1. 詞類的轉(zhuǎn)移：在英譯漢過(guò)程中，原文的有些詞在譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)其詞類需要轉(zhuǎn)換，才能使?jié)h語(yǔ)譯文通順達(dá)意。
例一：Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a support for all, people will have to accept more “unnatural food”.
分析： 在原文中sense是 名詞，作has 的賓語(yǔ)，但在have the sense( of sth./ to do sth .)中sense是習(xí)語(yǔ)的主體，故譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)?？赊D(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞“意識(shí)到”。
譯文：除非人類終于意識(shí)到要把人口減少到這樣的程度：使地球能為所有的人提供足夠的飲食，否則將不得不接受更多的“人造食品”。
★注意：英語(yǔ)中許多具有動(dòng)作意義的名詞和由動(dòng)詞派生的名詞，往往可根據(jù)需要轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語(yǔ)中的動(dòng)詞。如：Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.
例二：…we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a “valid” or “fair” comparison.
分析：sure 是形容詞，譯成 漢語(yǔ)時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)換為動(dòng)詞“確保”。
譯文：……我們必須確保，在對(duì)我們的對(duì)象進(jìn)行比較時(shí)，我們所使用的尺度要能提供“有效的”或“公平”的比較。
★注意：英語(yǔ)中有些表示知覺(jué)、情緒、欲望等心理狀態(tài)的形容詞，做表語(yǔ)時(shí)，?？赊D(zhuǎn)換成漢語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。這類形容詞有: able, afraid , angry, ashamed ,aware, anxious, careful, cautious, certain, concerned, confident, doubtful, glad, grateful, ignorant , sorry ,thankful等。
2. 增詞法：英譯漢時(shí)，根據(jù)意義上、結(jié)構(gòu)上和修辭上的需要可以加一些詞，使譯文既忠實(shí)于原文又通順、流暢。這種翻譯方法叫增詞法。
例：From agreement on this general goal, we have, unfortunately, in the past proceeded to disagreement on specific goals, and from there to total inaction.
分析：agreement on this general goal 是指“在總的目標(biāo)上一致”，譯文中加了“意見(jiàn)”兩字，使句子意思更清晰明了。下半句中在“任何行動(dòng)”前加“采取”兩字，使譯文更符合漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣。本句的主導(dǎo)詞是proceed from ……to ……意為“繼續(xù)進(jìn)行；著手；出發(fā)”，在整句翻譯時(shí)，沒(méi)有譯出，但譯文已經(jīng)忠實(shí)地表達(dá)了原文的含義。
譯文：遺憾的是，過(guò)去我們?cè)谶@個(gè)總的目標(biāo)方面意見(jiàn)是一致的，但涉及到各個(gè)具體目標(biāo)時(shí)，意見(jiàn)就不一致，因而也就根本沒(méi)有采取什么行動(dòng)。
【作業(yè)】
1 請(qǐng)對(duì)下面句子進(jìn)行分析。
All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned.Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements ----themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport。 As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect . (來(lái)自2000年英譯漢真題)
2 請(qǐng)對(duì)上面的劃分句子結(jié)構(gòu).
3 請(qǐng)把下面的句子翻譯成中文：（注意back –to-school 和laid –off workers的翻譯）
Federally funded training and free back –to-school programs for laid –off workers are under way, but few experts believed they will be able to keep up with the pace of the new technology.
例一：Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a support for all, people will have to accept more “unnatural food”.
分析： 在原文中sense是 名詞，作has 的賓語(yǔ)，但在have the sense( of sth./ to do sth .)中sense是習(xí)語(yǔ)的主體，故譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)?？赊D(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞“意識(shí)到”。
譯文：除非人類終于意識(shí)到要把人口減少到這樣的程度：使地球能為所有的人提供足夠的飲食，否則將不得不接受更多的“人造食品”。
★注意：英語(yǔ)中許多具有動(dòng)作意義的名詞和由動(dòng)詞派生的名詞，往往可根據(jù)需要轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語(yǔ)中的動(dòng)詞。如：Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.
例二：…we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a “valid” or “fair” comparison.
分析：sure 是形容詞，譯成 漢語(yǔ)時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)換為動(dòng)詞“確保”。
譯文：……我們必須確保，在對(duì)我們的對(duì)象進(jìn)行比較時(shí)，我們所使用的尺度要能提供“有效的”或“公平”的比較。
★注意：英語(yǔ)中有些表示知覺(jué)、情緒、欲望等心理狀態(tài)的形容詞，做表語(yǔ)時(shí)，?？赊D(zhuǎn)換成漢語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。這類形容詞有: able, afraid , angry, ashamed ,aware, anxious, careful, cautious, certain, concerned, confident, doubtful, glad, grateful, ignorant , sorry ,thankful等。
2. 增詞法：英譯漢時(shí)，根據(jù)意義上、結(jié)構(gòu)上和修辭上的需要可以加一些詞，使譯文既忠實(shí)于原文又通順、流暢。這種翻譯方法叫增詞法。
例：From agreement on this general goal, we have, unfortunately, in the past proceeded to disagreement on specific goals, and from there to total inaction.
分析：agreement on this general goal 是指“在總的目標(biāo)上一致”，譯文中加了“意見(jiàn)”兩字，使句子意思更清晰明了。下半句中在“任何行動(dòng)”前加“采取”兩字，使譯文更符合漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣。本句的主導(dǎo)詞是proceed from ……to ……意為“繼續(xù)進(jìn)行；著手；出發(fā)”，在整句翻譯時(shí)，沒(méi)有譯出，但譯文已經(jīng)忠實(shí)地表達(dá)了原文的含義。
譯文：遺憾的是，過(guò)去我們?cè)谶@個(gè)總的目標(biāo)方面意見(jiàn)是一致的，但涉及到各個(gè)具體目標(biāo)時(shí)，意見(jiàn)就不一致，因而也就根本沒(méi)有采取什么行動(dòng)。
【作業(yè)】
1 請(qǐng)對(duì)下面句子進(jìn)行分析。
All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned.Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements ----themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport。 As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect . (來(lái)自2000年英譯漢真題)
2 請(qǐng)對(duì)上面的劃分句子結(jié)構(gòu).
3 請(qǐng)把下面的句子翻譯成中文：（注意back –to-school 和laid –off workers的翻譯）
Federally funded training and free back –to-school programs for laid –off workers are under way, but few experts believed they will be able to keep up with the pace of the new technology.