案］ B. debate
［解析］ debate=formal discussion,eg.at a public meeting or in Parliament(正式討論；辯論)，a spirited debate“熱烈的辯論”。
A. argument(爭(zhēng)吵；爭(zhēng)論),C. quarrel(爭(zhēng)吵)，D. disturbance(擾亂；*)。
9. ［答案］ C. appropriate
［解析］ appropriate=suited to(適宜于……的)，后接for/to,恰合此題要求。delightful(令人高興的)，distinctive(特別的)，acceptable (to) (可接受的)，不合句意。
10. ［答案］ A. reflected
［解析］ 此處reflect=express(表達(dá)；表現(xiàn)；反映)。句中command意為deserve and get(應(yīng)得，博得)。例如： Great men command our respect. 偉人應(yīng)受我們尊敬。
B. embodied(體現(xiàn)，包括)，C. embraced(包括)，D. indicated(表示)。
11. ［答案］ B. upon
［解析］ upon/on+動(dòng)詞性名詞或動(dòng)名詞，意為“在……后(立即)”，符合句意要求。
12. ［答案］ D. impressive
［解析］ 此處impressive=moving(動(dòng)人的)。impressive salaries意為“豐厚的薪金”。plentiful和abundant同義，皆指事物供應(yīng)的“豐富，充裕”，通常后接不可數(shù)名詞。
13. ［答案］ A. appreciable
［解析］ appreciable=enough to be seen or noticed (〈大得〉可看到的；明顯的；可觀的)。applicable (可應(yīng)用的)不合句意。essential (基本的)和inherent (固有的)與后面的added (增加上的)相矛盾。
14. ［答案］ D. by
［解析］ 此處的結(jié)構(gòu)是value added to...by...(由……添加到……上的價(jià)值)，by引入被動(dòng)行為的主體。
15. ［答案］ C. received
［解析］ receive=accept; get(接受；得到)，它的賓語which被省略。其余三詞不合句意。
16. ［答案］ B. however
［解析］ 上句所說只是by implication(根據(jù)內(nèi)涵)的推斷；此句說，“當(dāng)更仔細(xì)查看時(shí)……”，兩句之間應(yīng)是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，故只有however可取。
17. ［答案］ D. obviously
［解析］ obviously: easily seen; clearly (顯而易見地；明顯地)，符合句意。curiously(奇怪地)，graciously(優(yōu)雅地)，dubiously(猶豫不決地)。
18. ［答案］ C. prior
［解析］ prior=before，恰好與后面的after相對(duì)，指“學(xué)生受教育前的能力與畢業(yè)生獲學(xué)士學(xué)位后的能力之間的差別”，便是學(xué)生從教育中獲益的部分，此文將它比作“生產(chǎn)成本”。
19. ［答案］ A. earning
［解析］ earn: get sth. that one deserves, or because of ones qualities (得到；獲得)，相當(dāng)于receive,與句意相符。granting (給予)，conferring (授予)，offering (提供)，皆指給予別人。
20. ［答案］ B. benefit
［解析］ benefit from=receive benefit from/by (受益；獲益于)，適合句意。attain (獲得)，reward (酬勞，獎(jiǎng)賞)，favor (有利于)，皆不適用。
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Part A
21.D［解析］ 第2段末兩句表明，雖然privacy law(隱私法)保護(hù)個(gè)人權(quán)利不受侵犯,但publicity law(公知法)卻源于相反的考慮：celebrities(名人)不反對(duì)公眾的關(guān)注，因?yàn)樗麄円源硕擅⒃噲D從其名聲的商業(yè)應(yīng)用中獲利。據(jù)此推斷，D項(xiàng)“名人聲譽(yù)所固有的經(jīng)濟(jì)問題未納入隱私法中”是應(yīng)選答案。
A項(xiàng)“成為公眾人物的人便失去隱私權(quán)”，B項(xiàng)“明星欲避開公眾以創(chuàng)造更高價(jià)值”，C項(xiàng)“未經(jīng)許可使用名人形象是無法補(bǔ)償?shù)摹?，均不?duì)題。
22.A［解析］ 此題考查對(duì)第1段末兩句的理解：承認(rèn)這種“公知權(quán)”引發(fā)了許多難題，如這種權(quán)利的適用范圍和期限，以及它與言論自由和交易自由的關(guān)系。名人的“類別”，如藝人、政治家或運(yùn)動(dòng)員，也往往影響這一裁決過程。由此可見，法庭對(duì)“公知權(quán)”問題的應(yīng)對(duì)是A項(xiàng)“無定論的”。
B項(xiàng)“不現(xiàn)實(shí)的”，C項(xiàng)“有理由的”，D項(xiàng)“意義重大的”，皆不合文意。
23.B［解析］ “devisability”用于法律意為“可遺贈(zèng)性”。第5段第2~4句說：名人死后其公知權(quán)是否繼續(xù)存在，各法庭有分歧。有些法庭主張無條件的devisability。他們強(qiáng)調(diào)說控制利用名聲的權(quán)利是一種property right(知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán))，它具有知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的全部特征。因此，B項(xiàng)“由該名人遺囑讓與”是正確答案。
A項(xiàng)“分割成不同的合法實(shí)體”，C項(xiàng)“精心分割成數(shù)個(gè)等份”，D項(xiàng)“經(jīng)持有人準(zhǔn)許進(jìn)行交易”，皆與devisability的意思不符。
24.D［解析］ 題干中的call upon(on)意為need to use(需要使用，須訴諸)。文章第3、4段表明，名人的名譽(yù)特征包括姓名、肖像、特有的節(jié)目或動(dòng)作，名人成名的個(gè)性，獨(dú)特的風(fēng)格及傳記信息。法院支持公知權(quán)有兩個(gè)目的：倡導(dǎo)創(chuàng)造性活動(dòng)，防止盜用信譽(yù)而不正當(dāng)?shù)財(cái)控?cái)。據(jù)此判斷，四個(gè)事例中，只有D項(xiàng)“某電視主持人的形象被用于一藥品的宣傳廣告中”侵犯了個(gè)人的肖像權(quán)。
A項(xiàng)“一運(yùn)動(dòng)員準(zhǔn)備設(shè)計(jì)并推銷一種新款式運(yùn)動(dòng)服”，B項(xiàng)“一影視名演員死后其作品進(jìn)行了修訂”，C項(xiàng)“一教授的著作被一學(xué)生在論文中引用了一部分”，均未侵犯公知權(quán)。
25.C［解析］ 此文重點(diǎn)討論保護(hù)公知權(quán)的法律問題。法律承認(rèn)，名人的知名權(quán)應(yīng)受保護(hù)，但其保護(hù)范圍各法院意見不一，而且它與First Amendment interests(第一修正法案權(quán)益)沖突，因此對(duì)它的界定必須謹(jǐn)慎且準(zhǔn)確(見文章末句)。這表明C項(xiàng)“公知權(quán)的諸多法律問題尚未完全解決”是此文主旨的恰當(dāng)概括。
A項(xiàng)“公知權(quán)法是解決公眾人士權(quán)益問題的恰當(dāng)法律措施”，B項(xiàng)“公知權(quán)法律案件的處理辦法與自由貿(mào)易權(quán)益沖突”，D項(xiàng)“公知權(quán)法倡導(dǎo)創(chuàng)造性活動(dòng)，這證明它是正確的”，都是文中提到的情況，但并非文章的main ideas,故不可取。
26. C［解析］ 此文第1段表明了作者對(duì)sciencefiction movies(科幻影片)的看法。A項(xiàng)說法文中未見。B項(xiàng)的likely(很可能的)與第2句中beyond anything…possible意思相反。D項(xiàng)的signify(表示/明)與句中的expand(擴(kuò)展/大)意義有別。C項(xiàng)的offer invented stories(提供虛構(gòu)的故事)相當(dāng)于第1句中的serve as myths(作為神話故事)，fate相當(dāng)于future，為應(yīng)選之答案。
27. A［解析］ A項(xiàng)中的fantasies(幻想)相當(dāng)于myths;relieve(減輕)與第3句中alleviate(減輕，緩解)同義，為正確選項(xiàng)。其余3項(xiàng)不合文意。
28. B［解析］ B項(xiàng)說法與第1段第4句意思一致，為正確答案。
A項(xiàng)說法與文意不符，其中transience(短暫，轉(zhuǎn)瞬即逝)文中未見。C項(xiàng)的irrelevant to the past(與過去無關(guān)的)和D項(xiàng)的irrespective of reality(不顧現(xiàn)實(shí)的)皆與第3段文意相悖。第3段中的Judgment Day意為“上帝的最后審判日；世界末日”。
29. D［解析］ 題干中的The theme of modern myths(現(xiàn)代神話主題)即指第1、3段都提到的the struggle of good against evil(善與惡的斗爭(zhēng))。第3段末句說，在一個(gè)善惡矛盾永久消除的世界里，我們所熟悉的人類將消失。那可能是一個(gè)天使們居住的世界，而沒有人類的位置。據(jù)此判斷，D項(xiàng)符合需要。
A項(xiàng)struggle for good life不同于“善惡斗爭(zhēng)”。B項(xiàng)if only(但愿，若是……就好了)表示愿望或感嘆，不合要求，而且ceased(停止，中止)不同于文中的permanently resolved(永久解決)。C項(xiàng)的extinct(滅絕)是對(duì)句意的有意曲解。
30. A［解析］ Tolstoy(列夫·托爾斯泰——俄作家，哲學(xué)家)出現(xiàn)在末段，其中作者討論的是visual art(供觀賞的藝術(shù))。因此A項(xiàng)正確，其余3項(xiàng)不合題意。
31. D［解析］ 通讀全文可知，此文以主要篇幅分析了影響石油產(chǎn)量與枯竭的經(jīng)濟(jì)因素。人們?yōu)樽非蟾叩睦麧?rùn)，利用先進(jìn)的技術(shù)不斷加速開采現(xiàn)有的油田，鉆探新的油田，從而加快了石油資源的枯竭。由此可知，D項(xiàng)“分析影響石油產(chǎn)量與枯竭的經(jīng)濟(jì)因素”與文意相符。
A項(xiàng)“簡(jiǎn)述延緩現(xiàn)存資源枯竭的計(jì)劃”，B項(xiàng)“警告過度開采石油儲(chǔ)藏的后果”，C項(xiàng)“介紹更高效的石油勘探技術(shù)”，均非此文主要目的。
32. C［解析］ 關(guān)于“proved oil reserves”，第3段第1句指出：已探明的石油儲(chǔ)量年年都在減產(chǎn)，使已知儲(chǔ)油量和總的資源都在減少。據(jù)此判斷，C項(xiàng)“可與自然資源同時(shí)減少”符合句意。
A項(xiàng)“是由地質(zhì)學(xué)原理測(cè)定的”，B項(xiàng)“需要先進(jìn)的技術(shù)進(jìn)行恢復(fù)”，D項(xiàng)“直到專家證實(shí)它們枯竭為止”，皆與句意相左。
33. B［解析］ 第4段第1句表明，一些油田在“正常”情況下開采起來費(fèi)用過高，但高額的利潤(rùn)使它們?cè)诮?jīng)濟(jì)上是劃算的，因?yàn)槌杀镜慕档褪故凸驹谠瓉頍o利可圖的油田里獲得收益。據(jù)此判斷，B項(xiàng)“開采該油井的成本超過回報(bào)”是合理的反向推論。
A項(xiàng)“經(jīng)營(yíng)該油井的資金已被收回”，C項(xiàng)“新油井的產(chǎn)量高于該井”，D項(xiàng)“該油井完全停止出油”，均與句意相左。
34. A［解析］ 題干中的“offset”(彌補(bǔ)；補(bǔ)償)出現(xiàn)在末段，但其原因應(yīng)在第3段末兩句：先進(jìn)的勘探和鉆井技術(shù)減少了尋找新貯油層的費(fèi)用，降低了無油鉆井的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，使新油層更快地得到開發(fā)與生產(chǎn)。油田資源的盡快生產(chǎn)可增加投資回報(bào)，早日實(shí)現(xiàn)盈利。由此可知，A項(xiàng)“使勘定與開采更多資源有利可圖”符合文意。
B項(xiàng)“降低已知貯油量與實(shí)際貯量的比率”，C項(xiàng)“有可能勘探到更多含大油槽的油田”，D項(xiàng)“限度減少開采石油的投資開支”，均非其原因。
35. B［解析］ 文中并未直接談到“proved reserves”的增多，但第1段末句指出：假如沒有價(jià)格、成本和技術(shù)上的發(fā)展變化，世界石油資源就會(huì)象一口油井不斷衰竭一樣耗盡。據(jù)此判斷，B項(xiàng)“原油價(jià)格的顯著攀升”是合理的反向推論。
A項(xiàng)“外國(guó)石油產(chǎn)量的增加”，C項(xiàng)“估計(jì)石油資源總量的減少”，D項(xiàng)“要求使用更清潔發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的聯(lián)邦法規(guī)”，均與文意相左。
31. C［解析］ 此文起始句實(shí)際上提出了great thinker的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，即follow his intellect(靠自己的智力，即獨(dú)立思考)做出結(jié)論。C項(xiàng)與此意相符。
A項(xiàng)的prime events(重要事件)和B項(xiàng)的major issues(重大問題)皆是想當(dāng)然的臆斷，文中未提。D項(xiàng)強(qiáng)調(diào)intellectual faculties(智力天賦/才能)，而非think for himself(獨(dú)立思考)。
32. C［解析］ 第2段第3句說，如果他同樣不能駁倒對(duì)方的理由，不了解對(duì)方的理由是什么，那他就沒有根據(jù)采取哪一種意見。C項(xiàng)為此意的正面表達(dá)，為正確答案。
A、D兩項(xiàng)文中未說。B項(xiàng)只是一種不得已的辦法。
33. D［解析］ 第1段第8句說，在基本信念不容討論的不成文傳統(tǒng)存在的地方，在引起人類關(guān)注的重大問題的討論被認(rèn)為已結(jié)束的地方，我們就不可能希望看到產(chǎn)生非凡歷史時(shí)期的高等級(jí)的思想活動(dòng)。D項(xiàng)是此意的正面表達(dá)，為正確選項(xiàng)。
34. A［解析］ 第2段說，在辯論一問題時(shí)，只了解己方的理由，不了解也無法駁倒對(duì)方的理由，不是正確處理論據(jù)的方法(not the way to do justice to the arguments)。該段倒數(shù)第3句說，即使那些能滔滔不絕地為自己的意見辯護(hù)的人，也有99%處于這種狀況。由此可知，A項(xiàng)說法正確。
其余三項(xiàng)皆與文意相悖。D項(xiàng)的the generality of people相當(dāng)于文中的the generality of the world(大多數(shù)人)。
35. B［解析］ 第1段末句說，當(dāng)長(zhǎng)期的辯論回避能喚起人們熱情的重大問題時(shí)，一個(gè)民族的思想決不會(huì)從根本上受到激勵(lì)和推動(dòng)。B項(xiàng)是此意的正面表述，為正確答案。
A項(xiàng)是impulse產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果。C項(xiàng)文中未提。D項(xiàng)become enthusiastic about(變得熱心于)是對(duì)原句的有意曲解。
36. A［解析］ 此文以主要篇幅討論了對(duì)政府在社會(huì)衛(wèi)生保健方面所起作用的不同看法，故A項(xiàng)正確。
B、C、D各項(xiàng)文中皆提到，但并非 primary purpose (主要目的)。D項(xiàng)的make provision against…意為“預(yù)防……”。
37. D［解析］ 作者在第1段提到造成傳染病的原因有：trade, urbanization (都市化)和 sanitation (環(huán)境衛(wèi)生)問題。只有D項(xiàng)未提到，故應(yīng)選D。
本段詞匯：polio(=poliomyelitis) n. 小兒麻痹癥；carcinogen n. 致癌物。
38. C［解析］ 第2段末句說，衛(wèi)生保健是公益事業(yè)不僅因?yàn)槠湫б媸遣豢煞指畹?，及?duì)它的威脅來自個(gè)人以外的(即社會(huì)的)因素，而且因?yàn)樯鐣?huì)生活給人們提供認(rèn)識(shí)它的文化 context (環(huán)境，背景)。此句包括了A、B、D各項(xiàng)內(nèi)容。只有C項(xiàng)未提到，為所需答案。
39. B［解析］ 此題中的 LEAST表明這同樣是一否定問題。
A項(xiàng)可由第3段第1句得到支持。C項(xiàng)可在末段第6句找到依據(jù)，其中an essential part of=part and parcel of(……的主要部分)。D項(xiàng)可在末段第6句以下內(nèi)容得到印證。只有B項(xiàng)“哲學(xué)上的因素……”文中沒有反映，答案非它莫屬。
40. C［解析］ 末段重點(diǎn)回顧了幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以來政府機(jī)構(gòu)在提供衛(wèi)生保健方面所起的突出作用。故C項(xiàng)正確。
其余三項(xiàng)皆與此段內(nèi)容不符。
此段詞匯：paucity n. 少，缺乏；part and parcel 主要部分。
Part B
41. ［答案］ C
［解析］ 此文第1段(G)開宗明義，點(diǎn)明了主題：在復(fù)雜多變、驚奇不斷的世界上做一個(gè)成功的消費(fèi)者，并非易事。研讀A—E段得知，C段指出，貨幣匯率和膨脹率的不穩(wěn)定性，使消費(fèi)者難以把握物價(jià)的走勢(shì)。這是消費(fèi)者普遍遇到的第一難題，為G段的恰當(dāng)接續(xù)段。
42. ［答案］ E
［解析］ E段進(jìn)一步說明，技術(shù)的進(jìn)步使現(xiàn)代產(chǎn)品日益復(fù)雜，人們?cè)谫?gòu)買consumer durables(耐用消費(fèi)品)時(shí)，容易犯代價(jià)高昂的錯(cuò)誤，因?yàn)橄M(fèi)者不可能是各種市場(chǎng)的行家。這是消費(fèi)者常遭遇的第二道難關(guān)。文中flux:不斷的變化。
43. ［答案］ A
［解析］ 此段第1句中These difficulties顯然指前兩段提到的那些困難，并進(jìn)一步說明加重這些困難的其他因素，故應(yīng)接在E段之后。
此段詞匯：compound：使加重；使惡化；carve out(a career):力求發(fā)跡；開創(chuàng)事業(yè)。
44. ［答案］ B
［解析］ A段末句說，人們希望經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家能致力于解決消費(fèi)者在舉棋不定的復(fù)雜情況下，如何做決定的問題。B段頭兩句對(duì)此做出了回應(yīng)：The typical economist(一般經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家)繼續(xù)分析消費(fèi)者的行為……。據(jù)此可以斷定，B段應(yīng)接在A段之后。
45. ［答案］ D
［解析］ 此段進(jìn)一步說明the typical economist 對(duì)消費(fèi)者的看法，恰與B段銜接；其末尾的the achievement of given goals within the limits imposed by given conditions(在特定條件限定的范圍內(nèi)達(dá)到特定的目的)與末段(F)中的these“given conditions”相連，故此處答案非D莫屬。
Part C
46. ［答案］ 要對(duì)這種犯罪給予報(bào)復(fù)，社會(huì)必須達(dá)到對(duì)等平衡，而要做到這點(diǎn)，只有對(duì)罪犯施以同等的傷害。
［解析］ which引入非限制性定語從句，修飾整個(gè)主句，可按原句順譯。但須譯出which指代的東西。by imposing...upon...為方式狀語，亦可譯作： “這一點(diǎn)只有通過……才能做到”。
47. ［答案］ 這種罰當(dāng)其罪的法律制裁思想，在現(xiàn)代法典和訴訟程序的許多條款中都有反映； 我們要求對(duì)殺人犯處以死刑，就是這種思想的例證。
［解析］ 此題的關(guān)鍵是一些詞的譯法： justice=the law and its administration(法律制裁；司法；審判)；code=collection of laws arranged in a system(法典；法規(guī))；procedure=order of doing things in a law case(訴訟程序)。
48. ［答案］ 罪犯已用他自己的行為否定了他本來的自我，因而有必要采取某種措施來消除這種否定，從而恢復(fù)其已被否定的自我。
［解析］ by his own actions是一方式狀語，將had denied分隔開；前一that從句譯作了狀語；后一that從句則須譯在self之前。
49. ［答案］ 罪犯可看作是一種社會(huì)疾患，需要治療，以使他變成社會(huì)的正常成員。
［解析］ ill本是形容詞，這里譯作名詞較通順；that引入的定語從句修飾treatment，這里譯作目的狀語，避免了累贅，又不失原意。
50. ［答案］ 但是，法律應(yīng)給予犯罪人一切機(jī)會(huì)，使他能取得正常的社會(huì)地位，而且對(duì)其罪行的判決亦不應(yīng)剝奪他在社會(huì)上謀求出路的機(jī)會(huì)，因?yàn)樗彩巧鐣?huì)的一員。
［解析］ 前一分句根據(jù)上下文，增加了“法律”作主語。后一分句中的his指上句中的individual(criminal);conviction是由動(dòng)詞派生的名詞，可譯作動(dòng)詞；make ones way意為make progress/headway;succeed(取得進(jìn)展；成功；發(fā)跡)，這里譯作“謀求出路”對(duì)犯過罪的人來說，可能更合適。of which定語從句修飾society,這里譯作“因?yàn)椤笨筛槙车乇磉_(dá)原意。
此句表達(dá)的就是corrective justice(教養(yǎng)性法律制裁)的意思。
Section Ⅲ Writing
Part A
51.［參考樣文］
Dear Professor,
The issues of U.S. business magazine I borrowed from you a month ago are being delivered to you by EMS.
I am really sorry for not returning them sooner as intended. Please accept my sincere apology, as well as my genuine thanks.
I found the articles I was looking for from the magazines and got a lot of valuable information. Unexpectedly, I was slower in getting them through than had promised.
It was very kind of you to lend me these magazines, and I hope the delay has not been an inconvenience to you.
I owe you very much indeed for these magazines.
Respectfully your,
Li Ming
Part B
52.［參考樣文］
The cartoon depicts a vivid scene in which two strong cyclists riding two similar bicycles labelled “ENERGY” and “ENVIRONMENT” respectively, are furiously dashing head on against each other. The most striking features of the cartoon may be the dripping sweat of the cyclists and the single front wheel shared by the two bikes, which show the intensity and inevitability of their struggle.
The main idea of the cartoon is apparent: the need to produce and consume energy comes into acute conflict with the need to preserve the environment. The rapid expansion of populations and their increasing demands for a better living lie at the root of deterioration of the natural environment.
Can we find a way to get out of the awkward situation? I presume it of vital importance for man to realize that he is an integral part of nature, the destruction of which means the perishing of himself. I also have confidence in modern technology and genius which will enable man to change present energy patterns to avoid environmental pollution. The appearance of ecological products promise a bright prospect of settling the energyenvironment contradiction.
Model Test 8 重點(diǎn)閱讀文章參考譯文
Text 2
科幻電影可以作為關(guān)于未來的神化，對(duì)未來進(jìn)行一些保證。不管是關(guān)于2001年還是關(guān)于星球大戰(zhàn)，這些電影描述的進(jìn)步將人類的力量和經(jīng)驗(yàn)擴(kuò)展到了令現(xiàn)在的人無法相信的地步，而且他們向我們保證，所有這些進(jìn)步都不會(huì)使我們現(xiàn)在所了解的人類或者生命消失。因此，這樣的神話消除了關(guān)于未來的一個(gè)很大憂慮：在未來，我們將不會(huì)再有現(xiàn)在這樣的位置了。它們還承諾說，即使在最遙遠(yuǎn)的未來，不管物質(zhì)世界發(fā)生了多大的進(jìn)步，人類關(guān)注的基本問題仍然和現(xiàn)在一樣。而我們這個(gè)時(shí)代中心的道德問題——正義和邪惡之間的斗爭(zhēng)，在未來也同樣重要。
過去和未來是我們生活中永恒的維度，而現(xiàn)在只不過是一個(gè)短暫的瞬間。所以，這些關(guān)于未來的想象也包含了我們過去的生活。星球大戰(zhàn)所圍繞的問題過去也同樣促使人們征戰(zhàn)。因此，關(guān)于未來的想象實(shí)際上是以對(duì)過去的看法為基礎(chǔ)的，因?yàn)橹挥羞^去是可以肯定的。
既然我們關(guān)于未來的宗教神話從來沒有超越過上帝的最后審判日，我們關(guān)于未來的現(xiàn)代神話也不會(huì)超越對(duì)生命更深意義的尋找。因?yàn)橹灰x和邪惡之間的抉擇依然是的道德問題，生命就仍然保有對(duì)二者進(jìn)行選擇的特殊尊嚴(yán)。永遠(yuǎn)解決了兩者之間沖突的世界，也就消除了人類的存在。那可能會(huì)是一個(gè)天使居住的世界，卻不會(huì)有人類的位置。
電影是以景象為基礎(chǔ)的視覺藝術(shù)。它與我們的視覺進(jìn)行對(duì)話，它給我們的影像應(yīng)該讓我們覺得生活更加美好；它還應(yīng)該給我們深邃的洞察力，讓我們把自身看清楚。大約一百多年前，托爾斯泰寫道：“藝術(shù)是人類的一項(xiàng)活動(dòng)。它的目標(biāo)是將人類擁有的最崇高、最美好的感情傳遞給他人。”后來，羅伯特·弗羅斯特又將詩(shī)歌定義為“始于喜悅,而終于智慧。”因此，或許可以說，電影藝術(shù)的境界可以通過它達(dá)到神話詩(shī)學(xué)的任務(wù)的等級(jí)評(píng)定——給我們這個(gè)時(shí)代生活的合適的神話，一種能夠?qū)⑷祟悡碛械淖畛绺摺⒆蠲篮玫母星閭鬟f給我們的影像——通過這些形象在多大程度上給了我們“終于智慧”的喜悅來評(píng)定。希望電影這門真正的美國(guó)藝術(shù)能夠迎接挑戰(zhàn)，成為我們這個(gè)時(shí)代真正偉大的藝術(shù)。
Text 4
雖然疾病比社會(huì)組織重要，公共生活還是會(huì)產(chǎn)生許多特殊危險(xiǎn)。雖然社會(huì)組織能夠減少疾病帶來的危險(xiǎn)，貿(mào)易、城市化，以及隨之而來的衛(wèi)生和污染問題，也會(huì)使其加重。即使在二十世紀(jì)中葉，在小兒麻痹癥和艾滋病盛行的短暫間歇，被污染空氣中的致癌物質(zhì)引發(fā)的廣泛流行的健康危機(jī)仍然威脅著工業(yè)化的世界。
對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家而言，與這些危機(jī)進(jìn)行斗爭(zhēng)所做的種種努力，至少?gòu)哪撤N程度上而言，是一種公共產(chǎn)品。它們帶給受益者的利益是不可分割的。就獲得的利益而言，衛(wèi)生保健的一位單獨(dú)購(gòu)買者能夠讓社會(huì)中其他成員搭上“順風(fēng)車”。對(duì)市場(chǎng)理論家來說，這些產(chǎn)品是政府對(duì)市場(chǎng)進(jìn)行干預(yù)的合理產(chǎn)物。雖然公共產(chǎn)品的理論能夠解釋社會(huì)健康法的有關(guān)方面，幫助其融入現(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟(jì)理論，它還是忽略了至關(guān)重要的一點(diǎn)。健康不佳不是經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的副產(chǎn)品，而是人類生存無法避免的一種因素。結(jié)果，哪里有人類社會(huì)，哪里就有公共健康問題。每個(gè)社會(huì)都必須面對(duì)疾病的危害。而正是因?yàn)楸仨毴绱耍總€(gè)社會(huì)都試圖在社會(huì)特定的文化、宗教和科學(xué)環(huán)境下理解疾病。就這個(gè)意義來說，我們說衛(wèi)生保健是公共的，不僅是因?yàn)樗鼛淼睦媸遣豢煞指畹?，?duì)它的威脅來自個(gè)人之外的因素，而且因?yàn)楣采钍箓€(gè)人可以在文化環(huán)境下對(duì)其加以理解。
政府在衛(wèi)生保健方面通常扮演著活躍的角色，似乎這樣做是一種義務(wù)。政府怎樣行使這種職責(zé)在不同時(shí)代不同社會(huì)是不同的，決定因素不僅包括各個(gè)文化中的財(cái)富水平和科技發(fā)達(dá)程度，還包括社會(huì)基本的價(jià)值觀。因?yàn)榻】刀x的一部分由社會(huì)的信仰體系決定，公共健康的尺度會(huì)不可避免的反映文化規(guī)則和價(jià)值。
那些批評(píng)美國(guó)政府沒有給全體公民提供衛(wèi)生保健的人將提供衛(wèi)生保健等同于醫(yī)療花費(fèi)的保險(xiǎn)責(zé)任范圍。根據(jù)這個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，十七和十八世紀(jì)的美國(guó)沒有任何公共健康法的觀念。然而，盡管工業(yè)時(shí)代前的美國(guó)普遍缺乏官僚機(jī)構(gòu)，那個(gè)時(shí)候衛(wèi)生法規(guī)的廣泛普及卻是非常顯著的。當(dāng)然，十八世紀(jì)時(shí)，國(guó)家在保護(hù)和規(guī)范公共健康方面的方式與今天有很大的不同。那時(shí)，負(fù)責(zé)制定衛(wèi)生法規(guī)的組織不像現(xiàn)在的機(jī)構(gòu)那樣穩(wěn)定，它們?cè)诎l(fā)生危機(jī)時(shí)出現(xiàn)，平時(shí)則退居幕后。那些組織關(guān)注的是不尋常的流行性疾病并做出反應(yīng)，而不是處理尋常的慢性疾病——那時(shí)它們被當(dāng)作日常生活中的重要部分。另外，宗教具有顯著的影響，尤其是在十七世紀(jì)，這一點(diǎn)并不意外。最后，在私人和政府機(jī)構(gòu)缺乏明確分工的時(shí)代，許多公共責(zé)任的履行是由我們今天的私人機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)行的。而且，在福利國(guó)家的觀念萌芽很久之前，公共衛(wèi)生法所包含的范圍之廣是不尋常的。這說明美國(guó)人的祖先們對(duì)于政府和健康關(guān)系的認(rèn)識(shí)比現(xiàn)在人們推測(cè)的要復(fù)雜的多。