2009年考研英語(yǔ)歷年真題閱讀理解精讀筆記(22)

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TEXT 2
    Being a man has always been dangerous.There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70 year olds there are twice as many women as men.But the great universal of male mortality is being changed.Now, boy babies survive almost as well as girls do.This means that, for the first time, there will be an excess of boys in those crucial years when they are searching for a mate.More important, another chance for natural selection has been removed.Fifty years ago, the chance of a baby (particularly a boy baby) surviving depended on its weight.A kilogram too light or too heavy meant almost certain death.Today it makes almost no difference.Since much of the variation is due to genes, one more agent of evolution has gone.
    There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide: stay alive, but have fewer children.Few people are as fertile as in the past.Except in some religious communities, very few women has 15 children.Nowadays the number of births, like the age of death, has become average.Most of us have roughly the same number of offspring.Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished.India shows what is happening.The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples.The grand mediocrity of today-everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring-means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper middle class India compared to the tribes.
    For us, this means that evolution is over; the biological Utopia has arrived.Strangely, it has involved little physical change.No other species fills so many places in nature.But in the past 100,000 years-even the past 100 years-our lives have been transformed but our bodies have not.We did not evolve, because machines and society did it for us.Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they "look at an organic being as a savage looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension."No doubt we will remember a 20th century way of life beyond comprehension for its ugliness.But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us.
    55. What used to be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph?
    [A] A lack of mates.
    [B] A fierce competition.
    [C] A lower survival rate.
    [D] A defective gene.
    56. What does the example of India illustrate?
    [A] Wealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people.
    [B] Natural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor.
    [C] The middle class population is 80% smaller than that of the tribes.
    [D] India is one of the countries with a very high birth rate.
    57. The author argues that our bodies have stopped evolving because.
    [A] life has been improved by technological advance
    [B] the number of female babies has been declining
    [C] our species has reached the highest stage of evolution
    [D] the difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing
    58. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?
    [A] Sex Ratio Changes in Human Evolution.
    [B] Ways of Continuing Man's Evolution.
    [C] The Evolutionary Future of Nature.
    [D] Human Evolution Going Nowhere.
    agent11 n.代理商(人),代表
    amaze5 v.使驚奇,使驚愕,使驚嘆
    argue19 v.①爭(zhēng)論,辯論;②認(rèn)為,主張,論證;③說(shuō)服
    author69 n.①作者;②創(chuàng)始人
    average17 n.平均(數(shù));a.①平均的;②普通的,一般的;v.平均,均分
    balance5 v.稱(chēng),(使)平衡;n.①天平,秤;②平衡,均衡;③差額,結(jié)余,余款
    being9 n.①生物,人;②存在,生存
    commit8 v.①把...交托給,提交;②犯(錯(cuò)誤),干(壞事)
    community17 n.①同一地區(qū)的全體居民,社會(huì),社區(qū);②共同體,團(tuán)體
    competition16 n.①比賽;②競(jìng)爭(zhēng)
    comprehension3 a.理解(力),領(lǐng)悟
    crucial5 a.至關(guān)重要的,決定性的
    decline14 v./n.①下傾,下降,下垂,衰落;②斜面,傾斜;v.拒絕,謝絕
    depend16 v.(on)取決于,依靠,信賴(lài),相信
    descendant1 n.子孫,后代
    describe14 v.描述,形容
    diminish1 v.縮小,減少,遞減
    disappear4 v.不見(jiàn),消失
    doubt8 n./v.懷疑,疑慮
    evolution11 n.進(jìn)化,漸進(jìn),演化
    evolve3 v.(使)發(fā)展,(使)進(jìn)化
    excess4 a.過(guò)量的,額外的;n.過(guò)量,過(guò)剩
    female4 a.女的,雌的
    fertile2 a.①肥沃的,富饒的;②能生育的
    fierce3 a.①兇猛的,殘忍的;②激烈的,強(qiáng)烈的
    gene5 n.基因
    grand1 a.①盛大的,豪華的;②重大的,主要的
    ignorant2 a.①無(wú)知的,愚昧的;②不知道的
    illustrate6 v.①舉例說(shuō)明,闡明;②圖解,加插圖
    involve20 v.①卷入,陷入,連累;②包含,含有,涉及
    lower9 a.較低的,下級(jí)的,下游的;v.降下,放低
    male4 n./a.男性(的),雄性(的)
    mate1 n.①伙伴,同事;②配偶
    nature14 n.①自然界,大自然;②性質(zhì),本性,天性
    offspring4 n.①子孫,后代;②結(jié)果,產(chǎn)物
    opportunity11 n.機(jī)會(huì)
    organic3 a.①器官的;②有機(jī)的;③有機(jī)體的
    phrase6 n.短語(yǔ),詞語(yǔ),習(xí)語(yǔ)
    physical7 a.①物質(zhì)的,有形的;②肉體的,身體的;③自然科學(xué)的,物理的
    poverty5 n.貧窮,貧困
    rate31 n.①比率,率;②等級(jí);③價(jià)格,費(fèi)用;v.①估價(jià);②評(píng)級(jí),評(píng)價(jià)
    ratio2 n.比,比率
    religious4 a.宗教的,信教的,虔誠(chéng)的
    savage1 a.①野蠻的,未開(kāi)化的;②兇惡的,殘暴的;n.野蠻人
    selection8 n.①選擇,挑選;②選集,精選物
    species7 n.(物)種,種類(lèi)
    suicide7 n.①自殺;②自取滅亡
    survival5 n.①幸存,生存;②幸存者,殘存物
    survive11 v.①幸免于,幸存;②比...長(zhǎng)命
    tend26 v.①趨向,往往是;②照料,看護(hù)
    title6 n.①書(shū)名,標(biāo)題;②頭銜,稱(chēng)號(hào)
    transform5 v.①改變,變換;②變壓;③轉(zhuǎn)化;④改造
    tribe1 n.部落,家族
    universal4 a.①普遍的,全體的,通用的;②宇宙的,世界的
    upper1 a.①上面的;②上部的,較高的
    variation2 n.①變化,變動(dòng);②變種,變異
    wealthy2 a.富裕的,豐富的
    wholly1 ad.完全地,全部,一概
    according47 ad.依照,根據(jù)
    advance10 v.①前進(jìn),進(jìn)展;②推進(jìn),促進(jìn);③提出(建議等);④提前;n.①前進(jìn),進(jìn)展;②預(yù)付,預(yù)支
    advantage13 n.優(yōu)勢(shì), 有利條件
    biological3 a.生物學(xué)的
    defective2 a.有缺陷的;n.有缺陷的人
    evolutionary4 a.進(jìn)化的
    maturity1 n.成熟,完備
    mediocrity1 n.平常,平凡
    mortality1 n.死亡率
    technological9 a.科技的
    tribal1 a.部落的,種族的
    難句1
    Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished.
    [結(jié)構(gòu)分析]
    1. 本句句子主干是:... difference ... and the opportunity ... have diminished;
    2. 主語(yǔ)是用and連接的兩個(gè)并列的名詞短語(yǔ)difference between people 和the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it;
    [本句難點(diǎn)]不要把a(bǔ)nd理解為連接的是people和the opportunity;
    [方法對(duì)策]根據(jù)句子意思,明確主句主語(yǔ)是用and連接的兩個(gè)并列的名詞短語(yǔ);
    [例句精譯]人與人之間的差異和利用差異進(jìn)行自然選擇的機(jī)會(huì)再一次減少。
    難句2
    The grand mediocrity of today-everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring-means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper middle class India compared to the tribes.
    [結(jié)構(gòu)分析]
    1.本句主干結(jié)構(gòu)是:The grand mediocrity of today ... means +that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句;
    2. 兩個(gè)破折號(hào)之間的成分可以看作插入語(yǔ),是對(duì)The grand mediocrity of today的進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明;
    3. 賓語(yǔ)從句中主干部分為:natural selection has lost 80% of its power,其后是in引導(dǎo)的表示地點(diǎn)的狀語(yǔ),過(guò)去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)compared to the tribes作狀語(yǔ);
    [本句難點(diǎn)]插入語(yǔ)的影響;賓語(yǔ)從句的影響
    [方法對(duì)策]首先找出主句和從句關(guān)系,再分別找出主句和從句的主干,最后分析插入語(yǔ),第一遍閱讀可以不看插入語(yǔ);
    [例句精譯]今天(印度大城市里的)這種極其顯著的平均化--每個(gè)人的生存機(jī)會(huì)和子女?dāng)?shù)量都相同--意味著與部落相比較,自然選擇在印度中、上層(即城市里)已經(jīng)失去了80%的效力。
    難句3
    Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they "look at an organic being as a savage looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension."
    [結(jié)構(gòu)分析]
    1. 本句句子主干是:Darwin had a phrase to ...;
    2. 冒號(hào)后面的句子是pharase的同位語(yǔ),說(shuō)明phrase的內(nèi)容,此同位語(yǔ)主干為:they look at an organic being as ...,as ...;
    3. 同位語(yǔ)從句中的they指的是those ignorant of evolution,即對(duì)進(jìn)化論一無(wú)所知的人,同位語(yǔ)從句中的his指的是a savage,野人;
    [本句難點(diǎn)]同位語(yǔ)從句的影響;
    [方法對(duì)策]分析主句和同位語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系,從而明白此句的意思主要是說(shuō)對(duì)進(jìn)化論一無(wú)所知的人無(wú)法理解進(jìn)化論;beyond one's comprehension:超出了......的理解范圍,即無(wú)法理解;
    [例句精譯]達(dá)爾文有一句話描述那些對(duì)進(jìn)化論一無(wú)所知的人,他們"看有機(jī)的生命如同野人看船一樣,好像看某種完全不能理解的東西"。
    55.[答案] C
    [解析]本文談到由于科學(xué)的發(fā)展和醫(yī)學(xué)方面的干預(yù),人類(lèi)的自然淘汰進(jìn)化過(guò)程已基本結(jié)束,例如人類(lèi)的生育率與老年人口死亡平均年齡等都大體上已趨于平均。人類(lèi)已不像過(guò)去那樣,完全靠多生、多死,強(qiáng)者生存,弱者滅亡,讓自然本身去選擇淘汰,如同印度的原始部落今天還在進(jìn)行的那樣,而印度的城市則是今日人類(lèi)的縮影,在城市里--人們的生育后代數(shù)量以及老死年齡大體上已經(jīng)平均,不分貧富,無(wú)論貴賤。
    本題問(wèn)男人過(guò)去(used to be)的危險(xiǎn)是什么?根據(jù)第一段可知應(yīng)選C。
    56.[答案] B
    [解析]大家仍記否?舉例題應(yīng)到舉例前去找答案。"印度的例子說(shuō)明這一切"。"這一切"指什么呢?當(dāng)然指上文的"differences between people ...have diminished"。故選B,(在城市的貧、富人之間),自然選擇已不起作用。至于其他三個(gè)選項(xiàng),都是我們的主觀想像。
    57.[答案] A
    [解析]為什么人類(lèi)停止了進(jìn)化?末段告訴我們:不需要了,因?yàn)闄C(jī)器已經(jīng)替我們效力,我們就不用再進(jìn)化了。
    58.[答案] D
    [解析]這是一道主旨題,應(yīng)該將文章每段首句串起來(lái)考慮,尤其是末段首句:"對(duì)我們來(lái)說(shuō),這意味著時(shí)化已經(jīng)結(jié)束。"(over)此句正符合D:"人類(lèi)進(jìn)化已到盡頭"("go nowhere"表示:"無(wú)處可去,無(wú)路可走,已到盡頭")。
    做男人總是充滿(mǎn)危險(xiǎn),出生時(shí)男女比例大約是105:100,但到了成熟期,這一比例幾乎持平,而在70歲的老人中女性是男性的兩倍。但是男性死亡率普遍偏高這種情況正在改變,現(xiàn)在男嬰存活率幾乎同女?huà)胍粯痈?。這就意味著男孩到了尋找伴侶的關(guān)鍵年齡將首次出現(xiàn)男孩過(guò)?,F(xiàn)象。更重要的是,(由于醫(yī)療進(jìn)步男嬰死的少了)自然選擇的一次機(jī)會(huì)不復(fù)存在了。50年前,嬰兒(尤其是男嬰)存活的機(jī)會(huì)取決于體重,過(guò)輕或過(guò)重幾乎意味著必死無(wú)疑。今日體重幾乎不起什么作用,由于大部分人體體重的差異是由基因引起的,所以又一個(gè)進(jìn)化的因素消失了。
    進(jìn)化自殺還有另一種方法:存活,但少生孩子?,F(xiàn)在沒(méi)有幾個(gè)人像過(guò)去那樣生育后代了。除了在一些宗教社區(qū)之外,沒(méi)有幾名婦女有15個(gè)孩子。當(dāng)今人口出生的數(shù)量,同人類(lèi)死亡年齡一樣,已趨于平均化;我們多數(shù)人的子女?dāng)?shù)量大致相同。人與人之間的差異和利用差異進(jìn)行自然選擇的機(jī)會(huì)再一次減少。印度可以說(shuō)明正在發(fā)生的這一切。這個(gè)國(guó)家(印度)給大城市里的少數(shù)人提供財(cái)富,而給其余的各部落民族以貧困。今天(印度大城市里的)這種極其顯著的平均化--每個(gè)人的生存機(jī)會(huì)和子女?dāng)?shù)量都相同--意味著與部落相比較,自然選擇在印度中、上層(即城市里)已經(jīng)失去了80%的效力。
    對(duì)我們來(lái)說(shuō),這意味著進(jìn)化已經(jīng)結(jié)束;生物學(xué)上的烏托邦已經(jīng)降臨。奇怪的是,這一過(guò)程幾乎絲毫沒(méi)有牽涉到身體上的變化;沒(méi)有其他物種充斥著自然中如此多的空間。但在過(guò)去的10萬(wàn)年--甚至過(guò)去的100年中,我們的生活發(fā)生了變化,但我們的身體卻沒(méi)變。我們沒(méi)有進(jìn)化。因?yàn)闄C(jī)器和社會(huì)替我們辦了這一切。達(dá)爾文有一句話描述那些對(duì)進(jìn)化論一無(wú)所知的人,他們"看有機(jī)的生命如同野人看船一樣,好像看某種完全不能理解的東西"。毫無(wú)疑問(wèn),我們將記住20世紀(jì)的生活方式,盡管對(duì)其丑陋之處不得其解;但是,不管我們的子孫后代對(duì)我們離烏托邦的理想境界還差多遠(yuǎn)感到有多么驚訝,他們的樣子同我們差不了多少。
    55. 根據(jù)文章第一段,身為男性過(guò)去面臨的危險(xiǎn)是什么?
    [A] 缺少配偶。
    [B] 激烈的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。
    [C] 存活率較低。
    [D] 基因有缺陷。
    56. 印度的例子說(shuō)明什么?
    [A] 富人生的子女往往比窮人少。
    [B] 自然選擇在富人和窮人中幾乎不起作用。
    [C] 中產(chǎn)階層的人口比部落人口少百分之八十。
    [D] 印度是人口出生率的國(guó)家之一。
    57. 作者認(rèn)為:人的身體已經(jīng)停止進(jìn)化,因?yàn)椤?BR>    [A] 技術(shù)的進(jìn)步提高了人們的生活水平
    [B] 女?huà)氲臄?shù)量一直在減少
    [C] 人類(lèi)已進(jìn)化到階段
    [D] 貧富之間的差距正在消失
    58. 下面哪項(xiàng)可以作為本文的標(biāo)題?
    [A] 人類(lèi)進(jìn)化中性別比例的變化
    [B] 延續(xù)人類(lèi)進(jìn)化的方法
    [C] 自然進(jìn)化的前景
    [D] 人類(lèi)進(jìn)化已到盡頭