全國碩士研究生入學(xué)考試英語沖刺試題Simulated Entrance Test of English for MA/MS Candidates Model Test 5
畢金獻(xiàn)命制
考生注意事項(xiàng)
- 考生必須嚴(yán)格遵守各項(xiàng)考場規(guī)則。
- 答題前，考生應(yīng)按準(zhǔn)考證上的有關(guān)內(nèi)容填寫答題卡上的“考生姓名”、“報考單位”、“考生編號”等信息。
- 答案必須按要求填涂或?qū)懺谥付ǖ拇痤}卡上。
★英語知識運(yùn)用、閱讀理解A節(jié)、B節(jié)的答案填涂在答題卡1上。填涂部分應(yīng)該按照答題卡上的要求用2B鉛筆完成。如要改動，必須用橡皮擦干凈。
★閱讀理解C節(jié)的答案和作文必須用(藍(lán))黑色字跡鋼筆、圓珠筆或簽字筆在答題卡2上作答。字跡要清楚。
- 考試結(jié)束后，將答題卡1、答題卡2一并裝入原試卷袋中，試題交給監(jiān)考人員。
做 題 提 醒
- 本試卷嚴(yán)格按照最新考綱的要求編寫，針對性、權(quán)威性強(qiáng)，信度高，是備考訓(xùn)練的精品。
- 建議以臨戰(zhàn)狀態(tài)進(jìn)行自測，結(jié)束后仔細(xì)核對答案，自己評分并找出薄弱環(huán)節(jié)，在以后的復(fù)習(xí)中重點(diǎn)突破。
考試時間180分鐘 滿分100分 得分 英語沖刺試題5 第頁
Section Ⅰ Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C,or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Social change is more likely to occur in societies where there is a mixture of different kinds of people than in societies where people are similar in many ways. The simple reason 1 this is that there are more different ways of looking at things 2 in the first kind of society. There are more ideas, more disagreements 3 interest, and more groups and organizations with different beliefs. 4, there is usually a greater worldly interest and greater 5 in mixed societies. All these factors tend to 6 social change by opening more areas of life to 7. In a simple-racial society, there are fewer 8 for people to see the need or the opportunity 9 change because everything seems to be the same. And 10 conditions may not be satisfactory, they are at least customary and 11.
Social change is also likely to occur more 12 and readily in the material aspects of the 13 than in the non-material, for example, in technology rather than in 14; in the less basic and emotional aspects of society than in their 15; in form rather than in 16; and in elements that are acceptable to the culture rather than in 17 elements.
Furthermore, social change is easier if it is 18. For example, it comes more readily in human relations on a continuous 19 rather than one with sharp differences. This is one reason why change has not come more quickly to Black Americans as compared to other American minorities, because of the sharp difference between them and their white 20.
1. [A] of [B] for [C] why [D] how
2. [A] present [B] current [C] elapsed [D] emerged
3. [A] to [B] on [C] in [D] with
4. [A] In contrast [B] In brief [C] In reality [D] In addition
5. [A] variety [B] capacity [C] tolerance [D] endurance
6. [A] detain [B] promote [C] enforce [D] hamper
7. [A] decision [B] reflection [C] meditation [D] contemplation
8. [A] conversions [B] premises [C] occasions [D] motives
9. [A] in [B] to [C] at [D] for
10. [A] as [B] if [C] when [D] though
11. [A] undisturbed [B] undisputed [C] undisguised [D] unchanged
12. [A] frequently [B] radically [C] routinely [D] sensibly
13. [A] community [B] authenticity [C] culture [D] structure
14. [A] features [B] values [C] notions [D] qualities
15. [A] techniques [B] components [C] opponents [D] opposites
16. [A] substance [B] consequence [C] competence [D] significance
17. [A] distinct [B] obsolete [C] strange [D] ordinary
18. [A] rational [B] gradua [C] irresistible [D] indispensable
19. [A] flow [B] trend [C] array [D] scale
20. [A] counterparts [B] inhabitants [C] colleagues [D] contemporaries
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text1
In order to understand childhood today, one must explore its history, an odd notion in many who instinctively assume that childhood as we know it has always existed. In The Disappearance of Childhood, social critic Nell Postman constructs a socio-historical context by which to view childhood. He begins his analysis by differentiating the biological basis for the notion of childhood from the sociological. It is clear, he argues, that we can categorize as “children” those members of society below a certain age or level of physical maturity. But what is not so obvious is the notion that childhood can also be defined as a state of life in which the social development and intellectual awareness of society’s young is markedly different from that of the rest of the community. Based on this perspective, Postman argues that childhood can be viewed as a social construction, one that finds favor and prominence in some cultures and time periods, but not in others. In his analysis, Postman concludes that today, childhood is not merely evolving, but is in fact in danger of extinction.
According to Postman, medieval Europeans perceived no clear distinction between children and adults. Since the idea that secrets could or should be kept from children was unheard of, children inhabited the same social and intellectual environment as adults. Community life was an “open book”, so to speak, accessible not just to adults but to the youth of society as well. The invention of the printing press in the fifteenth century, Postman argues, made possible a new symbolic world accessible only to adults. Effectively excluded from adult matters by their inability to read, children formed a new sphere all their own as a new and strenuous educational process separated the preliterate world of the child from the literate world of the adult. According to this new stratification (division), distinct childhood customs on one hand and realms of experience and knowledge accessible only to adults on the other came into being.
Postman asserts that this separation existed until roughly the middle of the twentieth century, when television began its assault on literary culture and, through ubiquitous (omnipresent) entertainment and news programs, started to bring the entire population back into the same symbolic domain. Postman contends that much like in the Middle Ages, children today are becoming “mini adults” in terms of dress, speech, food, activities, and general knowledge of the world. Moreover, this is not a one-0way process, but rather a convergence (junction) whereby the child becomes more adult-like and the adult becomes more child-like. Postman does not shy away from a major implication of his theory: that the disappearance of the child signifies the disappearance of the adult.
21. The author mentions “an odd notion” (Par. 1) primarily in order to
［A］ emphasize the unusual theme of Postman’s theory.
［B］ discount in advance opposition to Postman’s theory.
［C］ indicate the controversial subject of Postman’s theory.
［D］ illustrate Postman’s theory in a socio-historic context.
22. It can be inferred from the text that medieval children
［A］ kept secrets from their parents.
［B］ had the same social status as adults.
［C］ were unsegregated from adult matters.
［D］ were informed of all forms of mystery.
23. According to Postman, a true division of childhood and adult spheres features
［A］ the dawn of the information time.
［B］ the period prior to the Middle Ages.
［C］ the mid-twentieth century to the present.
［D］ the fifteenth century to the mid-twentieth.
24. Postman primarily implies in his theory that
［A］ children mature much earlier than before.
［B］ adults are increasingly becoming childish.
［C］ modern media spur children into fast growth.
［D］ adulthood and childhood vanish simultaneously.
25. The phrasal verb “shy away from” at the end of the text probably means
［A］ discard. ［B］ evade.
［C］ be nervous about. ［D］ be hesitant about.
Text2
Gross national product (GNP) was created to assess the national capacity of wartime production during World War Ⅱ. Since then its heir, gross domestic product (GDP), has become virtually synonymous with economic progress. However, some economists have recent argued that GDP was never intended to function as an indicator of societal well-being, and that an overreliance on this figure as a comprehensive measure of the country’s “prosperity” is both simplistic and misleading.
GDP critics assert that as a simple gross record of money spent, GDP does not distinguish between transactions that increase society’s health and those that diminish it. For example, a nationwide increase in heart disease causes money to flow into the medical industry, sending GDP higher in response to a decrease in social welfare. Even a downward spiral of societal detriments (harm) can boost GDP, often to the general applause of the economic establishment. Take, for example, the consequences of traffic. By itself traffic is a societal menace, yet it both results from and contributes to economic growth. The more traffic, the more gas is consumed, which causes GDP to increase. As traffic increases, so too does pollution, triggering environmental protection responses which also contribute to GDP. Increased pollution results in more people admitted to hospitals with respiratory problems such as asthma and bronchitis. Meanwhile, the increased traffic takes its toll on the roads, which causes additional damage to cars, resulting in even more money spent on road and car repairs.
While one major flaw of GDP is that it equates societal detriments with growth as long as money changes hands, there is another problem with this indicator: the numerous nonmonetary factors not included in GDP that should be represented by an indicator to reflect the nation’s economic status. For example, while by all accounts childrearing efforts are considered of vital importance to the current and future health of society, they are not factored into GDP unless performed in a paid service capacity. Conversely, the widening income gap, increasing debt, and the degradation of natural resources all negatively affect our economic reality, but are not recognized by GDP as costs.
In order to arrive at a more accurate picture of economic progress, some have proposed that GDP be replaced by a new measurement called the Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI). GPI is influenced positively by household and volunteer work, and negatively by factors such as pollution, crime, illness and family breakdown. GDP not only ignores the costs of such detriments, it ultimately represents them as gains in the form of money spent on measures to combat them. Taking such variables into account, it is not surprising that GPI often tells a different story than does GDP. For example, in cases where GDP numbers have suggested a robust and growing economy, GPI figures from the same periods have often indicated dramatic decreases in social and environmental capital.
26. The text commences with the claim that GDP is
［A］ the upgraded variety of GNP.
［B］ the direct descendant of GNP.
［C］ the true indicator of economic growth.
［D］ the sound judgment of national economy.
27. According to the critics, GDP
［A］ presents false prosperity.［B］ consists of unreal statistics.
［C］ comprises fabricated information.［D］ fails to describe economic reality.
28. The phrase “takes its toll on” (at the end of Par. 2) probably means
［A］ makes vehicles overfilled on.［B］ meets payment for the use of.
［C］ generates greater revenue for.［D］ results in a lot of damage.
29. The text is written primarily to
［A］ profile a group critical of an economic statistic.
［B］ analyze statistics to decide the economic health.
［C］ describe an alternative to an economic indicator.
［D］ present and evaluate economic trends since 1945.
30. The author mentions GDP and GPI figures in support of the claim that
［A］ GPI is influenced positively by volunteer work.
［B］ GDP comprises a general record of money spent.
［C］ GPI is the most reasonable modification of GDP.
［D］ GDP is inferior to GPI in depicting economic reality.
Text3
We sometimes hear that essays are an old-fashioned form ,that so-and-o is the“l(fā)ast essayist”, but the facts of the marketplace argue quite otherwise. Essays of nearly any kind are so much easier than short stories for a writer to sell, so many more see print, it’s strange that though two fine anthologies(collections)remain that publish the year’s best stories, no comparable collection exists for essays. Such changes in the reading public’s taste aren’t always to the good, needless to say. The art of telling stories predated even cave painting, surely; and if we ever find ourselves living in caves again, it(with painting and drumming)will be the only art left, after movies, novels, photography, essays, biography, and all the rest have gone down the drain—the art to build from.
Essays, however, hang somewhere on a line between two sturdy poles: this is what I think, and this is what I am .Autobiographies which aren’t novels are generally extended essays, indeed. A personal essay is like the human voice talking, its order being the mind’s natural flow, instead of a systematized outline of ideas. Though more changeable or informal than an article or treatise, somewhere it contains a point which is its real center, even if the point couldn’t be uttered in fewer words than the essayist has used. Essays don’t usually boil down to a summary, as articles do, and the style of the writer has a “nap” to it, a combination of personality and originality and energetic loose ends that stand up like the nap(絨毛)on a piece of wool and can’t be brushed flat. Essays belong to the animal kingdom, with a surface that generates sparks, like a coat of fur, compared with the flat, conventional cotton of the magazine article writer, who works in the vegetable kingdom, I nstead. But, essays, on the other hand, may have fewer “l(fā)evels” than fiction, because we are not supposed to argue much about their meaning. In the old distinction between teaching and storytelling, the essayist, however cleverly he tries to conceal his intentions, is a bit of a teacher or reformer, and an essay is intended to convey the same point to each of us.
An essayist doesn’t have to tell the whole truth and nothing but the truth; he can shape or shave his memories, as long as the purpose is served of explaining a truthful point. A personal essay frequently is not autobiographical at all, but what it does keep in common with autobiography is that, through its tone and tumbling progression, it conveys the quality of the author’s mind. Nothing gets in the way. Because essays are directly concerned with the mind and the mind’s peculiarity, the very freedom the mind possesses is conferred on this branch of literature that does honor to it, and the fascination of the mind is the fascination of the essay.
31. The author asserts that the changes in readers’taste
［A］ contribute to the incompatibility of essays with stories.
［B］ often result in unfavorable effect, to say the least.
［C］ sometimes come to something undesirable, of course.
［D］ usually bring about beneficial outcome, so to say.
32. The author suggests that if the Stone Age should come up again
［A］ the art of essay-writing would lose its foundation.
［B］ the art and literature would most totally vanish.
［C］ the art of story-telling would remain in caves alone.
［D］ the life of art would be thoroughly drained away.
33. Essays are characterized by all of the following EXCEPT
［A］ careful arrangement and organization of chief ideas.
［B］ remarkable concision and meaningful presentation.
［C］ improbable condensation to any shorter accounts.
［D］ flashes of wit and enlightenment of argumentation.
34. What chiefly distinguishes essays from articles may be in
［A］ the different amount of words used in representation.
［B］ the acute sensibility and keen insight of essayists.
［C］ the distinction between animal and vegetable worlds.
［D］ the variation of arguments about their meanings.
35. The essayists’main task seems to be
［A］ the implied revelation and description of the truth.
［B］ the free depiction and modification of their memories.
［C］ the frank confession of what is concealed in their mind.
［D］ the communication of their striking thoughts to readers.
Text4
In a representative democracy, legislatures exist to represent the public and to ensure that public issues are efficiently addressed by a group representative of the population as a whole. It is often written that a legislator confronts a moral dilemma if, on a given issue upon which he must cast a vote, his view is decidedly different from that of the majority of his constituents. In such a circumstance, it is not clear whether voting citizens have chosen the legislator because of their faith in his personal judgment or whether they have elected him in order to give direct effect to their own views.
But this dilemma is more apparent than real. A truly identifiable conflict between the legislator’s opinion and that of his constituency is rare, because the legislator is usually better informed than the public on the issue in question and his opinion, therefore, cannot fairly be compared to theirs. Indeed, this fact underlines the legislator’s most important function: to gather broad-based information in order to make more considered decisions than each citizen could reach individually and thus to serve the public interest better than the public could do on its own.
Let us suppose that a legislator opposes a very popular proposed public works project because he has studied its financial consequences and believes, over the long run, it is financially unsound. If the legislator’s constituents eagerly support the project, not having studied the relevant financial data, it is entirely too simplistic to view the legislator as having to confront a moral dilemma. The truth is that the legislator does not know how his constituents would view the project if they truly understood its financial consequences, and thus, he cannot actually conclude that his view differs from that of his constituents.
The legislator’s job is first to study the short-range and long-range goals of the people he represents, without confusing these with his own. Then, using his knowledge and judgment, he is to promote the electorate’s goals as he understands them. Consider, for instance, a legislator whose constituents wish to maintain the rural character of their district. If the legislator himself dislikes rural living and he believes an industrial environment would offer greater benefit to the community than a rural environment, he must separate these viewpoints from his professional judgment. He is not to promote industrialization because he personally favors it.
However, if the legislator’s considered opinion is that his district needs to sponsor some industrial development in order to maintain its overall agricultural character, it is his duty to promote the industrial development, even if his constituents oppose it. So long as he honestly attempts to serve his electorate’s objectives, the legislator should stand firm against the expressed opinion of his own constituents.
36. The author’s purpose in the first paragraph is to
[A] explain the basic requirements for legislative issues.
[B] point out a possible moral dilemma facing a legislator.
[C] hint the clash between legislation and public concerns.
[D] show the disparity between legislators and constituents.
37. The second paragraph indicates that a legislator’s dilemma is
[A] more obvious than an actual one.
[B] more easily identified in reality.
[C] plainer than its real existence.
[D] hardly so factual as it seems.
38. The disagreement between a legislator and his constituents
[A] causes a moral problem merely in a democracy.
[B] usually reflects a debate about long-term goals.
[C] barely creates a moral dilemma in most cases.
[D] arises only when constituents are ill informed.
39. The author implies that a legislator should
[A] best serve his constituents anyhow.
[B] evaluate his electorate’s complaints.
[C] embody the public interests forever.
[D] follow his constituents’intentions.
40. The legislator who promotes industrialization of the rural district
[A] fails to understand the requirements of the region.
[B] advances his agenda at the cost of that of his voters.
[C] ignores the crucial issue of the community he represents.
[D] carries through the common views of his constituents.
Part B
Directions:
You are going to read a list of headings and a text about guidelines for establishing a roadblock. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A—F for each numbered paragraph (41～45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
［A］ How to provide police for the roadblock?
［B］ Never hinder smooth traffic.
［C］ The way to check the suspects.
［D］ Keep roadblocks producing intended results.
［E］ Questioning is compulsory for all drivers.
［F］Rules for roadblock positioning.
The Advisory Committee of the State Police has issued the following guidelines for establishing a roadblock in order to identify and arrest drunk drivers.
41.
The roadblock must be established in a location that affords motorists a clear view of the stop. It cannot be established, for example, just over a hill or around a curve. Motorists must be able to see that a roadblock is ahead and that cars are being stopped.
42.
A roadblock must display visible signs of police authority. Therefore, uniformed officers in marked petrol cars should primarily staff the roadblock. Plain-clothes officers may supplement the staff at a roadblock, but the initial stop and questioning motorists should be conducted by uniformed officers. In addition to the officers conducting the motorist stops, officers should be present to conduct field sobriety tests on suspect drivers. A command observation officer must also be present to coordinate the roadblock.
43.
All cars passing through the roadblock must be stopped. It should not appear to an approaching motorist that cars are being singled out for some reason while others are not stopped, as this will generate unnecessary fear on the part of the motorist. The observation vehicle which is present at the roadblock will be able to pursue any motorists that refuse to stop.
44.
Each motorist stopped by the roadblock should be questioned only briefly. In most cases, an officer should ask directly if the driver has been drinking. In suspicious cases, an officer may engage in some further questioning to allow her or him to evaluate the driver’s sobriety. A driver who appears to have been drinking should be directed to the side of the road, out of the line of traffic, where other officers may conduct a field sobriety test. Each non-suspicious driver should be stopped only briefly, for approximately a minute or less.
45.
No drunk-driving roadblock should be in operation for more than two hours. Roadblocks in place for longer periods lose their effectiveness as word spreads as to the location of the roadblock, and motorists who have been drinking will avoid the area. In addition, on average only about one percent of all the drivers who pass through a roadblock will be arrested for drunk-driving, and, after a short period of time, officers can used more efficiently elsewhere.
A roadblock may only be established for a single purpose—in this case, detecting drunk drivers—and should not be seen as an opportunity to check for a variety of motorist offenses. However, officers are not required to ignore what is plainly obvious. For example, motorists and passengers who are not wearing seat belts should be verbally warned that failure to do so is against the law. Detaining and ticketing such drivers is not the purpose of the roadblock and would unduly slow down the stops of other cars. An officer who spots a situation that presents a clear and present danger should follow through by directing the motorist to the side of the road where the officers are conducting field sobriety tests. These officers can then follow through on investigating the driver for crimes other than drunk-driving.
Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
Our world of the mid-1990s faces potentially bursting change. The question is in what direction will it take us?46)Will the change come from worldwide initiatives that reverse the degradation of the planet and restore hope for the future, or will it come from continuing environmental deterioration that leads to economic decline and social instability?
There is no precedent for the rapid substantial change we need to make.47)Building an environmentally sustainable future depends on restructuring the global economy, major shifts in human reproductive behavior, and dramatic changes in values and lifestyles. Doing all this quickly adds up to a revolution that is driven and defined by the need to restore the earth’s environmental systems. If this Environmental Revolution succeeds, it will rank with the Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions as one of the great economic and social transformations in human history.
Like the Agricultural Revolution, it will dramatically alter population trends.48)While the former set the stage for enormous increases in human numbers, this revolution will succeed only if it stabilizes human population size, reestablishing a balance between people and natural system on which they depend. In contrast to the Industrial Revolution, which was based on a shift to fossil fuels, this new transformation will be based on a shift away from fossil fuels.
49)The two earlier revolutions were driven by technological advances—the first by the discovery of farming and the second by the invention of the steam engine, which converted the energy in coal into mechanical power. The Environmental Revolution, while it will obviously need new technologies, will be driven primarily by the restructuring of the global economy so that it does not destroy its natural support system.
The pace of the Environmental Revolution needs to be far faster than that of its predecessors. The Agricultural Revolution began some 10,000 years ago, and the Industrial Revolution has been under way for about two centuries. But if the Environmental Revolution is to succeed, it must be compressed into a few decades. Progress in the Agricultural Revolution was measured almost exclusively in the growth in food output that eventually enabled farmers to produce a surplus that could feed city dwellers. Similarly, industrial progress was gained by success in expanding the output of raw materials and manufactured goods.50)The Environmental Revolution will be judged by whether it can shift the world economy into an environmentally sustainable development path, one that leads to greater economic security, healthier lifestyles, and a worldwide improvement in the human condition.
Section Ⅲ Writing
Part A
51. Directions:
Write a notice, looking for your missing mobile phone.
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.
Do not write the address. (10 pionts)
Part B
52. Directions:
Study the following picture carefully and write an essay in which you should
1) describe the picture,
2) analyze the causes of the problem, and
3) propose possible solutions.
答案與解析：
Model Test 5
Section Ⅰ Use of English
1. ［答案］ \[B\] for
［解析］ 名詞“reason”之后常接介詞for，或連詞why。此處應(yīng)選［B］for。其后的this(指上句內(nèi)容)是for的賓語。切不可將“this is”誤看作從句而選［C］why。
2. ［答案］ \[A\] present
［解析］ 形容詞“present”作“出現(xiàn)／存在的”解時通常置于被修飾語之后，符合此句結(jié)構(gòu)與句意，為當(dāng)然選項(xiàng)。
［B］“現(xiàn)在的；目前的”，在此義上與present同義，但通常置于被修飾語之前；［C］“消逝的”，［D］“顯現(xiàn)／露的”，皆不合句意。
3. ［答案］ \[C\] in
［解析］ “disagreement”后可接多個介詞：about, on, over, as to sth.(在／對……問題上的分歧；with(與……的爭吵)；between, among(……之間／當(dāng)中的紛爭)；in(在……方面的不同／分歧)。根據(jù)搭配與句意，應(yīng)選［C］。
4. ［答案］ \[D\] in addition
［解析］ 前兩句指出，在多種族社會里，人們對事物有多種不同的看法，有多種思想，有不同的興趣，有多種不同的信仰。此句進(jìn)一步說明，在多文化的社會里人們有種多樣的世俗興趣，因而也有較多的寬容。由此判斷，此處應(yīng)為表示進(jìn)一步說明的插入語，故答案非［D］“此外”莫屬。其余三項(xiàng)不合句意邏輯。
5. ［答案］ \[C\] tolerance
［解析］ 由上題解析可知，［C］“寬容”為此題的正確答案，表示不同文化背景的人們可互相理解，和諧共處。
［A］“多樣”，［B］“容量”，［D］“忍耐力”，均不合句意需要。
6. ［答案］ \[B\] promote
［解析］ 據(jù)此文開頭的主題句判斷，這里需要一正面意義的動詞，因而［A］“阻擋”和［D］“阻礙”可首先排除。其余兩項(xiàng)雖有正面意義，但［B］“促進(jìn)”更合文意邏輯。
［C］“加強(qiáng)”不合邏輯。
7. ［答案］ \[A\] decision
［解析］ 據(jù)整句判斷，此處選用［A］“抉擇”符合句意邏輯，即“所有這些因素開辟更多的生活領(lǐng)域供人們選擇，從而促進(jìn)社會變革”。
［B］“思考”，［C］“冥想”，［D］“沉思”，皆與句意相去甚遠(yuǎn)。
8. ［答案］ \[C\] occasions
［解析］ 此句與上句對照，說明單一種族社會變化較少的原因。［C］“理由；原因”用于此處最恰當(dāng)。
［A］“轉(zhuǎn)變”，［B］“前提”，［D］“動機(jī)”，均不適用。
9. ［答案］ \[D\] for
［解析］ 名詞need和opportunity皆可后接介詞for,故［D］為當(dāng)然答案。它們也可后接不定式“to do sth.”，但其中的“to”并非介詞，而是不定式的符號。
10. ［答案］ \[D\] though
［解析］ “And”之后為一主從句，從句謂語是否定式，主句謂語為肯定式，并有狀語“at least”，因而這里需要一個表示轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)φ盏倪B詞。由此可知答案非［D］“雖然，盡管”莫屬。
［A］表示原因，［B］表示條件，［C］表示時間，均不合要求。
11. ［答案］ \[B\] undisputed
［解析］ 此空所需之詞與“customary”(習(xí)俗／慣的)并列，其詞義應(yīng)與此一致。［B］“廣為接受的；不容置疑的”為當(dāng)然之選。
［A］“未被觸動的”，［C］“坦誠的”，［D］“不變的”，皆與句意不符。
12. ［答案］ \[A\] frequently
［解析］ 這里所需之詞與“readily”(快捷地；容易地)并列，兩者在語意邏輯上應(yīng)保持一致，故［A］“經(jīng)／時?！睘樗柽x項(xiàng)。
［B］“徹底地；根本地”，［C］“常規(guī)地；例行地”，［D］“合理地；切合實(shí)際地”，均不可取。
13. ［答案］ \[C\] culture
［解析］ 據(jù)此空的上下文看，所需之詞的內(nèi)涵既有“material aspects”(物質(zhì)方面)，亦有“nonmaterial (aspects)”(非物質(zhì)方面)。由此可見，［C］“文化”最恰當(dāng)。
［A］“社區(qū)”，［B］“真實(shí)性”，［D］“結(jié)構(gòu)”，皆不適用。
14. ［答案］ \[B\] values
［解析］ 據(jù)整句判斷，此處所需之詞應(yīng)指非物質(zhì)方面，且屬文化范疇，故［B］“價值觀”為正確答案。
［A］“特征”，［C］“概／觀念”，［D］“質(zhì)量；品質(zhì)”，均與句意無關(guān)。
15. ［答案］ \[D\] opposites
［解析］ 由“l(fā)ess... than...”可知，此題的答案應(yīng)與“社會的基本感情方面”相對，在四選項(xiàng)中，只有［D］“對立面”，即與前者相對的各方面，最恰當(dāng)。
［A］“技術(shù)”，［B］“組成部分”，［C］“反對者”，皆不可取。
16. ［答案］ \[A\] substance
［解析］ “rather than”表明此空所需之詞應(yīng)與“form”(形式)相對，故只有［A］“實(shí)質(zhì)”符合需要。
［B］“結(jié)果”，［C］“能力”，［D］“重要性／意義”，均不合要求。
17. ［答案］ \[C\] strange
［解析］ 與上題類似，這里所需之詞應(yīng)與“該文化可接受的成分”相對。［C］“陌生的”堪當(dāng)此任。
［A］“不同的”，［B］“過時的”，［D］“普通的”，皆不適用。
18. ［答案］ \[B\] gradual
［解析］ 據(jù)下句中的“continuous”(持續(xù)的)和“sharp differences”(急劇變化)判斷，［B］“漸進(jìn)的”恰合文意。
［A］“合理的”，［C］“不可抗拒的”，［D］“必不可少的”，均不合文意。
19. ［答案］ \[D\] scale
［解析］ 據(jù)上題分析，［D］“規(guī)模；程度”符合句意。
［A］“流動”，［B］“趨勢”，［C］“排列”皆不可取。
20. ［答案］ \[A\] counterparts
［解析］ 此空與“them”(指Black Americans)并列，故［A］“對應(yīng)的人”，即white Americans, 用在此處最恰當(dāng)。
［B］“居民”，［C］“同事”，［D］“同代人”，均無黑人、白人之分。
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Part A
21. A［解析］an odd notion(一種奇怪的想法)在此文起始句中為省略了“，which is”的非限制性定語從句，說明其前的整句：“要了解現(xiàn)代的童年，就必須探究它的歷史”，而此句正是Postman理論的主題。因此可以確定，A項(xiàng)“強(qiáng)調(diào)Postman理論獨(dú)特的主題”是使用此短語的目的。
B項(xiàng)“預(yù)先削弱反對Postman理論的意見”，C項(xiàng)“表明Postman理論的主題有爭議”，D項(xiàng)“在社會歷史背景下說明Postman的理論”，皆不可取。
22. C ［解析］medieval(中世紀(jì)) children出現(xiàn)在第2段前半部。該部分表明，中世紀(jì)歐洲人認(rèn)為兒童與成年人并無明顯差別，他們與成人生活在同樣的社會和智力環(huán)境之中。由此可知，C項(xiàng)“未與成人的事物隔離”是恰當(dāng)?shù)耐茢唷?BR> A項(xiàng)“對父母保密”，B項(xiàng)“與成年人有同等身份”，D項(xiàng)“獲知各種秘密”，均有悖文意。
23. D［解析］ Postman在第2段后半部說，15世紀(jì)印刷機(jī)的發(fā)明，將不識字的兒童與有文化的成年人分隔開來，于是兒童形成了自己的sphere(圈子)；在第3段說，這種分隔一直持續(xù)到20世紀(jì)中葉，那時電視的出現(xiàn)又把全民帶回共同的符號領(lǐng)域?？梢姶祟}答案非D項(xiàng)“15世紀(jì)到20世紀(jì)中期”莫屬。
A項(xiàng)“信息時代的開端”，B項(xiàng)“中世紀(jì)之前的時期”，C項(xiàng)“20世紀(jì)中期到現(xiàn)在”，均不正確。
24. D［解析］題干表明，此題出自文章的末句：Postman并不shy away from(回避)其理論的主要暗示:兒童的消失標(biāo)志著成人的消失?？梢奃項(xiàng)“成年與童年同時消失”，是當(dāng)然之選。
A項(xiàng)“兒童比從前成熟早得多”，B項(xiàng)“成年人日益童稚化”，C項(xiàng)“現(xiàn)代媒體促使兒童快速成長”，皆非“主要暗示”。
25. B［解析］ 參見上題解析，答案當(dāng)然是B項(xiàng)“回避”。
A項(xiàng)“拋棄”，C項(xiàng)“對……感到憂慮”，D項(xiàng)“對……感到猶豫”，均不正確。
26. B［解析］文章開頭(commences)第1、2句說，GNP(國民生產(chǎn)總值)始于第二次世界大戰(zhàn)時期。此后，its heir, GDP(它的繼承者——國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值)便成了經(jīng)濟(jì)增長的同義語。據(jù)此，B項(xiàng)“GNP的嫡系后裔”是正確選項(xiàng)。
A項(xiàng)“GNP的升級變種”，C項(xiàng)“經(jīng)濟(jì)增長的真實(shí)指標(biāo)”，D項(xiàng)“對國民經(jīng)濟(jì)的正確判斷”，皆與句義不符。
27. D［解析］ critics(批評家們)的意見出現(xiàn)在第2段：GDP只計(jì)算花掉的錢，而不區(qū)別增加與減少社會醫(yī)療開支間的差異。例如，車輛越多，消費(fèi)的汽油越多，使GDP增長，但造成的環(huán)境污染越嚴(yán)重，導(dǎo)致更多的人患respiratory problems(呼吸道疾病)，結(jié)果治理污染的開支增加，人們看病的支出增加，同樣造成GDP增長。據(jù)此審視各選項(xiàng)，D項(xiàng)“不能描述實(shí)際的經(jīng)濟(jì)情況”符合題意。
A項(xiàng)“顯示虛假的繁榮”，B項(xiàng)“由不真實(shí)的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)構(gòu)成”，C項(xiàng)“含有偽造的資料”，均不恰當(dāng)。
28. D［解析］ “take its toll on (sb./sth.)”是一慣用短語，意為have a bad effect on(產(chǎn)生惡果)；cause a lot of damage/deaths/suffering, etc. to(造成大量破壞/傷亡/災(zāi)難等)。因此，答案非D項(xiàng)莫屬。
A項(xiàng)“使車輛過分擁擠”，B項(xiàng)“付(道路)使用費(fèi)”，C項(xiàng)“產(chǎn)生更多收入”，皆非此短語之意。
29. C［解析］ 此文起始段明確指出，過于依賴GDP來衡量國家的繁榮，不僅過于簡單化，而且會產(chǎn)生誤導(dǎo)。第2段分析了GDP的具體缺陷。第3段總結(jié)說，GDP不僅將social detriments(社會損失)算作經(jīng)濟(jì)增長，而且未包括非貨幣經(jīng)濟(jì)因素。最后一段提出了取代GDP的更精確的新計(jì)量法GPI，道出了此文的最終意圖。據(jù)此，正確答案非C項(xiàng)“描述一可替換的經(jīng)濟(jì)指標(biāo)”莫屬。
A項(xiàng)“概述一組重要經(jīng)濟(jì)統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)”，B項(xiàng)“分析統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)以確定經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展?fàn)顩r”，D項(xiàng)“描述、評價1945年以來的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展趨勢”，皆未體現(xiàn)此文的寫作目的。
30. D［解析］ 此題顯然是針對文章末段。該段表明，GPI明確區(qū)分對經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的正面影響因素和負(fù)面影響因素，從而比GDP更準(zhǔn)確地反映經(jīng)濟(jì)的真實(shí)狀況。因此，D項(xiàng)“GDP不如GPI能描述經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)際情況”為答案。
A項(xiàng)“GPI將義工產(chǎn)值計(jì)算在內(nèi)”，B項(xiàng)“GDP包括貨幣支出的全部記錄”，C項(xiàng)“GPI是GDP最合理的修正版”，均未反映末段總的文意。
31. C［解析］ 題干中的readers taste(讀者的愛好/興趣)出現(xiàn)在第1段第3句。句中的reading public=readers;needless to say=of course;as was to be expected(當(dāng)然；不用說)；arent always to the good意為“不會總是有好的結(jié)果”。據(jù)此可知，C項(xiàng)可取。
A項(xiàng)的incompatibility(不相容)過于嚴(yán)重。B項(xiàng)中to say the least:without saying more;without exaggeration(至少可以這樣說；不夸張地說)，不合句意。D項(xiàng)與句意相反，其中so to say/speak意為“可以說；打比方說”。
32. B［解析］ 題干中的Stone Age(石器時代)表明此題出自第1段第4句，因?yàn)槿祟愒谑鲿r代居住在cave(洞穴)中，句末的have gone down the drain直義是“進(jìn)了下水道”，轉(zhuǎn)義為“浪費(fèi)掉；化為烏有”。由此可見，B項(xiàng)符合此意。
A、C兩項(xiàng)不合句意。D項(xiàng)的drain away意為“排出；逐漸消耗掉”，亦不可取。
33. A［解析］ 題干中的EXCEPT表明要求我們選擇不是散文特點(diǎn)的選項(xiàng)。第2段第3句說，散文就如人在說話，其內(nèi)容順序就是其思想的自然流露，而非思想見解的系統(tǒng)概述。A項(xiàng)說法顯然與此不符，為應(yīng)選答案。
B、C兩項(xiàng)符合第4句后半部分句意。D項(xiàng)轉(zhuǎn)述了第5句以下內(nèi)容的含義：散文是a combination of personality and originality(個性與創(chuàng)見的結(jié)合)；猶如動物的皮毛一樣能generates sparks(產(chǎn)生火花)；散文作家有點(diǎn)像教師或改革者。故此項(xiàng)亦不可選。
34. B［解析］ 此題的依據(jù)看來與上題D項(xiàng)相同。據(jù)此，B項(xiàng)可取，因?yàn)槠渲械腶cute sensibility(敏銳的感覺力)和keen insight(銳利的洞察力)都是上述內(nèi)容的合理推論。
A項(xiàng)與第2段第4句所指并非同一事物。C項(xiàng)未如文中那樣說明有何種distinction。D項(xiàng)出自第2段第7句，用于此處不合題意。
35. D［解析］ A項(xiàng)與末段第1句相悖。B項(xiàng)depiction and modification(描述和修改)不同于該句中的shape or shave(調(diào)整或修整)，而且不是主要任務(wù)。C項(xiàng)中的frank confession(坦率表白)與上段末句意思不符。末段第2、3句說，個人敘懷散文表達(dá)作者的思想精髓，因?yàn)樯⑽牡娜蝿?wù)就是直接表達(dá)思想和思想特質(zhì)。D項(xiàng)恰合此意，為應(yīng)選答案，其中striking意為“引人注意的；引起極大興趣的”。
36. B［解析］ 第1段的主旨體現(xiàn)在第2句：常有人寫道，如果一位立法委員與其選民對某一問題看法明顯不同，而他必須對該問題投票表決時，他就會面臨道義上左右為難的困境。據(jù)此判斷，B項(xiàng)“指出立法委員可能面臨的道義困境”表達(dá)了此段目的。
A項(xiàng)“說明立法問題的基本必備條件”，C項(xiàng)“暗示立法與公眾利益之間的沖突”，D項(xiàng)“表明立法委員與選民的分歧”，均與此段主旨相左。
37. D［解析］ 第2段第1句指出，立法委員的這種困境與其說是真實(shí)的，不如說是貌似的。由此可知，D項(xiàng)“并不象它看上去那么真實(shí)”符合句意。
A項(xiàng)“比實(shí)際困境更顯而易見”，B項(xiàng)“在現(xiàn)實(shí)中更易于發(fā)現(xiàn)”，C項(xiàng)“比其實(shí)際情況更明顯”皆是句意的曲解。
38. C［解析］ 由題干中的“disagreement”可知，此題的線索在第2段第2句：立法委員與其選民真正明顯的意見分歧是很少見的，因?yàn)榱⒎ㄎ瘑T對所討論的問題比公眾了解得更清楚。據(jù)此判斷，C項(xiàng)“在多數(shù)情況下不會造成道義上的困境”與文意一致。
A項(xiàng)“只有在民主國家才會導(dǎo)致道義問題”，B項(xiàng)“通常反映有關(guān)長期目標(biāo)的爭論”，D項(xiàng)“僅在選民們對問題了解甚少時才會出現(xiàn)”，均不合文意。
39. A［解析］ 關(guān)于立法委員應(yīng)做之事，第4段說，立法委員的職責(zé)首先是研究他所代表選民的近期和長期目標(biāo)，然后他應(yīng)運(yùn)用自己的知識和判斷力推進(jìn)選民的目標(biāo)。如果一位立法委員不喜歡農(nóng)業(yè)生活環(huán)境并認(rèn)為工業(yè)環(huán)境對社區(qū)更有利，但選民們卻希望保持當(dāng)?shù)氐霓r(nóng)業(yè)特點(diǎn)，他就不應(yīng)因個人的愛好而推行工業(yè)化。但是，若開發(fā)工業(yè)是為了保持該地區(qū)的總體農(nóng)業(yè)特點(diǎn)，他就應(yīng)推動工業(yè)開發(fā)。由此判斷，A項(xiàng)“無論如何要地為其選民服務(wù)”為合理推論。
B項(xiàng)“評估其選民不滿的原因”，C項(xiàng)“永遠(yuǎn)代表公眾的利益”，D項(xiàng)“遵循其選民的意愿”，皆與文意有出入。
40. B［解析］ 由題干可知，此題的相關(guān)信息在末段：如果該立法委員經(jīng)過深思熟慮，認(rèn)為他代表的地區(qū)需要開發(fā)工業(yè)以保持其總體農(nóng)業(yè)特點(diǎn)，盡管選民反對，他也應(yīng)推動工業(yè)開發(fā)。只要他誠心誠意地為選民的目標(biāo)服務(wù)，他就應(yīng)堅(jiān)定不移地面對其選民表達(dá)的反對意見。由此判斷，B項(xiàng)“不接受選民意見而推行自己的計(jì)劃”與文意一致。
A項(xiàng)“不了解該地區(qū)的需要”，C項(xiàng)“忽視他所代表社區(qū)的關(guān)鍵問題”，D項(xiàng)“將其選民的共同意愿付諸實(shí)施”，均與文意相左。
36. D［解析］ 由第1段可知，作者認(rèn)為restorationist (恢復(fù)／修復(fù)主義者／的)對 preservationism (保護(hù)主義)的accusation(指責(zé))缺乏證據(jù)。D項(xiàng)unfounded(無事實(shí)根據(jù)的)體現(xiàn)了作者的意見。此段中 dualism:二元論； mindset:思想模式。
37. C［解析］ 此題要求說明第1段在整篇文章中所起的作用。通讀全文可知，文章由批駁 restorationist 對 preservationism 的批評入手，進(jìn)而以主要篇幅分析了 restorationist 的主張和理論及其與 dominationist (統(tǒng)治／支配主義者／的)實(shí)際相似處(parallel),即認(rèn)為人類是自然界的統(tǒng)治核心。它們的區(qū)別在于：關(guān)于人類對自然界的作用，統(tǒng)治主義者認(rèn)為是“征服(conquest)”，恢復(fù)主義者則看作是“醫(yī)治，拯救(healing)”。實(shí)際上，此文討論次要問題作為研討主要問題的序幕，故C最為恰當(dāng)。
A項(xiàng)“為后面關(guān)于人類在自然界的作用的爭論確定parameters(范圍)”。B項(xiàng)“確定爭論的問題范圍，然后進(jìn)行仔細(xì)探討”。D項(xiàng)“為公眾關(guān)心的當(dāng)代問題提供歷史背景”。這三項(xiàng)皆不適合此文情況。
38. A［解析］ 由題干中引語可知，此題出自第3段，但從選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容看，要聯(lián)系到上一段。上段說，恢復(fù)主義理論主張一種community participation (共同參與)模式，但其代表人物 Jordan 和 Turner 卻把人類說成是“the lords of creation”(萬物主宰)，或“生物界的命運(yùn)與生存最終取決于我們……?！边@顯然與生物界共同參與的模式不一致，但與第3段中 holistic model (整體主義模式)，即把自然界看作是一個 organism (有機(jī)體)，更為接近(見第3段末句)。故A項(xiàng)應(yīng)為正確選擇，其中dash with:與……抵觸。
B項(xiàng)說法與文章內(nèi)容相悖。C項(xiàng)中的 agree with使其背離文意。D項(xiàng) dualist model (二元論模式)不在此段涉及的范圍之內(nèi)。
39. D［解析］ 由第2、3段內(nèi)容可知，D項(xiàng)符合此題要求。
A項(xiàng)是 restorationists 和 dominationists 的共同問題。B項(xiàng)中的 most workable model (最切實(shí)可行的模式)文中未提。C項(xiàng)只是第1段中提到的 critique (批評)，而非作者的 primary criticism (最主要的批評)。
40. C［解析］ 題中 except 表明是反向問題，要求找出 restorationists 和 dominationists 兩者的共同點(diǎn)。由末段第3、4句內(nèi)容可知，C項(xiàng)答案可取。
末段第8句至末句是兩者的 differences, A、B、D各項(xiàng)皆可從中找到依據(jù)。
Part B
41. ［答案］ F
［解析］ 如TⅠ中所述,這種題型的特點(diǎn)是:文章完整,各段順序正常,僅要求考生從A—F選項(xiàng)中,選擇5個適當(dāng)?shù)臉?biāo)題或概括語,分別填入41~45空白處。
通讀全文可知，此文內(nèi)容是介紹美國警察顧問委員會發(fā)布的關(guān)于設(shè)置路障，檢查酒后駕車者的Guidelines(指導(dǎo)原則；規(guī)定)。
此段內(nèi)容是關(guān)于roadblock(路障)設(shè)置的位置。F項(xiàng)的positioning(安置；使處于〈某位置〉)恰合此段意思。
42. ［答案］ A
［解析］ 此段主要講staff the roadblock(為路障配備人員)。A項(xiàng)的provide police for=staff,堪當(dāng)此段之heading。
本段詞匯：uniformed:穿制服的；plainclothes:穿便服的；便衣的；field sobriety tests: 現(xiàn)場清醒度檢驗(yàn)。
43. ［答案］ E
［解析］ 此段說，經(jīng)過路障的所有汽車都必須停車，接受盤問；不停車者，警車要追蹤。由此可見，這種停車盤問是compulsory(強(qiáng)制性的)，故E項(xiàng)是此段的恰當(dāng)概括。
44. ［答案］ B
［解析］ 此段要求盤問要簡短，不得超過1分鐘；需要測驗(yàn)的可疑司機(jī)，須將車停在行車線以外的路邊。B項(xiàng)“不可妨礙交通順暢”，體現(xiàn)了這些規(guī)定的用意，為此段的恰當(dāng)標(biāo)題。
45. ［答案］ D
［解析］ 此段規(guī)定，路障要時常變換地點(diǎn)，以免酒后駕車者得知后逃避檢查。D項(xiàng)“要使路障產(chǎn)生預(yù)期的效果”，即指文中的effectiveness(有效性)，恰好標(biāo)示此段。
Part C
46. ［答案］ 這種變化會來自要徹底扭轉(zhuǎn)地球貧困化趨勢、恢復(fù)未來希望的全球性進(jìn)取心呢，還是由環(huán)境的不斷惡化導(dǎo)致經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退和社會動蕩所引發(fā)？
［解析］ 這是并列復(fù)合句，每一分句中都帶有一個限制性定語從句。須說明的是1)come from意為“來自；出/產(chǎn)生”，譯文中做不同處理，以使文字有變化。2)degradation本義為“降級，下降”，考慮到文意，這里譯成了“貧困化”，“趨勢”二字是為配合reverse(翻/扭轉(zhuǎn))而加上去的。3)第2個that從句未譯作前置定語，而譯成了“由……所引發(fā)”，使譯文更明了、通順。
47. ［答案］ 要締造一個環(huán)境能持續(xù)支撐的未來，就必須調(diào)整世界經(jīng)濟(jì)，大力轉(zhuǎn)變?nèi)祟惖姆毖苄袨?，并根本改變價值觀和生活方式。
［解析］ 此句雖是一簡單句，但depends on后面的3個動名詞或動詞性名詞短語，都相當(dāng)于賓語從句，因而譯成從句更加清楚、明白；與此相配合，將…depends on…譯為“要……，就必須……”。
48. ［答案］ 農(nóng)業(yè)革命為人口的大量增長準(zhǔn)備了條件，而環(huán)境革命要獲得成功，只有穩(wěn)定住人口的規(guī)模，重建人類與其賴以生存的自然世界之間的協(xié)調(diào)關(guān)系。
［解析］ 1)while句中的the former據(jù)上文看，應(yīng)指the Agricultural Revolution,主句中的this revolution應(yīng)指Environmental Revolution,譯文中應(yīng)表現(xiàn)出來。2)set the stage for意為make the necessary preparations for(為……作必要的準(zhǔn)備/鋪平了道路)。3)only if是強(qiáng)調(diào)式條件狀語從句，可譯在主句之前，意為“只有……，……才能……”，亦可譯在主句之后“要……，只有……”。本譯文采用后者，因?yàn)槭箖蓚€revolution緊緊相鄰更能突出其對照性。
49. ［答案］ 前兩次革命(即農(nóng)業(yè)革命和工業(yè)革命)都是由技術(shù)的進(jìn)步推動的：第一次是因?yàn)榘l(fā)現(xiàn)了農(nóng)事，第二次是由于發(fā)明了蒸汽機(jī)，它能把煤里的能量轉(zhuǎn)化成機(jī)械動力。
［解析］ 這是簡單句，破折號后的兩個短語是對driven by…的進(jìn)一步注解，只是后一短語帶有一定語從句。要說明的是：1)The two earlier revolutions指“農(nóng)業(yè)革命和工業(yè)革命”，這里之所以用括號注釋的辦法表達(dá)，是因?yàn)楹竺嬗衪he first,the second與the two相呼應(yīng)。2)farming這里譯作“農(nóng)事”，因?yàn)樗ǚN植、畜牧、養(yǎng)殖等。3)which引入之非限制性定語從句，修飾steam engine,分譯時，勿忘在其前重復(fù)先行詞，或加上指代其先行詞的詞語，如“它”，“這種機(jī)器”等。
50. ［答案］ 評價環(huán)境革命的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)就是看它能否使世界經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)變到在環(huán)境上可持續(xù)發(fā)展的道路上，亦即使經(jīng)濟(jì)有更大保障、使生活方式更加健康、使全球人類生活狀況普遍改善的發(fā)展道路。
［解析］ 此句結(jié)構(gòu)是“主句+whether引導(dǎo)的賓語從句+one(path的同位語)+that(one的定語從句)”。要說明的是：1)be judged by(由……評定/裁決)是被動語態(tài)，譯文改作主動，增加了“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”等詞。2)將one that…譯作“亦即……的發(fā)展道路”；leads to…譯成3個“動賓”短語，既簡練又表達(dá)原意。
Section Ⅲ Writing
Part A
51.［參考樣文］
Lost
A 90% new mobile phone of Nokia 3608 with color screen and silver gray case was found missing yesterday(Friday,Nov.12).On the back of the phone case are carved my initials “LM”.
Possibly I left it in the Reading Room 2 of our college library,where I was writing my papers yesterday morning,or maybe I dropped it in the Post Office on campus when I mailed a parcel in the afternoon.
Anyone who found it,or has information about it,is requested to contact me at XXXX XXXX.The finder will be offered a handsome reward of gratitude on returning the phone.
Thank you for your attention to this notice.
Li Ming
Part B
52.［參考樣文］
The picture presents a real traffic scene in which endless columns of vehicles have jammed the road,making movement impossible.Much valuable time is wasted and many important businesses are delayed in the helpless waiting for progress.Its no exaggeration to say that the inconvenience and losses caused by traffic jams are inestimable.
Traffic problem is an inescapable outcome of social and economical development,and therefore is common to most capital cities all over the world.The accelerated urbanization,the rapid increase of private cars,and the lag of road construction are responsible for traffic congestion.
As the traffic problem involves many factors,there is no single measure that can solve it once for all.For the present,realistic solutions may include:
To give priority to improving and developing masstransit system,both ground and underground;
To set up proper limits to private vehicles;
To perfect traffic regulations and management,and
To advocate bicycling or walking between home and office.
However,any successful resolution of the problem depends not so much on public concerns and appeals as on the initiative and determination of the local municipal administrations.
Model Test 5 重點(diǎn)閱讀文章參考譯文
Text 3
有時候我們聽人說散文形式過時，某某是“最后的散文家”，不過圖書市場卻是另外一幅景象。幾乎任何類別的散文都比短篇小說好賣，也更容易變成鉛字。奇怪的是，市面上能找到兩套精美的本年度小說集，而同類的散文集卻不見上市。不用說，公眾口味的這個變化不見得就是好事。講故事肯定比巖洞繪畫出現(xiàn)得更早；如果我們退回巖洞生活時代，講故事(繪畫和擊鼓)也許是碩果僅存的藝術(shù)形式，而電影、小說、攝影、散文、傳記和其他藝術(shù)形式統(tǒng)統(tǒng)都不復(fù)存在了。
散文應(yīng)該懸掛在兩個堅(jiān)固定點(diǎn)之間的連線上：一端是我怎樣想的，另一端是我是誰。自傳不是小說，它們通常延伸了散文。個人散文就像人類在說話，它不是系統(tǒng)化的思想表達(dá)，而是大腦思緒的真實(shí)反映。散文比文章和論文更富于變化、更自由，但它仍然有自己的中心，而這一中心只要散文家才能最簡潔地表達(dá)出來。文章可以濃縮，而散文不能，其風(fēng)格猶如一層絨毛，將作者的個性、獨(dú)創(chuàng)性和充滿激情的點(diǎn)點(diǎn)滴滴綴在散文上，如同毛衣上的絨毛，你無法將其刷平。散文屬于動物王國，而雜志文章屬于植物王國。散文能擦出火花，又像一件毛皮大衣，而文章就像一件普通的棉衣。另一方面，散文不像小說那樣層巒起伏，那是因?yàn)槲覀儾幌脒^多地糾纏于意義。散文家雖極其巧妙地隱藏著自己的真實(shí)意圖，不過，按照教學(xué)和講故事的傳統(tǒng)分野，他多少有點(diǎn)像個老師，像個變革者，用散文傳達(dá)了我們共同的心聲。
散文家并不受制于事實(shí)，也不需要將事實(shí)和盤托出，只要對闡述真實(shí)觀點(diǎn)有利，他可以對記憶靈活變通。個人散文通常不是自傳，不過，和自傳一樣，都借助格調(diào)和跌宕的情節(jié)發(fā)展，來表達(dá)作者的思想性。散文無拘無束，它跟思想或者思想的特性直接相連，正是借助了散文，思想的自由才得以舒展。因此，思想有多少魅力，散文就能多么迷人。
畢金獻(xiàn)命制
考生注意事項(xiàng)
- 考生必須嚴(yán)格遵守各項(xiàng)考場規(guī)則。
- 答題前，考生應(yīng)按準(zhǔn)考證上的有關(guān)內(nèi)容填寫答題卡上的“考生姓名”、“報考單位”、“考生編號”等信息。
- 答案必須按要求填涂或?qū)懺谥付ǖ拇痤}卡上。
★英語知識運(yùn)用、閱讀理解A節(jié)、B節(jié)的答案填涂在答題卡1上。填涂部分應(yīng)該按照答題卡上的要求用2B鉛筆完成。如要改動，必須用橡皮擦干凈。
★閱讀理解C節(jié)的答案和作文必須用(藍(lán))黑色字跡鋼筆、圓珠筆或簽字筆在答題卡2上作答。字跡要清楚。
- 考試結(jié)束后，將答題卡1、答題卡2一并裝入原試卷袋中，試題交給監(jiān)考人員。
做 題 提 醒
- 本試卷嚴(yán)格按照最新考綱的要求編寫，針對性、權(quán)威性強(qiáng)，信度高，是備考訓(xùn)練的精品。
- 建議以臨戰(zhàn)狀態(tài)進(jìn)行自測，結(jié)束后仔細(xì)核對答案，自己評分并找出薄弱環(huán)節(jié)，在以后的復(fù)習(xí)中重點(diǎn)突破。
考試時間180分鐘 滿分100分 得分 英語沖刺試題5 第頁
Section Ⅰ Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C,or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Social change is more likely to occur in societies where there is a mixture of different kinds of people than in societies where people are similar in many ways. The simple reason 1 this is that there are more different ways of looking at things 2 in the first kind of society. There are more ideas, more disagreements 3 interest, and more groups and organizations with different beliefs. 4, there is usually a greater worldly interest and greater 5 in mixed societies. All these factors tend to 6 social change by opening more areas of life to 7. In a simple-racial society, there are fewer 8 for people to see the need or the opportunity 9 change because everything seems to be the same. And 10 conditions may not be satisfactory, they are at least customary and 11.
Social change is also likely to occur more 12 and readily in the material aspects of the 13 than in the non-material, for example, in technology rather than in 14; in the less basic and emotional aspects of society than in their 15; in form rather than in 16; and in elements that are acceptable to the culture rather than in 17 elements.
Furthermore, social change is easier if it is 18. For example, it comes more readily in human relations on a continuous 19 rather than one with sharp differences. This is one reason why change has not come more quickly to Black Americans as compared to other American minorities, because of the sharp difference between them and their white 20.
1. [A] of [B] for [C] why [D] how
2. [A] present [B] current [C] elapsed [D] emerged
3. [A] to [B] on [C] in [D] with
4. [A] In contrast [B] In brief [C] In reality [D] In addition
5. [A] variety [B] capacity [C] tolerance [D] endurance
6. [A] detain [B] promote [C] enforce [D] hamper
7. [A] decision [B] reflection [C] meditation [D] contemplation
8. [A] conversions [B] premises [C] occasions [D] motives
9. [A] in [B] to [C] at [D] for
10. [A] as [B] if [C] when [D] though
11. [A] undisturbed [B] undisputed [C] undisguised [D] unchanged
12. [A] frequently [B] radically [C] routinely [D] sensibly
13. [A] community [B] authenticity [C] culture [D] structure
14. [A] features [B] values [C] notions [D] qualities
15. [A] techniques [B] components [C] opponents [D] opposites
16. [A] substance [B] consequence [C] competence [D] significance
17. [A] distinct [B] obsolete [C] strange [D] ordinary
18. [A] rational [B] gradua [C] irresistible [D] indispensable
19. [A] flow [B] trend [C] array [D] scale
20. [A] counterparts [B] inhabitants [C] colleagues [D] contemporaries
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text1
In order to understand childhood today, one must explore its history, an odd notion in many who instinctively assume that childhood as we know it has always existed. In The Disappearance of Childhood, social critic Nell Postman constructs a socio-historical context by which to view childhood. He begins his analysis by differentiating the biological basis for the notion of childhood from the sociological. It is clear, he argues, that we can categorize as “children” those members of society below a certain age or level of physical maturity. But what is not so obvious is the notion that childhood can also be defined as a state of life in which the social development and intellectual awareness of society’s young is markedly different from that of the rest of the community. Based on this perspective, Postman argues that childhood can be viewed as a social construction, one that finds favor and prominence in some cultures and time periods, but not in others. In his analysis, Postman concludes that today, childhood is not merely evolving, but is in fact in danger of extinction.
According to Postman, medieval Europeans perceived no clear distinction between children and adults. Since the idea that secrets could or should be kept from children was unheard of, children inhabited the same social and intellectual environment as adults. Community life was an “open book”, so to speak, accessible not just to adults but to the youth of society as well. The invention of the printing press in the fifteenth century, Postman argues, made possible a new symbolic world accessible only to adults. Effectively excluded from adult matters by their inability to read, children formed a new sphere all their own as a new and strenuous educational process separated the preliterate world of the child from the literate world of the adult. According to this new stratification (division), distinct childhood customs on one hand and realms of experience and knowledge accessible only to adults on the other came into being.
Postman asserts that this separation existed until roughly the middle of the twentieth century, when television began its assault on literary culture and, through ubiquitous (omnipresent) entertainment and news programs, started to bring the entire population back into the same symbolic domain. Postman contends that much like in the Middle Ages, children today are becoming “mini adults” in terms of dress, speech, food, activities, and general knowledge of the world. Moreover, this is not a one-0way process, but rather a convergence (junction) whereby the child becomes more adult-like and the adult becomes more child-like. Postman does not shy away from a major implication of his theory: that the disappearance of the child signifies the disappearance of the adult.
21. The author mentions “an odd notion” (Par. 1) primarily in order to
［A］ emphasize the unusual theme of Postman’s theory.
［B］ discount in advance opposition to Postman’s theory.
［C］ indicate the controversial subject of Postman’s theory.
［D］ illustrate Postman’s theory in a socio-historic context.
22. It can be inferred from the text that medieval children
［A］ kept secrets from their parents.
［B］ had the same social status as adults.
［C］ were unsegregated from adult matters.
［D］ were informed of all forms of mystery.
23. According to Postman, a true division of childhood and adult spheres features
［A］ the dawn of the information time.
［B］ the period prior to the Middle Ages.
［C］ the mid-twentieth century to the present.
［D］ the fifteenth century to the mid-twentieth.
24. Postman primarily implies in his theory that
［A］ children mature much earlier than before.
［B］ adults are increasingly becoming childish.
［C］ modern media spur children into fast growth.
［D］ adulthood and childhood vanish simultaneously.
25. The phrasal verb “shy away from” at the end of the text probably means
［A］ discard. ［B］ evade.
［C］ be nervous about. ［D］ be hesitant about.
Text2
Gross national product (GNP) was created to assess the national capacity of wartime production during World War Ⅱ. Since then its heir, gross domestic product (GDP), has become virtually synonymous with economic progress. However, some economists have recent argued that GDP was never intended to function as an indicator of societal well-being, and that an overreliance on this figure as a comprehensive measure of the country’s “prosperity” is both simplistic and misleading.
GDP critics assert that as a simple gross record of money spent, GDP does not distinguish between transactions that increase society’s health and those that diminish it. For example, a nationwide increase in heart disease causes money to flow into the medical industry, sending GDP higher in response to a decrease in social welfare. Even a downward spiral of societal detriments (harm) can boost GDP, often to the general applause of the economic establishment. Take, for example, the consequences of traffic. By itself traffic is a societal menace, yet it both results from and contributes to economic growth. The more traffic, the more gas is consumed, which causes GDP to increase. As traffic increases, so too does pollution, triggering environmental protection responses which also contribute to GDP. Increased pollution results in more people admitted to hospitals with respiratory problems such as asthma and bronchitis. Meanwhile, the increased traffic takes its toll on the roads, which causes additional damage to cars, resulting in even more money spent on road and car repairs.
While one major flaw of GDP is that it equates societal detriments with growth as long as money changes hands, there is another problem with this indicator: the numerous nonmonetary factors not included in GDP that should be represented by an indicator to reflect the nation’s economic status. For example, while by all accounts childrearing efforts are considered of vital importance to the current and future health of society, they are not factored into GDP unless performed in a paid service capacity. Conversely, the widening income gap, increasing debt, and the degradation of natural resources all negatively affect our economic reality, but are not recognized by GDP as costs.
In order to arrive at a more accurate picture of economic progress, some have proposed that GDP be replaced by a new measurement called the Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI). GPI is influenced positively by household and volunteer work, and negatively by factors such as pollution, crime, illness and family breakdown. GDP not only ignores the costs of such detriments, it ultimately represents them as gains in the form of money spent on measures to combat them. Taking such variables into account, it is not surprising that GPI often tells a different story than does GDP. For example, in cases where GDP numbers have suggested a robust and growing economy, GPI figures from the same periods have often indicated dramatic decreases in social and environmental capital.
26. The text commences with the claim that GDP is
［A］ the upgraded variety of GNP.
［B］ the direct descendant of GNP.
［C］ the true indicator of economic growth.
［D］ the sound judgment of national economy.
27. According to the critics, GDP
［A］ presents false prosperity.［B］ consists of unreal statistics.
［C］ comprises fabricated information.［D］ fails to describe economic reality.
28. The phrase “takes its toll on” (at the end of Par. 2) probably means
［A］ makes vehicles overfilled on.［B］ meets payment for the use of.
［C］ generates greater revenue for.［D］ results in a lot of damage.
29. The text is written primarily to
［A］ profile a group critical of an economic statistic.
［B］ analyze statistics to decide the economic health.
［C］ describe an alternative to an economic indicator.
［D］ present and evaluate economic trends since 1945.
30. The author mentions GDP and GPI figures in support of the claim that
［A］ GPI is influenced positively by volunteer work.
［B］ GDP comprises a general record of money spent.
［C］ GPI is the most reasonable modification of GDP.
［D］ GDP is inferior to GPI in depicting economic reality.
Text3
We sometimes hear that essays are an old-fashioned form ,that so-and-o is the“l(fā)ast essayist”, but the facts of the marketplace argue quite otherwise. Essays of nearly any kind are so much easier than short stories for a writer to sell, so many more see print, it’s strange that though two fine anthologies(collections)remain that publish the year’s best stories, no comparable collection exists for essays. Such changes in the reading public’s taste aren’t always to the good, needless to say. The art of telling stories predated even cave painting, surely; and if we ever find ourselves living in caves again, it(with painting and drumming)will be the only art left, after movies, novels, photography, essays, biography, and all the rest have gone down the drain—the art to build from.
Essays, however, hang somewhere on a line between two sturdy poles: this is what I think, and this is what I am .Autobiographies which aren’t novels are generally extended essays, indeed. A personal essay is like the human voice talking, its order being the mind’s natural flow, instead of a systematized outline of ideas. Though more changeable or informal than an article or treatise, somewhere it contains a point which is its real center, even if the point couldn’t be uttered in fewer words than the essayist has used. Essays don’t usually boil down to a summary, as articles do, and the style of the writer has a “nap” to it, a combination of personality and originality and energetic loose ends that stand up like the nap(絨毛)on a piece of wool and can’t be brushed flat. Essays belong to the animal kingdom, with a surface that generates sparks, like a coat of fur, compared with the flat, conventional cotton of the magazine article writer, who works in the vegetable kingdom, I nstead. But, essays, on the other hand, may have fewer “l(fā)evels” than fiction, because we are not supposed to argue much about their meaning. In the old distinction between teaching and storytelling, the essayist, however cleverly he tries to conceal his intentions, is a bit of a teacher or reformer, and an essay is intended to convey the same point to each of us.
An essayist doesn’t have to tell the whole truth and nothing but the truth; he can shape or shave his memories, as long as the purpose is served of explaining a truthful point. A personal essay frequently is not autobiographical at all, but what it does keep in common with autobiography is that, through its tone and tumbling progression, it conveys the quality of the author’s mind. Nothing gets in the way. Because essays are directly concerned with the mind and the mind’s peculiarity, the very freedom the mind possesses is conferred on this branch of literature that does honor to it, and the fascination of the mind is the fascination of the essay.
31. The author asserts that the changes in readers’taste
［A］ contribute to the incompatibility of essays with stories.
［B］ often result in unfavorable effect, to say the least.
［C］ sometimes come to something undesirable, of course.
［D］ usually bring about beneficial outcome, so to say.
32. The author suggests that if the Stone Age should come up again
［A］ the art of essay-writing would lose its foundation.
［B］ the art and literature would most totally vanish.
［C］ the art of story-telling would remain in caves alone.
［D］ the life of art would be thoroughly drained away.
33. Essays are characterized by all of the following EXCEPT
［A］ careful arrangement and organization of chief ideas.
［B］ remarkable concision and meaningful presentation.
［C］ improbable condensation to any shorter accounts.
［D］ flashes of wit and enlightenment of argumentation.
34. What chiefly distinguishes essays from articles may be in
［A］ the different amount of words used in representation.
［B］ the acute sensibility and keen insight of essayists.
［C］ the distinction between animal and vegetable worlds.
［D］ the variation of arguments about their meanings.
35. The essayists’main task seems to be
［A］ the implied revelation and description of the truth.
［B］ the free depiction and modification of their memories.
［C］ the frank confession of what is concealed in their mind.
［D］ the communication of their striking thoughts to readers.
Text4
In a representative democracy, legislatures exist to represent the public and to ensure that public issues are efficiently addressed by a group representative of the population as a whole. It is often written that a legislator confronts a moral dilemma if, on a given issue upon which he must cast a vote, his view is decidedly different from that of the majority of his constituents. In such a circumstance, it is not clear whether voting citizens have chosen the legislator because of their faith in his personal judgment or whether they have elected him in order to give direct effect to their own views.
But this dilemma is more apparent than real. A truly identifiable conflict between the legislator’s opinion and that of his constituency is rare, because the legislator is usually better informed than the public on the issue in question and his opinion, therefore, cannot fairly be compared to theirs. Indeed, this fact underlines the legislator’s most important function: to gather broad-based information in order to make more considered decisions than each citizen could reach individually and thus to serve the public interest better than the public could do on its own.
Let us suppose that a legislator opposes a very popular proposed public works project because he has studied its financial consequences and believes, over the long run, it is financially unsound. If the legislator’s constituents eagerly support the project, not having studied the relevant financial data, it is entirely too simplistic to view the legislator as having to confront a moral dilemma. The truth is that the legislator does not know how his constituents would view the project if they truly understood its financial consequences, and thus, he cannot actually conclude that his view differs from that of his constituents.
The legislator’s job is first to study the short-range and long-range goals of the people he represents, without confusing these with his own. Then, using his knowledge and judgment, he is to promote the electorate’s goals as he understands them. Consider, for instance, a legislator whose constituents wish to maintain the rural character of their district. If the legislator himself dislikes rural living and he believes an industrial environment would offer greater benefit to the community than a rural environment, he must separate these viewpoints from his professional judgment. He is not to promote industrialization because he personally favors it.
However, if the legislator’s considered opinion is that his district needs to sponsor some industrial development in order to maintain its overall agricultural character, it is his duty to promote the industrial development, even if his constituents oppose it. So long as he honestly attempts to serve his electorate’s objectives, the legislator should stand firm against the expressed opinion of his own constituents.
36. The author’s purpose in the first paragraph is to
[A] explain the basic requirements for legislative issues.
[B] point out a possible moral dilemma facing a legislator.
[C] hint the clash between legislation and public concerns.
[D] show the disparity between legislators and constituents.
37. The second paragraph indicates that a legislator’s dilemma is
[A] more obvious than an actual one.
[B] more easily identified in reality.
[C] plainer than its real existence.
[D] hardly so factual as it seems.
38. The disagreement between a legislator and his constituents
[A] causes a moral problem merely in a democracy.
[B] usually reflects a debate about long-term goals.
[C] barely creates a moral dilemma in most cases.
[D] arises only when constituents are ill informed.
39. The author implies that a legislator should
[A] best serve his constituents anyhow.
[B] evaluate his electorate’s complaints.
[C] embody the public interests forever.
[D] follow his constituents’intentions.
40. The legislator who promotes industrialization of the rural district
[A] fails to understand the requirements of the region.
[B] advances his agenda at the cost of that of his voters.
[C] ignores the crucial issue of the community he represents.
[D] carries through the common views of his constituents.
Part B
Directions:
You are going to read a list of headings and a text about guidelines for establishing a roadblock. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A—F for each numbered paragraph (41～45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
［A］ How to provide police for the roadblock?
［B］ Never hinder smooth traffic.
［C］ The way to check the suspects.
［D］ Keep roadblocks producing intended results.
［E］ Questioning is compulsory for all drivers.
［F］Rules for roadblock positioning.
The Advisory Committee of the State Police has issued the following guidelines for establishing a roadblock in order to identify and arrest drunk drivers.
41.
The roadblock must be established in a location that affords motorists a clear view of the stop. It cannot be established, for example, just over a hill or around a curve. Motorists must be able to see that a roadblock is ahead and that cars are being stopped.
42.
A roadblock must display visible signs of police authority. Therefore, uniformed officers in marked petrol cars should primarily staff the roadblock. Plain-clothes officers may supplement the staff at a roadblock, but the initial stop and questioning motorists should be conducted by uniformed officers. In addition to the officers conducting the motorist stops, officers should be present to conduct field sobriety tests on suspect drivers. A command observation officer must also be present to coordinate the roadblock.
43.
All cars passing through the roadblock must be stopped. It should not appear to an approaching motorist that cars are being singled out for some reason while others are not stopped, as this will generate unnecessary fear on the part of the motorist. The observation vehicle which is present at the roadblock will be able to pursue any motorists that refuse to stop.
44.
Each motorist stopped by the roadblock should be questioned only briefly. In most cases, an officer should ask directly if the driver has been drinking. In suspicious cases, an officer may engage in some further questioning to allow her or him to evaluate the driver’s sobriety. A driver who appears to have been drinking should be directed to the side of the road, out of the line of traffic, where other officers may conduct a field sobriety test. Each non-suspicious driver should be stopped only briefly, for approximately a minute or less.
45.
No drunk-driving roadblock should be in operation for more than two hours. Roadblocks in place for longer periods lose their effectiveness as word spreads as to the location of the roadblock, and motorists who have been drinking will avoid the area. In addition, on average only about one percent of all the drivers who pass through a roadblock will be arrested for drunk-driving, and, after a short period of time, officers can used more efficiently elsewhere.
A roadblock may only be established for a single purpose—in this case, detecting drunk drivers—and should not be seen as an opportunity to check for a variety of motorist offenses. However, officers are not required to ignore what is plainly obvious. For example, motorists and passengers who are not wearing seat belts should be verbally warned that failure to do so is against the law. Detaining and ticketing such drivers is not the purpose of the roadblock and would unduly slow down the stops of other cars. An officer who spots a situation that presents a clear and present danger should follow through by directing the motorist to the side of the road where the officers are conducting field sobriety tests. These officers can then follow through on investigating the driver for crimes other than drunk-driving.
Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
Our world of the mid-1990s faces potentially bursting change. The question is in what direction will it take us?46)Will the change come from worldwide initiatives that reverse the degradation of the planet and restore hope for the future, or will it come from continuing environmental deterioration that leads to economic decline and social instability?
There is no precedent for the rapid substantial change we need to make.47)Building an environmentally sustainable future depends on restructuring the global economy, major shifts in human reproductive behavior, and dramatic changes in values and lifestyles. Doing all this quickly adds up to a revolution that is driven and defined by the need to restore the earth’s environmental systems. If this Environmental Revolution succeeds, it will rank with the Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions as one of the great economic and social transformations in human history.
Like the Agricultural Revolution, it will dramatically alter population trends.48)While the former set the stage for enormous increases in human numbers, this revolution will succeed only if it stabilizes human population size, reestablishing a balance between people and natural system on which they depend. In contrast to the Industrial Revolution, which was based on a shift to fossil fuels, this new transformation will be based on a shift away from fossil fuels.
49)The two earlier revolutions were driven by technological advances—the first by the discovery of farming and the second by the invention of the steam engine, which converted the energy in coal into mechanical power. The Environmental Revolution, while it will obviously need new technologies, will be driven primarily by the restructuring of the global economy so that it does not destroy its natural support system.
The pace of the Environmental Revolution needs to be far faster than that of its predecessors. The Agricultural Revolution began some 10,000 years ago, and the Industrial Revolution has been under way for about two centuries. But if the Environmental Revolution is to succeed, it must be compressed into a few decades. Progress in the Agricultural Revolution was measured almost exclusively in the growth in food output that eventually enabled farmers to produce a surplus that could feed city dwellers. Similarly, industrial progress was gained by success in expanding the output of raw materials and manufactured goods.50)The Environmental Revolution will be judged by whether it can shift the world economy into an environmentally sustainable development path, one that leads to greater economic security, healthier lifestyles, and a worldwide improvement in the human condition.
Section Ⅲ Writing
Part A
51. Directions:
Write a notice, looking for your missing mobile phone.
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.
Do not write the address. (10 pionts)
Part B
52. Directions:
Study the following picture carefully and write an essay in which you should
1) describe the picture,
2) analyze the causes of the problem, and
3) propose possible solutions.
答案與解析：
Model Test 5
Section Ⅰ Use of English
1. ［答案］ \[B\] for
［解析］ 名詞“reason”之后常接介詞for，或連詞why。此處應(yīng)選［B］for。其后的this(指上句內(nèi)容)是for的賓語。切不可將“this is”誤看作從句而選［C］why。
2. ［答案］ \[A\] present
［解析］ 形容詞“present”作“出現(xiàn)／存在的”解時通常置于被修飾語之后，符合此句結(jié)構(gòu)與句意，為當(dāng)然選項(xiàng)。
［B］“現(xiàn)在的；目前的”，在此義上與present同義，但通常置于被修飾語之前；［C］“消逝的”，［D］“顯現(xiàn)／露的”，皆不合句意。
3. ［答案］ \[C\] in
［解析］ “disagreement”后可接多個介詞：about, on, over, as to sth.(在／對……問題上的分歧；with(與……的爭吵)；between, among(……之間／當(dāng)中的紛爭)；in(在……方面的不同／分歧)。根據(jù)搭配與句意，應(yīng)選［C］。
4. ［答案］ \[D\] in addition
［解析］ 前兩句指出，在多種族社會里，人們對事物有多種不同的看法，有多種思想，有不同的興趣，有多種不同的信仰。此句進(jìn)一步說明，在多文化的社會里人們有種多樣的世俗興趣，因而也有較多的寬容。由此判斷，此處應(yīng)為表示進(jìn)一步說明的插入語，故答案非［D］“此外”莫屬。其余三項(xiàng)不合句意邏輯。
5. ［答案］ \[C\] tolerance
［解析］ 由上題解析可知，［C］“寬容”為此題的正確答案，表示不同文化背景的人們可互相理解，和諧共處。
［A］“多樣”，［B］“容量”，［D］“忍耐力”，均不合句意需要。
6. ［答案］ \[B\] promote
［解析］ 據(jù)此文開頭的主題句判斷，這里需要一正面意義的動詞，因而［A］“阻擋”和［D］“阻礙”可首先排除。其余兩項(xiàng)雖有正面意義，但［B］“促進(jìn)”更合文意邏輯。
［C］“加強(qiáng)”不合邏輯。
7. ［答案］ \[A\] decision
［解析］ 據(jù)整句判斷，此處選用［A］“抉擇”符合句意邏輯，即“所有這些因素開辟更多的生活領(lǐng)域供人們選擇，從而促進(jìn)社會變革”。
［B］“思考”，［C］“冥想”，［D］“沉思”，皆與句意相去甚遠(yuǎn)。
8. ［答案］ \[C\] occasions
［解析］ 此句與上句對照，說明單一種族社會變化較少的原因。［C］“理由；原因”用于此處最恰當(dāng)。
［A］“轉(zhuǎn)變”，［B］“前提”，［D］“動機(jī)”，均不適用。
9. ［答案］ \[D\] for
［解析］ 名詞need和opportunity皆可后接介詞for,故［D］為當(dāng)然答案。它們也可后接不定式“to do sth.”，但其中的“to”并非介詞，而是不定式的符號。
10. ［答案］ \[D\] though
［解析］ “And”之后為一主從句，從句謂語是否定式，主句謂語為肯定式，并有狀語“at least”，因而這里需要一個表示轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)φ盏倪B詞。由此可知答案非［D］“雖然，盡管”莫屬。
［A］表示原因，［B］表示條件，［C］表示時間，均不合要求。
11. ［答案］ \[B\] undisputed
［解析］ 此空所需之詞與“customary”(習(xí)俗／慣的)并列，其詞義應(yīng)與此一致。［B］“廣為接受的；不容置疑的”為當(dāng)然之選。
［A］“未被觸動的”，［C］“坦誠的”，［D］“不變的”，皆與句意不符。
12. ［答案］ \[A\] frequently
［解析］ 這里所需之詞與“readily”(快捷地；容易地)并列，兩者在語意邏輯上應(yīng)保持一致，故［A］“經(jīng)／時?！睘樗柽x項(xiàng)。
［B］“徹底地；根本地”，［C］“常規(guī)地；例行地”，［D］“合理地；切合實(shí)際地”，均不可取。
13. ［答案］ \[C\] culture
［解析］ 據(jù)此空的上下文看，所需之詞的內(nèi)涵既有“material aspects”(物質(zhì)方面)，亦有“nonmaterial (aspects)”(非物質(zhì)方面)。由此可見，［C］“文化”最恰當(dāng)。
［A］“社區(qū)”，［B］“真實(shí)性”，［D］“結(jié)構(gòu)”，皆不適用。
14. ［答案］ \[B\] values
［解析］ 據(jù)整句判斷，此處所需之詞應(yīng)指非物質(zhì)方面，且屬文化范疇，故［B］“價值觀”為正確答案。
［A］“特征”，［C］“概／觀念”，［D］“質(zhì)量；品質(zhì)”，均與句意無關(guān)。
15. ［答案］ \[D\] opposites
［解析］ 由“l(fā)ess... than...”可知，此題的答案應(yīng)與“社會的基本感情方面”相對，在四選項(xiàng)中，只有［D］“對立面”，即與前者相對的各方面，最恰當(dāng)。
［A］“技術(shù)”，［B］“組成部分”，［C］“反對者”，皆不可取。
16. ［答案］ \[A\] substance
［解析］ “rather than”表明此空所需之詞應(yīng)與“form”(形式)相對，故只有［A］“實(shí)質(zhì)”符合需要。
［B］“結(jié)果”，［C］“能力”，［D］“重要性／意義”，均不合要求。
17. ［答案］ \[C\] strange
［解析］ 與上題類似，這里所需之詞應(yīng)與“該文化可接受的成分”相對。［C］“陌生的”堪當(dāng)此任。
［A］“不同的”，［B］“過時的”，［D］“普通的”，皆不適用。
18. ［答案］ \[B\] gradual
［解析］ 據(jù)下句中的“continuous”(持續(xù)的)和“sharp differences”(急劇變化)判斷，［B］“漸進(jìn)的”恰合文意。
［A］“合理的”，［C］“不可抗拒的”，［D］“必不可少的”，均不合文意。
19. ［答案］ \[D\] scale
［解析］ 據(jù)上題分析，［D］“規(guī)模；程度”符合句意。
［A］“流動”，［B］“趨勢”，［C］“排列”皆不可取。
20. ［答案］ \[A\] counterparts
［解析］ 此空與“them”(指Black Americans)并列，故［A］“對應(yīng)的人”，即white Americans, 用在此處最恰當(dāng)。
［B］“居民”，［C］“同事”，［D］“同代人”，均無黑人、白人之分。
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Part A
21. A［解析］an odd notion(一種奇怪的想法)在此文起始句中為省略了“，which is”的非限制性定語從句，說明其前的整句：“要了解現(xiàn)代的童年，就必須探究它的歷史”，而此句正是Postman理論的主題。因此可以確定，A項(xiàng)“強(qiáng)調(diào)Postman理論獨(dú)特的主題”是使用此短語的目的。
B項(xiàng)“預(yù)先削弱反對Postman理論的意見”，C項(xiàng)“表明Postman理論的主題有爭議”，D項(xiàng)“在社會歷史背景下說明Postman的理論”，皆不可取。
22. C ［解析］medieval(中世紀(jì)) children出現(xiàn)在第2段前半部。該部分表明，中世紀(jì)歐洲人認(rèn)為兒童與成年人并無明顯差別，他們與成人生活在同樣的社會和智力環(huán)境之中。由此可知，C項(xiàng)“未與成人的事物隔離”是恰當(dāng)?shù)耐茢唷?BR> A項(xiàng)“對父母保密”，B項(xiàng)“與成年人有同等身份”，D項(xiàng)“獲知各種秘密”，均有悖文意。
23. D［解析］ Postman在第2段后半部說，15世紀(jì)印刷機(jī)的發(fā)明，將不識字的兒童與有文化的成年人分隔開來，于是兒童形成了自己的sphere(圈子)；在第3段說，這種分隔一直持續(xù)到20世紀(jì)中葉，那時電視的出現(xiàn)又把全民帶回共同的符號領(lǐng)域?？梢姶祟}答案非D項(xiàng)“15世紀(jì)到20世紀(jì)中期”莫屬。
A項(xiàng)“信息時代的開端”，B項(xiàng)“中世紀(jì)之前的時期”，C項(xiàng)“20世紀(jì)中期到現(xiàn)在”，均不正確。
24. D［解析］題干表明，此題出自文章的末句：Postman并不shy away from(回避)其理論的主要暗示:兒童的消失標(biāo)志著成人的消失?？梢奃項(xiàng)“成年與童年同時消失”，是當(dāng)然之選。
A項(xiàng)“兒童比從前成熟早得多”，B項(xiàng)“成年人日益童稚化”，C項(xiàng)“現(xiàn)代媒體促使兒童快速成長”，皆非“主要暗示”。
25. B［解析］ 參見上題解析，答案當(dāng)然是B項(xiàng)“回避”。
A項(xiàng)“拋棄”，C項(xiàng)“對……感到憂慮”，D項(xiàng)“對……感到猶豫”，均不正確。
26. B［解析］文章開頭(commences)第1、2句說，GNP(國民生產(chǎn)總值)始于第二次世界大戰(zhàn)時期。此后，its heir, GDP(它的繼承者——國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值)便成了經(jīng)濟(jì)增長的同義語。據(jù)此，B項(xiàng)“GNP的嫡系后裔”是正確選項(xiàng)。
A項(xiàng)“GNP的升級變種”，C項(xiàng)“經(jīng)濟(jì)增長的真實(shí)指標(biāo)”，D項(xiàng)“對國民經(jīng)濟(jì)的正確判斷”，皆與句義不符。
27. D［解析］ critics(批評家們)的意見出現(xiàn)在第2段：GDP只計(jì)算花掉的錢，而不區(qū)別增加與減少社會醫(yī)療開支間的差異。例如，車輛越多，消費(fèi)的汽油越多，使GDP增長，但造成的環(huán)境污染越嚴(yán)重，導(dǎo)致更多的人患respiratory problems(呼吸道疾病)，結(jié)果治理污染的開支增加，人們看病的支出增加，同樣造成GDP增長。據(jù)此審視各選項(xiàng)，D項(xiàng)“不能描述實(shí)際的經(jīng)濟(jì)情況”符合題意。
A項(xiàng)“顯示虛假的繁榮”，B項(xiàng)“由不真實(shí)的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)構(gòu)成”，C項(xiàng)“含有偽造的資料”，均不恰當(dāng)。
28. D［解析］ “take its toll on (sb./sth.)”是一慣用短語，意為have a bad effect on(產(chǎn)生惡果)；cause a lot of damage/deaths/suffering, etc. to(造成大量破壞/傷亡/災(zāi)難等)。因此，答案非D項(xiàng)莫屬。
A項(xiàng)“使車輛過分擁擠”，B項(xiàng)“付(道路)使用費(fèi)”，C項(xiàng)“產(chǎn)生更多收入”，皆非此短語之意。
29. C［解析］ 此文起始段明確指出，過于依賴GDP來衡量國家的繁榮，不僅過于簡單化，而且會產(chǎn)生誤導(dǎo)。第2段分析了GDP的具體缺陷。第3段總結(jié)說，GDP不僅將social detriments(社會損失)算作經(jīng)濟(jì)增長，而且未包括非貨幣經(jīng)濟(jì)因素。最后一段提出了取代GDP的更精確的新計(jì)量法GPI，道出了此文的最終意圖。據(jù)此，正確答案非C項(xiàng)“描述一可替換的經(jīng)濟(jì)指標(biāo)”莫屬。
A項(xiàng)“概述一組重要經(jīng)濟(jì)統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)”，B項(xiàng)“分析統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)以確定經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展?fàn)顩r”，D項(xiàng)“描述、評價1945年以來的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展趨勢”，皆未體現(xiàn)此文的寫作目的。
30. D［解析］ 此題顯然是針對文章末段。該段表明，GPI明確區(qū)分對經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的正面影響因素和負(fù)面影響因素，從而比GDP更準(zhǔn)確地反映經(jīng)濟(jì)的真實(shí)狀況。因此，D項(xiàng)“GDP不如GPI能描述經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)際情況”為答案。
A項(xiàng)“GPI將義工產(chǎn)值計(jì)算在內(nèi)”，B項(xiàng)“GDP包括貨幣支出的全部記錄”，C項(xiàng)“GPI是GDP最合理的修正版”，均未反映末段總的文意。
31. C［解析］ 題干中的readers taste(讀者的愛好/興趣)出現(xiàn)在第1段第3句。句中的reading public=readers;needless to say=of course;as was to be expected(當(dāng)然；不用說)；arent always to the good意為“不會總是有好的結(jié)果”。據(jù)此可知，C項(xiàng)可取。
A項(xiàng)的incompatibility(不相容)過于嚴(yán)重。B項(xiàng)中to say the least:without saying more;without exaggeration(至少可以這樣說；不夸張地說)，不合句意。D項(xiàng)與句意相反，其中so to say/speak意為“可以說；打比方說”。
32. B［解析］ 題干中的Stone Age(石器時代)表明此題出自第1段第4句，因?yàn)槿祟愒谑鲿r代居住在cave(洞穴)中，句末的have gone down the drain直義是“進(jìn)了下水道”，轉(zhuǎn)義為“浪費(fèi)掉；化為烏有”。由此可見，B項(xiàng)符合此意。
A、C兩項(xiàng)不合句意。D項(xiàng)的drain away意為“排出；逐漸消耗掉”，亦不可取。
33. A［解析］ 題干中的EXCEPT表明要求我們選擇不是散文特點(diǎn)的選項(xiàng)。第2段第3句說，散文就如人在說話，其內(nèi)容順序就是其思想的自然流露，而非思想見解的系統(tǒng)概述。A項(xiàng)說法顯然與此不符，為應(yīng)選答案。
B、C兩項(xiàng)符合第4句后半部分句意。D項(xiàng)轉(zhuǎn)述了第5句以下內(nèi)容的含義：散文是a combination of personality and originality(個性與創(chuàng)見的結(jié)合)；猶如動物的皮毛一樣能generates sparks(產(chǎn)生火花)；散文作家有點(diǎn)像教師或改革者。故此項(xiàng)亦不可選。
34. B［解析］ 此題的依據(jù)看來與上題D項(xiàng)相同。據(jù)此，B項(xiàng)可取，因?yàn)槠渲械腶cute sensibility(敏銳的感覺力)和keen insight(銳利的洞察力)都是上述內(nèi)容的合理推論。
A項(xiàng)與第2段第4句所指并非同一事物。C項(xiàng)未如文中那樣說明有何種distinction。D項(xiàng)出自第2段第7句，用于此處不合題意。
35. D［解析］ A項(xiàng)與末段第1句相悖。B項(xiàng)depiction and modification(描述和修改)不同于該句中的shape or shave(調(diào)整或修整)，而且不是主要任務(wù)。C項(xiàng)中的frank confession(坦率表白)與上段末句意思不符。末段第2、3句說，個人敘懷散文表達(dá)作者的思想精髓，因?yàn)樯⑽牡娜蝿?wù)就是直接表達(dá)思想和思想特質(zhì)。D項(xiàng)恰合此意，為應(yīng)選答案，其中striking意為“引人注意的；引起極大興趣的”。
36. B［解析］ 第1段的主旨體現(xiàn)在第2句：常有人寫道，如果一位立法委員與其選民對某一問題看法明顯不同，而他必須對該問題投票表決時，他就會面臨道義上左右為難的困境。據(jù)此判斷，B項(xiàng)“指出立法委員可能面臨的道義困境”表達(dá)了此段目的。
A項(xiàng)“說明立法問題的基本必備條件”，C項(xiàng)“暗示立法與公眾利益之間的沖突”，D項(xiàng)“表明立法委員與選民的分歧”，均與此段主旨相左。
37. D［解析］ 第2段第1句指出，立法委員的這種困境與其說是真實(shí)的，不如說是貌似的。由此可知，D項(xiàng)“并不象它看上去那么真實(shí)”符合句意。
A項(xiàng)“比實(shí)際困境更顯而易見”，B項(xiàng)“在現(xiàn)實(shí)中更易于發(fā)現(xiàn)”，C項(xiàng)“比其實(shí)際情況更明顯”皆是句意的曲解。
38. C［解析］ 由題干中的“disagreement”可知，此題的線索在第2段第2句：立法委員與其選民真正明顯的意見分歧是很少見的，因?yàn)榱⒎ㄎ瘑T對所討論的問題比公眾了解得更清楚。據(jù)此判斷，C項(xiàng)“在多數(shù)情況下不會造成道義上的困境”與文意一致。
A項(xiàng)“只有在民主國家才會導(dǎo)致道義問題”，B項(xiàng)“通常反映有關(guān)長期目標(biāo)的爭論”，D項(xiàng)“僅在選民們對問題了解甚少時才會出現(xiàn)”，均不合文意。
39. A［解析］ 關(guān)于立法委員應(yīng)做之事，第4段說，立法委員的職責(zé)首先是研究他所代表選民的近期和長期目標(biāo)，然后他應(yīng)運(yùn)用自己的知識和判斷力推進(jìn)選民的目標(biāo)。如果一位立法委員不喜歡農(nóng)業(yè)生活環(huán)境并認(rèn)為工業(yè)環(huán)境對社區(qū)更有利，但選民們卻希望保持當(dāng)?shù)氐霓r(nóng)業(yè)特點(diǎn)，他就不應(yīng)因個人的愛好而推行工業(yè)化。但是，若開發(fā)工業(yè)是為了保持該地區(qū)的總體農(nóng)業(yè)特點(diǎn)，他就應(yīng)推動工業(yè)開發(fā)。由此判斷，A項(xiàng)“無論如何要地為其選民服務(wù)”為合理推論。
B項(xiàng)“評估其選民不滿的原因”，C項(xiàng)“永遠(yuǎn)代表公眾的利益”，D項(xiàng)“遵循其選民的意愿”，皆與文意有出入。
40. B［解析］ 由題干可知，此題的相關(guān)信息在末段：如果該立法委員經(jīng)過深思熟慮，認(rèn)為他代表的地區(qū)需要開發(fā)工業(yè)以保持其總體農(nóng)業(yè)特點(diǎn)，盡管選民反對，他也應(yīng)推動工業(yè)開發(fā)。只要他誠心誠意地為選民的目標(biāo)服務(wù)，他就應(yīng)堅(jiān)定不移地面對其選民表達(dá)的反對意見。由此判斷，B項(xiàng)“不接受選民意見而推行自己的計(jì)劃”與文意一致。
A項(xiàng)“不了解該地區(qū)的需要”，C項(xiàng)“忽視他所代表社區(qū)的關(guān)鍵問題”，D項(xiàng)“將其選民的共同意愿付諸實(shí)施”，均與文意相左。
36. D［解析］ 由第1段可知，作者認(rèn)為restorationist (恢復(fù)／修復(fù)主義者／的)對 preservationism (保護(hù)主義)的accusation(指責(zé))缺乏證據(jù)。D項(xiàng)unfounded(無事實(shí)根據(jù)的)體現(xiàn)了作者的意見。此段中 dualism:二元論； mindset:思想模式。
37. C［解析］ 此題要求說明第1段在整篇文章中所起的作用。通讀全文可知，文章由批駁 restorationist 對 preservationism 的批評入手，進(jìn)而以主要篇幅分析了 restorationist 的主張和理論及其與 dominationist (統(tǒng)治／支配主義者／的)實(shí)際相似處(parallel),即認(rèn)為人類是自然界的統(tǒng)治核心。它們的區(qū)別在于：關(guān)于人類對自然界的作用，統(tǒng)治主義者認(rèn)為是“征服(conquest)”，恢復(fù)主義者則看作是“醫(yī)治，拯救(healing)”。實(shí)際上，此文討論次要問題作為研討主要問題的序幕，故C最為恰當(dāng)。
A項(xiàng)“為后面關(guān)于人類在自然界的作用的爭論確定parameters(范圍)”。B項(xiàng)“確定爭論的問題范圍，然后進(jìn)行仔細(xì)探討”。D項(xiàng)“為公眾關(guān)心的當(dāng)代問題提供歷史背景”。這三項(xiàng)皆不適合此文情況。
38. A［解析］ 由題干中引語可知，此題出自第3段，但從選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容看，要聯(lián)系到上一段。上段說，恢復(fù)主義理論主張一種community participation (共同參與)模式，但其代表人物 Jordan 和 Turner 卻把人類說成是“the lords of creation”(萬物主宰)，或“生物界的命運(yùn)與生存最終取決于我們……?！边@顯然與生物界共同參與的模式不一致，但與第3段中 holistic model (整體主義模式)，即把自然界看作是一個 organism (有機(jī)體)，更為接近(見第3段末句)。故A項(xiàng)應(yīng)為正確選擇，其中dash with:與……抵觸。
B項(xiàng)說法與文章內(nèi)容相悖。C項(xiàng)中的 agree with使其背離文意。D項(xiàng) dualist model (二元論模式)不在此段涉及的范圍之內(nèi)。
39. D［解析］ 由第2、3段內(nèi)容可知，D項(xiàng)符合此題要求。
A項(xiàng)是 restorationists 和 dominationists 的共同問題。B項(xiàng)中的 most workable model (最切實(shí)可行的模式)文中未提。C項(xiàng)只是第1段中提到的 critique (批評)，而非作者的 primary criticism (最主要的批評)。
40. C［解析］ 題中 except 表明是反向問題，要求找出 restorationists 和 dominationists 兩者的共同點(diǎn)。由末段第3、4句內(nèi)容可知，C項(xiàng)答案可取。
末段第8句至末句是兩者的 differences, A、B、D各項(xiàng)皆可從中找到依據(jù)。
Part B
41. ［答案］ F
［解析］ 如TⅠ中所述,這種題型的特點(diǎn)是:文章完整,各段順序正常,僅要求考生從A—F選項(xiàng)中,選擇5個適當(dāng)?shù)臉?biāo)題或概括語,分別填入41~45空白處。
通讀全文可知，此文內(nèi)容是介紹美國警察顧問委員會發(fā)布的關(guān)于設(shè)置路障，檢查酒后駕車者的Guidelines(指導(dǎo)原則；規(guī)定)。
此段內(nèi)容是關(guān)于roadblock(路障)設(shè)置的位置。F項(xiàng)的positioning(安置；使處于〈某位置〉)恰合此段意思。
42. ［答案］ A
［解析］ 此段主要講staff the roadblock(為路障配備人員)。A項(xiàng)的provide police for=staff,堪當(dāng)此段之heading。
本段詞匯：uniformed:穿制服的；plainclothes:穿便服的；便衣的；field sobriety tests: 現(xiàn)場清醒度檢驗(yàn)。
43. ［答案］ E
［解析］ 此段說，經(jīng)過路障的所有汽車都必須停車，接受盤問；不停車者，警車要追蹤。由此可見，這種停車盤問是compulsory(強(qiáng)制性的)，故E項(xiàng)是此段的恰當(dāng)概括。
44. ［答案］ B
［解析］ 此段要求盤問要簡短，不得超過1分鐘；需要測驗(yàn)的可疑司機(jī)，須將車停在行車線以外的路邊。B項(xiàng)“不可妨礙交通順暢”，體現(xiàn)了這些規(guī)定的用意，為此段的恰當(dāng)標(biāo)題。
45. ［答案］ D
［解析］ 此段規(guī)定，路障要時常變換地點(diǎn)，以免酒后駕車者得知后逃避檢查。D項(xiàng)“要使路障產(chǎn)生預(yù)期的效果”，即指文中的effectiveness(有效性)，恰好標(biāo)示此段。
Part C
46. ［答案］ 這種變化會來自要徹底扭轉(zhuǎn)地球貧困化趨勢、恢復(fù)未來希望的全球性進(jìn)取心呢，還是由環(huán)境的不斷惡化導(dǎo)致經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退和社會動蕩所引發(fā)？
［解析］ 這是并列復(fù)合句，每一分句中都帶有一個限制性定語從句。須說明的是1)come from意為“來自；出/產(chǎn)生”，譯文中做不同處理，以使文字有變化。2)degradation本義為“降級，下降”，考慮到文意，這里譯成了“貧困化”，“趨勢”二字是為配合reverse(翻/扭轉(zhuǎn))而加上去的。3)第2個that從句未譯作前置定語，而譯成了“由……所引發(fā)”，使譯文更明了、通順。
47. ［答案］ 要締造一個環(huán)境能持續(xù)支撐的未來，就必須調(diào)整世界經(jīng)濟(jì)，大力轉(zhuǎn)變?nèi)祟惖姆毖苄袨?，并根本改變價值觀和生活方式。
［解析］ 此句雖是一簡單句，但depends on后面的3個動名詞或動詞性名詞短語，都相當(dāng)于賓語從句，因而譯成從句更加清楚、明白；與此相配合，將…depends on…譯為“要……，就必須……”。
48. ［答案］ 農(nóng)業(yè)革命為人口的大量增長準(zhǔn)備了條件，而環(huán)境革命要獲得成功，只有穩(wěn)定住人口的規(guī)模，重建人類與其賴以生存的自然世界之間的協(xié)調(diào)關(guān)系。
［解析］ 1)while句中的the former據(jù)上文看，應(yīng)指the Agricultural Revolution,主句中的this revolution應(yīng)指Environmental Revolution,譯文中應(yīng)表現(xiàn)出來。2)set the stage for意為make the necessary preparations for(為……作必要的準(zhǔn)備/鋪平了道路)。3)only if是強(qiáng)調(diào)式條件狀語從句，可譯在主句之前，意為“只有……，……才能……”，亦可譯在主句之后“要……，只有……”。本譯文采用后者，因?yàn)槭箖蓚€revolution緊緊相鄰更能突出其對照性。
49. ［答案］ 前兩次革命(即農(nóng)業(yè)革命和工業(yè)革命)都是由技術(shù)的進(jìn)步推動的：第一次是因?yàn)榘l(fā)現(xiàn)了農(nóng)事，第二次是由于發(fā)明了蒸汽機(jī)，它能把煤里的能量轉(zhuǎn)化成機(jī)械動力。
［解析］ 這是簡單句，破折號后的兩個短語是對driven by…的進(jìn)一步注解，只是后一短語帶有一定語從句。要說明的是：1)The two earlier revolutions指“農(nóng)業(yè)革命和工業(yè)革命”，這里之所以用括號注釋的辦法表達(dá)，是因?yàn)楹竺嬗衪he first,the second與the two相呼應(yīng)。2)farming這里譯作“農(nóng)事”，因?yàn)樗ǚN植、畜牧、養(yǎng)殖等。3)which引入之非限制性定語從句，修飾steam engine,分譯時，勿忘在其前重復(fù)先行詞，或加上指代其先行詞的詞語，如“它”，“這種機(jī)器”等。
50. ［答案］ 評價環(huán)境革命的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)就是看它能否使世界經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)變到在環(huán)境上可持續(xù)發(fā)展的道路上，亦即使經(jīng)濟(jì)有更大保障、使生活方式更加健康、使全球人類生活狀況普遍改善的發(fā)展道路。
［解析］ 此句結(jié)構(gòu)是“主句+whether引導(dǎo)的賓語從句+one(path的同位語)+that(one的定語從句)”。要說明的是：1)be judged by(由……評定/裁決)是被動語態(tài)，譯文改作主動，增加了“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”等詞。2)將one that…譯作“亦即……的發(fā)展道路”；leads to…譯成3個“動賓”短語，既簡練又表達(dá)原意。
Section Ⅲ Writing
Part A
51.［參考樣文］
Lost
A 90% new mobile phone of Nokia 3608 with color screen and silver gray case was found missing yesterday(Friday,Nov.12).On the back of the phone case are carved my initials “LM”.
Possibly I left it in the Reading Room 2 of our college library,where I was writing my papers yesterday morning,or maybe I dropped it in the Post Office on campus when I mailed a parcel in the afternoon.
Anyone who found it,or has information about it,is requested to contact me at XXXX XXXX.The finder will be offered a handsome reward of gratitude on returning the phone.
Thank you for your attention to this notice.
Li Ming
Part B
52.［參考樣文］
The picture presents a real traffic scene in which endless columns of vehicles have jammed the road,making movement impossible.Much valuable time is wasted and many important businesses are delayed in the helpless waiting for progress.Its no exaggeration to say that the inconvenience and losses caused by traffic jams are inestimable.
Traffic problem is an inescapable outcome of social and economical development,and therefore is common to most capital cities all over the world.The accelerated urbanization,the rapid increase of private cars,and the lag of road construction are responsible for traffic congestion.
As the traffic problem involves many factors,there is no single measure that can solve it once for all.For the present,realistic solutions may include:
To give priority to improving and developing masstransit system,both ground and underground;
To set up proper limits to private vehicles;
To perfect traffic regulations and management,and
To advocate bicycling or walking between home and office.
However,any successful resolution of the problem depends not so much on public concerns and appeals as on the initiative and determination of the local municipal administrations.
Model Test 5 重點(diǎn)閱讀文章參考譯文
Text 3
有時候我們聽人說散文形式過時，某某是“最后的散文家”，不過圖書市場卻是另外一幅景象。幾乎任何類別的散文都比短篇小說好賣，也更容易變成鉛字。奇怪的是，市面上能找到兩套精美的本年度小說集，而同類的散文集卻不見上市。不用說，公眾口味的這個變化不見得就是好事。講故事肯定比巖洞繪畫出現(xiàn)得更早；如果我們退回巖洞生活時代，講故事(繪畫和擊鼓)也許是碩果僅存的藝術(shù)形式，而電影、小說、攝影、散文、傳記和其他藝術(shù)形式統(tǒng)統(tǒng)都不復(fù)存在了。
散文應(yīng)該懸掛在兩個堅(jiān)固定點(diǎn)之間的連線上：一端是我怎樣想的，另一端是我是誰。自傳不是小說，它們通常延伸了散文。個人散文就像人類在說話，它不是系統(tǒng)化的思想表達(dá)，而是大腦思緒的真實(shí)反映。散文比文章和論文更富于變化、更自由，但它仍然有自己的中心，而這一中心只要散文家才能最簡潔地表達(dá)出來。文章可以濃縮，而散文不能，其風(fēng)格猶如一層絨毛，將作者的個性、獨(dú)創(chuàng)性和充滿激情的點(diǎn)點(diǎn)滴滴綴在散文上，如同毛衣上的絨毛，你無法將其刷平。散文屬于動物王國，而雜志文章屬于植物王國。散文能擦出火花，又像一件毛皮大衣，而文章就像一件普通的棉衣。另一方面，散文不像小說那樣層巒起伏，那是因?yàn)槲覀儾幌脒^多地糾纏于意義。散文家雖極其巧妙地隱藏著自己的真實(shí)意圖，不過，按照教學(xué)和講故事的傳統(tǒng)分野，他多少有點(diǎn)像個老師，像個變革者，用散文傳達(dá)了我們共同的心聲。
散文家并不受制于事實(shí)，也不需要將事實(shí)和盤托出，只要對闡述真實(shí)觀點(diǎn)有利，他可以對記憶靈活變通。個人散文通常不是自傳，不過，和自傳一樣，都借助格調(diào)和跌宕的情節(jié)發(fā)展，來表達(dá)作者的思想性。散文無拘無束，它跟思想或者思想的特性直接相連，正是借助了散文，思想的自由才得以舒展。因此，思想有多少魅力，散文就能多么迷人。