考研英語歷年閱讀理解真題精析--2003年part4

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Part Four
    It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional. Small wonder. Americans' life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minuts surgical procedure. Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 years ago. But not even a great health-care system can cure death-and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours.
    Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even under ideal conditions. We all understand that at some level, yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved. Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it's useless. The most obvious example is late-stage cancer care. Physicians-frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient-too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified.
    In 1950, the U.S. spent $12.7 billion on health care. In 2002, the cost will be $1540 billion. Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable. Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it. Some scholars conclude that a government with finite resources should simply stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond a certain age — say 83 or so. Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm "have a duty to die and get out of the way", so that younger, healthier people can realize their potential.
    I would not go that far. Energetic people now routinely work through their 60s and beyond, and remain dazzlingly productive. At 78, Viacom chairman Sumner Redstone jokingly claims to be 53. Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor is in her 70s, and former surgeon general C. Everett Koop chairs an Internet start-up in his 80s. These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age. As a mere 68-year-old, I wish to age as productively as they have.
    Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit. As a physician, I know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful. I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have. As a nation, we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could improve people's lives.
    16. What is implied in the first sentence?
    [A] Americans are better prepared for death than other people.
    [B] Americans enjoy a higher life quality than ever before.
    [C] Americans are over-confident of their medical technology.
    [D] Americans take a vain pride in their long life expectancy.
    17. The author uses the example of cancer patients to show that ________.
    [A] medical resources are often wasted.  [B] doctors are helpless against fatal diseases.
    [C] some treatments are too aggressive.  [D] medical costs are becoming unaffordable.
    18. The author's attitude toward Richard Lamm's remark is one of ________.
    [A] strong disapproval.      [B] reserved consent.
    [C] slight contempt.      [D] enthusiastic support.
    19. In contrast to the U.S., Japan and Sweden are funding their medical care ________.
    [A] more flexibly.       [B] more extravagantly.
    [C] more cautiously.      [D] more reasonably.
    20. The text intends to express the idea that ________.
    [A] medicine will further prolong people's lives.
    [B] life beyond a certain limit is not worth living.
    [C] death should be accepted as a fact of life.
    [D] excessive demands increase the cost of health care.
    Unit 10 (2003)   Part 4
    重點詞匯:
    1. inevitable(不可避免的;必然的)←in+evitable,in-否定前綴,evitable=avoidable可避免的。Change is inevitable. In a progressive country change is constant.變革不可避免,在進步的國家里變革是永恒的。In war there is no substitute for victory.在戰(zhàn)爭中沒有什么可以取代勝利。Those who make peaceful revolution impossible will make violent revolution inevitable.那些使和平改革成為不可能的人,必會使暴力革命成為可能。the inevitable of history 歷史必由之路。
    2. life expectancy 預期壽命。
    3. depression(消沉;蕭條)←de向下+press壓+ion名詞后綴,動詞為depress(壓抑;使沮喪)。Noble deeds and hot baths are the best cures for depression.高尚的行為和熱水澡是治療抑郁的方法。
    4. cataract(大瀑布;白內障)
    5. surgical?。ㄍ饪频?;外科醫(yī)生的;手術的;手術;外科病房)←surg+ical;surgery(外科;外科學;手術;手術室)←surg+ery;surgeon(外科醫(yī)生;軍醫(yī))←surg+eon。
    6. genetically (由遺傳決定地)←gene基因+tical形容詞后綴+ly副詞后綴。
    7. disintegrate?。ㄊ狗至?;使解體)←dis使分離+integrate,integrate(使成為一體)←integr完整+ate動詞后綴;integer(整數(shù);完整的東西);integrity(完整;誠實;正直)。
    8. perish?。▎噬坏蛑x;消亡)←per(=away)+ish動詞后綴。The great tragedy of life is not that men perish but that they cease to love.人生的巨大悲劇不是人們死亡,而是他們不再去愛。Truth may languish but can never perish.真理可能衰微,但決不會滅亡。
    9. aggressive(侵略的;好斗的;有進取心的)←ag(=to)+gress走+ive形容詞后綴。War is an aggressive action of man to man independent of his own will.戰(zhàn)爭是人對人的侵略行為,不為其自身意志左右。
    10. unsustainable(不能持續(xù)的)即un+sustain+able,un-前綴表否定,sustain(支撐;保持)←sus(=sub)在下面+tain(=hold)。同根詞:contain(包含)←con一起+tain;retain(保留)←re再+tain。sustainable development 可持續(xù)發(fā)展。
    11. reverse?。嵉沟?;使倒轉;背面)←re(=back)+verse(=turn)。The historian is a prophet in reverse.史學家是顛倒的預言家。
    12. infirm (虛弱的;不堅固的)←in否定前綴+firm堅固的。
    13. potential (潛在的;潛力)可看作pot+ent+ial,pot即“罐子”,-ent與-ial是后綴,“暫時藏在罐子里面的東東”→潛在的、潛力。Most of us haven't begun to tap our own potential for happiness.我們大多數(shù)人尚未著手開發(fā)自身獲得幸福的潛力。
    14. pursuit(追求;職業(yè))←pursu(e)+it名詞后綴;動詞為pursue(追求;從事)。Love is strongest in pursuit; friendship in possession.愛情在追求的時候最熱烈,友情是在擁有的時候。
    15. therapy(治療;理療)可看作the+rap輕敲+y名詞后綴←“一種輕輕叩擊的方法”。
    16. extravagantly (奢侈地)←extra(=ex)加強語氣+vag大+ant形容詞后綴+ly;extravagant(奢侈的)←extra+vag+ant;extravagance(奢侈)←extra+vag+ance。Waste of time is the most extravagant and costly of all expenses.時間的浪費是一切花費中最奢侈、最昂貴的一種。extravagance — ①anything you buy that is of no earthly use to your wife ②the way the other fellow spends his money 奢侈——①你所買的對妻子毫無用處的任何東西 ②其他人花錢的方法。
    難句解析:
    ① Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure.
    controlled的前面和removed的前面省略了can be。
    不要把clinical depression controlled和cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure看成獨立主格結構,其實兩個逗號連接的是三個平行部分,后面兩個可以被視為省略了動詞前“can be”的成分。
    ②Shielded by third-Party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it's useless.
    本句的主干結構可以縮為we demand everything,everything的后面緊跟了一個that引導的定語從句,主句的前面是過去分詞短語作狀語,主句的后面是even if引導的讓步狀語從句。
    本句的閱讀重點是抓出最主干的成分之后,了解分詞短語作狀語的用法。
    ③Physicians — frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient — too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified.
    本句的主干結構是physicians off treatment,兩個破折號之間是補充說明的部分,補充說明成分是由and連接的兩個分詞短語。介詞beyond之后跟了一個賓語從句,構成介賓結構。
    通過本句應該掌握破折號之間內容的作用,兩個破折號之間通常是補充說明的作用,在第一遍閱讀的時候可以先略過不讀,這樣便可以較為迅速地抓住最主干的成分。
    ④I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spent far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have.
    本句的主干結構是I know that,that后面跟了一個完整的賓語從句,賓語從句的謂語動詞是have achieved,主語是people。countries作Japan和Sweden的同位語,并且country的后面跟了一個that引導的定語從句。
    本句應該重點理解同位語的用法,本句中的同位語的中心詞是countries,后面緊跟了一個定語從句來限定修飾它。
    試題解析:
    這是一篇議論文。在文章中,作者談到了隨著醫(yī)療技術的發(fā)展,人們的壽命得以延長,人們越來越難接受死亡,經常過多的投入在那些無法治愈、毫無希望的治療中。作者認為,人們應該勇于接受死亡這一自然規(guī)律,不要以為醫(yī)學無所不能,徒勞地追求長命百歲。
    這篇文章語言通俗,作者觀點獨特,而且舉了很多例子,邊敘邊議,是篇很有意思的文章。這篇文章的5個小題考查了考生理解文章要義、篇章結構的能力,以及進行推斷、引申的能力。5個小題難度適中。
    16. 【正確答案】 [C]
    該題問的是篇首第一句的含義,考查的是考生對比較手法的理解能力。這句話說的是:“據(jù)說,在英國死亡是迫在眉睫的,在加拿大(死亡)是不可避免的,在加利福尼亞(死亡)是可以選擇的?!睆倪@句話中,我們不難看出美國人的驕傲和狂妄,他們認為美國擁有高端的醫(yī)療技術,死亡是可以控制的。所以C項是正確的:“美國人對他們的醫(yī)療技術過分自信。”
    A項毫無道理,事實上,美國人比其他國家的人更害怕死亡,所以不惜投入許多金錢,期望醫(yī)療技術能延緩他們的生命。B項是將美國人的現(xiàn)狀與過去相比,與篇首的比較句沒有關系。D項說的是美國人為他們的壽命長而感到驕傲,也是沒有理解原話的意思。原句中用了“optional”一詞,不是說死亡會遲遲不來,而是說美國的醫(yī)療技術如此發(fā)達,人們可以選擇什么時候死亡。借助醫(yī)療技術,人們可以想活多久就活多久。所以D項不正確。
    17. 【正確答案】 [A]
    該小題問的是癌癥病人的例子說明了什么,考查的是考生對論證過程的理解。
    在第二段中,作者舉出晚期癌癥患者的例子,指出醫(yī)生們?yōu)榱瞬蛔尰颊邌适M扇∫恍┻^激的,缺乏科學根據(jù)的治療方法。光看這一句,似乎A、B、C選項都正確。但是,結合文章來看(這篇文章是為了說服人們勇敢地接受死亡這一自然規(guī)律),我們發(fā)現(xiàn)它的作用是為了說明人們通常浪費了醫(yī)療資源,過度地投入在回天無力的事情上。從這道題中,我們可以學到,論據(jù)就是為了證明論點的,文章中的任何一句話都不能孤立地去理解。而應該結合文章大意,結合上下文去理解。所以A選項是正確的。
    B、C選項都沒有答到點子上。文中并沒有提及D項內容,所以是錯誤的。
    18. 【正確答案】 [B]
    該題考查的是作者對于Lamm所說的話的態(tài)度。
    Lamm所說的話也是作者引用的一個論據(jù)。Lamm認為老年人有義務死亡,以免擋?。贻p人的)道路。在接下來的一段,作者對于Lamm的觀點發(fā)表了看法:“I would not go that far.”(我不會那么極端)。接著,作者舉出了許多例子,說明老年人也可以活得有生氣,還能為社會做貢獻。有的考生看到這兒就匆匆地選擇了A,認為作者極力反對Lamm的觀點。這就有點斷章取義了。因為在接下來的一段中,作者用“Yet”表示了轉折,表述了另外一個角度的意見。說的是,一個社會在這方面(追求高質量的老年生活)的花費是有限的。從作者的論述中,我們可以推斷出,作者希望人們接受新陳代謝的自然規(guī)律,所以在一定程度上與Lamm所提倡的是一致的。所以選B,作者對Lamm的觀點基本同意,但有所保留。
    19. 【正確答案】[D]
    該小題考查的是考生進行推斷、引申的能力。
    文中的原話是:“I also know that people in Japan and Sweded, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier have.”,說明了雖然日本和瑞典在醫(yī)療保健上的花費比美國少,但壽命卻比美國人長,身體也更健康。接著,作者提出倡議,與其將資金徒勞地花在沒有希望的治療上,還不如投入到較一般的治療中,以提高人們的生活質量。所以可以推斷出,日本和瑞典在醫(yī)療保健上的投資更合理。因此選擇D。
    20. 【正確答案】 [C]
    該小題考查的是考生對文章主旨要義的理解能力。
    A項與作者觀點相反。B項也不正確,作者在第四段已舉例反駁了這種過激的看法。D項闡述的是事實,原則上沒有錯,但卻不是文章主要要表達的思想。
    全文翻譯:
    據(jù)說,在英國死亡很緊迫,在加拿大死亡不可避免,在加利福尼亞死亡可以選擇。難怪,在過去的一個世紀里,美國人的壽命幾乎翻了一番。髖骨不行了可以更換,臨床的憂郁癥得到了控制,白內障僅用30分鐘手術便可以切除。這些進步給老年人口帶來的高質量生活在50年前我剛從事醫(yī)學時是不可想像的。但是即使有一個偉大的醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生體系,死亡也是無法戰(zhàn)勝的——而我們不能面對這個現(xiàn)實,正危及我們自身的偉大。死亡是正常的;我們的基因決定我們即使在最理想的環(huán)境里也會解體和滅亡。我們所有人在某種程度上都懂得這一點,但是作為醫(yī)療消費者,我們常將死亡視為一個問題來解決。由于醫(yī)療費用由第三方支付,我們常常要求用盡所有的醫(yī)療手段,即使它們不會有任何作用。最明顯的例子是晚期癌癥的治療。醫(yī)生由于不能治愈疾病,同時又擔心病人失去希望,常常采用極端大膽的治療方法,這些方法遠遠超出了科學能夠認同的界限。
    1950年,美國在醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生方面的開支是127億美元。2002年,這項開支將達到15400億。任何人都明白這個趨勢不可持續(xù),但是很少有人愿意扭轉它。有些學者總結說,如果政府資金有限,它應該停止支付延緩某一個年齡以上人群壽命的醫(yī)療費用——比如83歲左右。據(jù)說,科羅拉多州前州長理查德?拉姆曾經說,老年多病者“有責任死去和讓位”,以讓更年輕、更健康的人們去發(fā)揮他們的潛能。
    我不會說得這么絕對,畢竟現(xiàn)在精力充沛的人們通常能工作到60歲,甚至更久,并仍然具有驚人的創(chuàng)造力。78歲的Viacom公司總裁薩姆勒?雷斯頓開玩笑說他只有53歲。法院法官桑德拉?歐康奈70有余,前衛(wèi)生局醫(yī)務主任C?庫普80來歲還出任了一個互聯(lián)網公司的總裁。這些領導人就是活生生的證據(jù),證明對疾病的防治是有意義的,證明我們能夠對付年齡帶來的健康問題。作為一名年僅68歲的人,我希望像他們一樣在老齡階段保持創(chuàng)造力。
    然而在這樣的追求中,一個社會能夠承擔的費用是有限的。作為一名醫(yī)生,我深知最昂貴和最激進的手段也可能是無效的和痛苦的。我也深知在醫(yī)療開銷少得多的日本和瑞典,人們獲得了比我們更長的、更健康的壽命。作為一個民族,我們可能在尋求不可能奏效的治療方法上花錢太多,而在研究能提高人們生活質量的更平常的方法上花錢太少。