考研英語(yǔ)歷年閱讀理解真題精析--2003年part1

字號(hào):

Unit 10
    Part One
    Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Internet. The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in World War II and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information. Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the "great game" of espionage — spying as a "profession." These days the Net, which has already re-made such everyday pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovan's vocation as well.
    The latest revolution isn't simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemen's e-mail. That kind of electronic spying has been going on for decades. In the past three or four years, the World Wide Web has given birth to a whole industry of point-and-click spying. The spooks call it "open source intelligence," and as the Net grows, it is becoming increasingly influential. In 1995 the CIA held a contest to see who could compile the most data about Burundi. The winner, by a large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open Source Solutions, whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world.
    Among this firms making the biggest splash in the new world is Straitford, Inc., a private intelligence-analysis firm based in Austin, Texas. Straitford makes money by selling the results of spying (covering nations from Chile to Russia)to corporations like energy-services firm McDermott International. Many of its predictions are available online at www.straitford.com.
    Straitford president George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution, a spymaster's dream. Last week his firm was busy vacuuming up data bits from the far corners of the world and predicting a crisis in Ukraine. "As soon as that report runs, we'll suddenly get 500 new internet sign-ups from Ukraine," says Friedman, a former political science professor. "And we'll hear back from some of them." Open-source spying does have its risks, of course, since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad. That's where Straitford earns its keep.
    Friedman relies on a lean staff of 20 in Austin. Several of his staff members have military-intelligence backgrounds. He sees the firm's outsider status as the key to its success. Straitford's briefs don't sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong. Straitford, says Friedman, takes pride in its independent voice.
    1. The emergence of the Net has ________.
    [A] received support from fans like Donovan.  [B] remolded the intelligence services.
    [C] restored many common pastimes.    [D] revived spying as a profession.
    2. Donovan's story is mentioned in the text to ________.
    [A] introduce the topic of online spying.   [B] show how he fought for the U.S.
    [C] give an episode of the information war.  [D] honor his unique services to the CIA.
    3. The phrase "making the biggest splash" (line 1, paragraph 3)most probably means ________.
    [A] causing the biggest trouble.     [B] exerting the greatest effort.
    [C] achieving the greatest success.    [D] enjoying the widest popularity.
    4. It can be learned from paragraph 4 that ________.
    [A] Straitford's prediction about Ukraine has proved true.
    [B] Straitford guarantees the truthfulness of its information.
    [C] Straitford's business is characterized by unpredictability.
    [D] Straitford is able to provide fairly reliable information.
    5. Straitford is most proud of its ________.
    [A] official status. [B] nonconformist image. [C] efficient staff.  [D] military background.
    Unit 10(2003)  Part 1
    重點(diǎn)詞匯:
    1. spymaster 即spy+master,間諜大王、間諜組織首腦。
    2. strategic (戰(zhàn)略的;對(duì)全局起關(guān)鍵作用的)為strategy(戰(zhàn)略,策略)的形容詞形式,-ic為形容詞后綴。strategy and tactics 戰(zhàn)略與戰(zhàn)術(shù);a global strategy 全球戰(zhàn)略。Worry more about implementation than strategy — it's harder to do.更多地為貫徹落實(shí)而非戰(zhàn)略本身操心——這樣做更難。
    3. lay the roots for 扎根于。
    4. fascinate(使著迷,強(qiáng)烈地吸引),去e加名詞后綴-ion即為fascination(入迷;誘惑力),去e加形容詞后綴-ing即為fascinating(迷人的),另可記fascism(法西斯主義),fascist(法西斯主義的;法西斯主義者)。
    5. espionage(間諜活動(dòng))即esp(i)+ion+age,espi即espy(窺探←e-=ex-出來(lái)+spy窺探),-ion與-age皆名詞后綴,表“活動(dòng)”。
    6. revolution (革命;旋轉(zhuǎn))是revolve(使旋轉(zhuǎn))的名詞形式,“旋轉(zhuǎn)”入“革命”的漩渦。revolve即re+volve,re-反復(fù),volve詞根“卷”,于是“反復(fù)卷”→旋轉(zhuǎn)。
    7. give birth to 分娩;產(chǎn)生;造成。He gave birth to a brilliant idea.他想到一個(gè)絕妙的主意。
    8. spook(幽靈;間諜)可看作sp(y)+o(o)+ok→“幽靈”級(jí)的“間諜”窺探(spy)只用兩只眼睛(oo)就ok了。spook — something everyone is afraid of and no one believes in 幽靈——人人害怕,卻沒(méi)人相信的東西。
    9. intelligence(智力;情報(bào))即intel+lig+ence,intel-即inter-(前綴,意為“在……之間”=between,因后接l,故r變形為l),lig詞根意為“選擇”=lect(i與e元音可替換,ct=G←G就是由一個(gè)大C與一個(gè)小T組成的),-ence名詞后綴,故“從中挑選出所需之物的能力”→智力;“從中挑選出來(lái)的東西”→情報(bào)。intelligent(聰明的)←intel+lig+ent形容詞后綴;intelligible(可理解的,易懂的)←intel+lig+ible形容詞后綴。
    10. influential (有影響的;有權(quán)勢(shì)的)即in+flu+ential,in-前綴意為“到里面”=into,flu詞根意為“流”=flow(flu作單詞時(shí)意為“流感”,即“流行性感冒”),-ential形容詞后綴,故“能流到心里面的”→有影響的。名詞與動(dòng)詞形式都是influence←in+flu+ence后綴。
    11. compile?。ň庉?;搜集)即com+pile,com-前綴“一起”,pile堆,故“把文字堆在一起”→編輯;“把資料堆在一起”→搜集。compiler(編輯)←compil(e)+er表“人”;compilation(編纂)←compil(e)+ation名詞后綴表“行為”。
    12. splash(n.v.濺)為擬聲詞。make a splash 炫耀財(cái)富;Diplomacy — the art of jumping into trouble without making a splash.外交——縱身躍入麻煩而不濺起水花的藝術(shù)。
    13. prediction?。A(yù)言,預(yù)測(cè))即pre+dict+ion,pre-前綴表“在前”,dict詞根意為“說(shuō)”,-ion名詞后綴,故“在事情發(fā)生前就說(shuō)的”→預(yù)言,動(dòng)詞為predict←pre+dict。
    14. available (可用的,可得到的)。OpportUnity is available for everyone, but many of them didn't know they had met with it.人人都能得到機(jī)會(huì),但是許多人不知道自己遇到過(guò)它。
    15. mutually?。ㄏ嗷サ兀┛煽醋鱩ut(e)+ual+ly,mute(啞的),-ual形容詞后綴,-ly副詞后綴,啞巴之間說(shuō)話(huà)只能靠“相互地”交換手勢(shì),形容詞為mutual(相互的)。
    16. reinforce(增援,加強(qiáng))即re+inforce,re-前綴“再”=again,inforce即enforce(加強(qiáng)),故“再次加強(qiáng)”→加強(qiáng)。reinforced concrete 鋼筋混凝土。
    17. distribution?。ǚ职l(fā))即dis+tribut+ion,dis-前綴“分離”=aPart,tribut詞根“給”,-ion名詞后綴,故“給出去”→分發(fā)。Of great riches there is no real use, except it be in the distribution.巨大的財(cái)富除了散布,沒(méi)有真正的用途。
    18. dramatic(戲劇性的;引人注目的;劇烈的)即drama+tic,drama戲劇、劇本,-tic形容詞后綴,表“具……性質(zhì)”。
    19. take pride in 以……為驕傲。
    20. emergence?。@現(xiàn))為emerge的名詞形式
    21. revive?。╲.恢復(fù);復(fù)蘇)即re+vive,re-前綴“回”,vive詞根“活的”,故“回到活的狀態(tài)”→復(fù)蘇。
    22. nonconformist (不合傳統(tǒng)規(guī)范的;不合傳統(tǒng)規(guī)范的人)即non-(前綴,“不”)+conform(遵守)+ist(“……的”或“……的人”)。
    難句解析:
    ①The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in World War Ⅱ and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information.
    本句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是The American spymaster was fascinated with information。spymaster的后邊是一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句,定語(yǔ)從句里包含由and連接的兩個(gè)并列句。
    本句一共出現(xiàn)了三個(gè)動(dòng)詞,分別是built、laid和was fascinated。應(yīng)該注意體會(huì)它們的邏輯關(guān)系。本句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是was fascinated,應(yīng)該首先把它找出來(lái)。built和laid處于并列關(guān)系,它們的主語(yǔ)是spymaster。
    ②These days the Net, which has already re-made such everyday pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovan's vocation as well.
    句子的主干是the Net is reshaping Donovan's vocation。兩個(gè)逗號(hào)之間是一個(gè)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句,用來(lái)補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明the Net。
    本句應(yīng)該重點(diǎn)體會(huì)逗號(hào)在閱讀當(dāng)中的一個(gè)用法。兩個(gè)逗號(hào)之間是補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明成分時(shí),在閱讀過(guò)程中可以先跳過(guò)不讀。這樣的話(huà)可以較迅速地把握出該句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)。
    ③The winner, by a large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open Source Solution, whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world.
    本句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是The winner was a tiny Virginia company。company的后邊有一個(gè)過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)和一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句共同修飾它。
    應(yīng)該重點(diǎn)體會(huì)company后邊的修飾成分,緊隨company之后的是一個(gè)過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作它的后置定語(yǔ),同時(shí)還有一個(gè)whose引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句,也用來(lái)限定修飾company。
    ④Straitford's briefs don't sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong.
    此處的whereby相當(dāng)于by which、by what,即“憑什么”。所以本句的主干部分是逗號(hào)前邊的部分,逗號(hào)的后邊進(jìn)一步補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。on the chance的意思是也許能夠(做到某事)、希望能夠(做到某事),后邊經(jīng)常接that引導(dǎo)的從句。
    本句應(yīng)該重點(diǎn)體會(huì)whereby以及on the chance的用法。back-and-forthing在此處應(yīng)譯為“往來(lái)公文”。
    試題解析:
    這是一篇說(shuō)明性的文章,介紹了互聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)對(duì)情報(bào)行業(yè)的影響。文章第一段便指出,互聯(lián)網(wǎng)在改變情報(bào)行業(yè)。第二段進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明互聯(lián)網(wǎng)促使了一種新的情報(bào)行業(yè)的誕生,運(yùn)用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)可以獲取更多的情報(bào)。接下來(lái),作者以Straitford公司為例,介紹該公司如何將網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)運(yùn)用于情報(bào)工作以及該公司的一些經(jīng)營(yíng)理念。整篇文章通俗易懂,雖存在個(gè)別生詞,但考生可以通過(guò)上下文猜測(cè)出詞義。
    基于這篇文章的5道小題考查的范圍覆蓋了全文,既考查了考生理解具體信息的能力,也考查了考生推測(cè)詞義、推理引申的能力。5道小題難度適中。
    1. 【正確答案】 [B]
    該小題考查的是考生是否理解了第一段內(nèi)容,特別是最后一句話(huà)。
    那句話(huà)是:“These days the Net, which has re-made such everyday pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovan's vocation as well.”。其中,“Donovan's vocation”指的就是“spying”,也就是“intelligence services”(情報(bào)行業(yè))。關(guān)鍵在于對(duì)“reshape”一詞的理解,它的含義是“改造”。
    理解了以上這兩點(diǎn)就能選出正確答案B。其實(shí)B選項(xiàng)就是原文的另一種表述方式。但是,此題只有28.7%的考生選出了正確案,答對(duì)率不高。
    更多的考生選擇的是D。選錯(cuò)的原因可能在于考生對(duì)“reshape”與“revive”的詞義差別區(qū)分不清?!皉evive”一詞的含義是“to come or bring back into use or existence”(<使>復(fù)興,<使>復(fù)活),暗含的意思是某事物已不存在或已喪失作用。第一段并沒(méi)有提到間諜行業(yè)曾經(jīng)消失的信息,從第二段中我們了解到互聯(lián)網(wǎng)推動(dòng)了情報(bào)行業(yè)的發(fā)展,也沒(méi)有找到任何關(guān)于情報(bào)行業(yè)曾經(jīng)中斷的內(nèi)容,所以D選項(xiàng)的說(shuō)法是不正確的。
    C選項(xiàng)也不正確,關(guān)鍵也在于“re-make”與“restore”的差別?!皉estore”的含義有:(1)“bring back into existence or use”(該義項(xiàng)與“revive”相近);(2)“bring back to an original condition”(恢復(fù)到原來(lái)的狀態(tài))。原文說(shuō)的是,互聯(lián)網(wǎng)改變了人們?nèi)粘I畹姆绞?,如:買(mǎi)書(shū),發(fā)郵件等。人們現(xiàn)在可以足不出戶(hù),通過(guò)網(wǎng)絡(luò)購(gòu)書(shū)或發(fā)電子郵件。因此,無(wú)論“restore”在此取哪一種義項(xiàng)都與原文意思不符。
    A選項(xiàng)也是錯(cuò)誤的。選擇A的考生對(duì)第一句話(huà)沒(méi)有理解。第一句話(huà)用“would have loved”虛擬語(yǔ)氣說(shuō),若Wild Bill Donovan還在世的話(huà),他會(huì)愛(ài)上互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的??梢?jiàn)Donovan在世的時(shí)候并沒(méi)有互聯(lián)網(wǎng),從后面的幾句話(huà)中我們也能證實(shí)這一點(diǎn)。所以A選項(xiàng)將Donovan說(shuō)成是互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的愛(ài)好者的說(shuō)法是錯(cuò)誤的。
    2. 【正確答案】[A]
    該小題問(wèn)作者提起Donovan的目的。
    答這類(lèi)題的時(shí)候,考生應(yīng)從整段或全文的角度去考慮。作者在寫(xiě)文章時(shí)舉出某個(gè)例子時(shí),這個(gè)例子一定是圍繞著作者想表達(dá)的觀點(diǎn)。讀懂了細(xì)節(jié),弄清了篇章結(jié)構(gòu)能有助于把握文章主旨,反過(guò)來(lái),了解了文章的大致主題和觀點(diǎn)也可幫助我們吃透細(xì)節(jié)。其實(shí),在篇首對(duì)Donovan的介紹只是一個(gè)引子,導(dǎo)出的是作者要談的主題,即第一段的最后一句話(huà)。在后面的幾段中,作者介紹了互聯(lián)網(wǎng)對(duì)情報(bào)工作的影響。所以答案是A。有部分考生選擇了C,原因在于沒(méi)有理解文章的主題。
    3. 【正確答案】[C]
    該小題考查的是考生對(duì)詞組詞義的猜測(cè)能力。
    “make a splash”的含義是“to create a forceful, favorable, and noticeable effect”。即使不知道這個(gè)詞組的含義,也可以從下文中推測(cè)出:Straitford公司是這個(gè)新領(lǐng)域的佼佼者,所以答案是C。
    其他三個(gè)選項(xiàng)在文章中找不到依據(jù)。
    4. 【正確答案】 [D]
    該小題考查的是考生的推理、引申能力。
    第四段主要講的是:Friedman將互聯(lián)網(wǎng)作為一個(gè)雙向的工具,既用來(lái)收集信息,又用來(lái)發(fā)布信息。然后以烏克蘭(Ukraine)的例子說(shuō)明網(wǎng)絡(luò)互動(dòng)的實(shí)際作用。A選項(xiàng)的說(shuō)法沒(méi)有根據(jù),因?yàn)槲闹兄徽f(shuō)了Stfaitford公司作出了關(guān)于烏克蘭局勢(shì)的預(yù)測(cè),并沒(méi)有信息說(shuō)明預(yù)言是否成真。B選項(xiàng)的說(shuō)法“Straitford公司確保情報(bào)的真實(shí)性”與原文意思有些不符。第四段最后一句說(shuō),利用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)收集情報(bào)是有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的,因?yàn)榍閳?bào)的真?zhèn)坞y辨。Straitford公司就是靠辨別真?zhèn)吻閳?bào)吃飯的。從這兩句話(huà)中可以知道,Straitford公司能提供相當(dāng)可靠的情報(bào),但沒(méi)有保證情報(bào)準(zhǔn)確,從常理上說(shuō)也是不可能的。所以B的說(shuō)法太絕對(duì)。C選項(xiàng)說(shuō)的是Straitford公司生意的特點(diǎn)是不可預(yù)測(cè)性,這種說(shuō)法在文中也找不到根據(jù)。
    5. 【正確答案】 [B]
    該小題考查的是考生對(duì)最后一段內(nèi)容的理解。
    答案可以在最后一句話(huà)中找出:“Straitford,says Friedman, takes pride in its independent voice.”。Straitford公司引以為豪的是其獨(dú)立的立場(chǎng)。與其他公司不同,Straitford公司避免外界的左右。B選項(xiàng)其實(shí)就是“independent voice”的另一種說(shuō)法。其他三個(gè)選項(xiàng)或沒(méi)有說(shuō)到點(diǎn)子上或缺乏依據(jù),都是錯(cuò)誤的。
    全文翻譯:
    比爾?多諾汶肯定會(huì)喜歡網(wǎng)絡(luò)。這位美國(guó)間諜大王對(duì)情報(bào)著迷,他曾經(jīng)在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)時(shí)建立了戰(zhàn)略事務(wù)辦公室,后來(lái)又為中央情報(bào)局的成立打下了基礎(chǔ)。多諾汶相信,在諜報(bào)職業(yè)這個(gè)“大游戲”中可以使用任何手段。如今,互聯(lián)網(wǎng)已經(jīng)改變了買(mǎi)書(shū)和寄信這樣的日常活動(dòng),也正在改變多諾汶曾經(jīng)從事的這個(gè)職業(yè)。
    最近的這次革命性的改變不僅僅是一個(gè)人偷看別人的電子郵件的問(wèn)題,這樣的電子間諜活動(dòng)已經(jīng)存在了數(shù)十年。在過(guò)去的三四年中,國(guó)際互聯(lián)網(wǎng)已經(jīng)派生出一個(gè)可稱(chēng)為點(diǎn)擊諜報(bào)的完整的產(chǎn)業(yè)。間諜們把它稱(chēng)為“公開(kāi)來(lái)源情報(bào)”。隨著互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的增長(zhǎng),這樣的情報(bào)變得越來(lái)越有影響力。1995年中央情報(bào)局舉辦了一個(gè)競(jìng)賽,看誰(shuí)能夠收集到關(guān)于“布隆迪”的最多信息。勝者勝出了一大截,卻是弗吉尼亞的一家小公司,名為“公開(kāi)來(lái)源解決方案”,它的明顯優(yōu)勢(shì)是它對(duì)電子世界的把握。
    在這個(gè)新的電子世界中最引起轟動(dòng)的是一個(gè)叫司特雷福的公司,它是得克薩斯州奧斯汀市的一個(gè)私營(yíng)的情報(bào)分析公司。該公司的業(yè)務(wù)是將覆蓋全球各個(gè)國(guó)家的情報(bào)銷(xiāo)售給“麥克德莫國(guó)際”這樣的能源公司。它的許多預(yù)測(cè)在網(wǎng)上都可以查閱,網(wǎng)址www.straitford.com。
    該公司的總裁喬治?弗萊德曼說(shuō),他把網(wǎng)絡(luò)世界視為情報(bào)收集和情報(bào)發(fā)布兩方面相互增強(qiáng)的工具,是間諜們的夢(mèng)想。上周,他的公司正在從遠(yuǎn)在世界的另一角落收集零散的信息,并預(yù)測(cè)在烏克蘭將發(fā)生一場(chǎng)危機(jī)?!耙坏┻@個(gè)報(bào)道發(fā)布,我們將從烏克蘭突然新增500個(gè)瀏覽用戶(hù),”弗萊德曼,一位前政治科學(xué)教授說(shuō),“我們將聽(tīng)到其中一些人的回應(yīng)。”當(dāng)然公開(kāi)來(lái)源的諜報(bào)活動(dòng)的確有它的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),因?yàn)楹茈y區(qū)分正確與錯(cuò)誤的信息。這正是司特雷福公司掙飯吃的地方。
    弗萊德曼只在奧斯汀市雇用了為數(shù)不多的雇員。其中的一些有軍事情報(bào)工作背景。他把公司的“局外人”地位視為它成功的關(guān)鍵。司特雷福公司的簡(jiǎn)報(bào)聽(tīng)上去不像華盛頓*常常提供的躲閃的言辭,政府機(jī)構(gòu)往往避免發(fā)布引人注目的言論,因?yàn)檫@些言論可能出錯(cuò)。弗萊德曼說(shuō),司特雷福公司為其獨(dú)立的聲音而感到自豪。