Part Three
Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age. For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences.
Although we focus on the needs of exceptional children, we find ourselves describing their environment as well. While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself. Both the family and the society in which exceptional children live are often the key to their growth and development. And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society's understanding — the knowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation.
Education in any society is a mirror of that society. In that mirror we can see the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values of the culture itself. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.
“All men are created equal.” We've heard it many times, but it still has important meaning for education in a democratic society. Although the phrase was used by this country's founders to denote equality before the law, it has also been interpreted to mean equality of opportunity. That concept implies educational opportunity for all children — the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great. Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of all children — disabled or not — to an appropriate education, and have ordered that public schools take the necessary step to provide that education. In response, schools are modifying their programs, adapting instruction to children who are exceptional, to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs.
9. In Paragraph 2, the author cites the example of the leading actor on the stage to show that ____.
[A] the growth of exceptional children has much to do with their family and the society
[B] exceptional children are more influenced by their families than normal children are
[C] exceptional children are the key interest of the family and society
[D] the needs of the society weigh much heavier than the needs of the exceptional children
10. The reason that the exceptional children receive so much concern in education is that ____.
[A] they are expected to be leaders of the society
[B] they might become a burden of the society
[C] they should fully develop their potentials
[D] disabled children deserve special consideration
11. This passage mainly deals with ____.
[A] the differences of children in their learning capabilities
[B] the definition of exceptional children in modern society
[C] the special educational programs for exceptional children
[D] the necessity of adapting education to exceptional children
12. From this passage we learn that the educational concern for exceptional children ____.
[A] is now enjoying legal support
[B] disagrees with the tradition of the country
[C] was clearly stated by the country's founders
[D] will exert great influence over court decisions
Unit 1（1994）Part 3
重點詞匯：
1．denote（v.表示）即de+note，de-向下，note記錄，“記錄下來”→表示。Wisdom denotes the pursuing of the best and by the best means.“明智”指的是以好的方法追求好的結(jié)果。
難句解析：
①Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age. For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences.
第一個短句結(jié)構(gòu)很簡單，第二句中For these children to develop to their full adult potential是一個表示目的的狀語，也可以看成是一個從主句their education must be adapted to those differences后面提前了的介詞結(jié)構(gòu)。
第一個短句中exceptional一詞我們從文章后面的敘述中可以知道它不是我們一般理解的“杰出的，出類拔萃的”，而應(yīng)指“反常的，有缺陷的”，其實此處的exceptional是一種“身有殘疾”的委婉表達法；significant應(yīng)理解為“重要的，關(guān)鍵的”，而第二句的develop to their full adult potential的develop是一個不及物動詞，意為“發(fā)展，養(yǎng)成”，而potential是一個名詞，意為“潛能”；be adapted to的意思是“被調(diào)整，適應(yīng)”。
②While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself.
此句由一個while引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句the leading actor on the stage captures our attention和一個主句構(gòu)成。
要理解本句，重點是看到它是一個類比，把殘疾兒童比喻為舞臺上的主要角色，而他們的家庭和社會環(huán)境被比喻為配角和戲劇的布景。在考研的閱讀理解中，當我們碰到作者使用各種比喻和類比時，重要的一點就是要弄清其用比喻來說明的對象。
③And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society's understanding — the knowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation.
這是一個強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)，強調(diào)的是in the public schools，后面find的賓語expression of society's understanding又有一個補語，而其中又包含一個定語從句。
本句理解的重點是短語the full expression of society's understanding。注意此處understanding不單純是“理解”的意思，應(yīng)該是指“理智，知性”，如果在開始閱讀時對understanding一詞的理解不夠深刻，也可以從破折號后面的補充成分入手理解其深刻含義。
④The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportUnity to fully develop their capabilities.
此句結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜，上來先應(yīng)該抓住其主干結(jié)構(gòu)The great interest... indicates the strong feeling...。而主語the great interest后面有一個修飾成分in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades，在賓語the strong feeling后面有一個同位語從句that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportUnity to fully develop their capabilities。
要理解本句，重點在理清句子結(jié)構(gòu)，并注意whatever their special conditions是用來修飾all citizens的。
⑤That concept implies educational opportUnity for all children — the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great.
此句的主句是That concept implies educational opportUnity for all children，而破折號后面的是對educational opportUnity for all children這一事物的進一步說明，其中包含有一個whether引導(dǎo)的從句，其中省略了should，可以被視為一種虛擬語氣。
此句的閱讀重點在于抓住圍繞educational opportUnity所展開的幾層意思，從the right再到更進一層的capacity。
⑥In response, schools are modifying their programs, adapting instruction to children who are exceptional, to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs.
此句的主句是schools are modifying their programs，后面是一個分詞短語作狀語，而在這個狀語中又有兩個定語從句who are exceptional和who cannot profit substantially from regular programs來修飾children。
注意詞組adapting instruction to children（使授課能夠適應(yīng)兒童），另外substantially是“真正地”的意思。
試題解析：
9．【正確答案】 [A]
該選擇項中“have much to do with”意為：與……有很大的關(guān)系，與……緊密相關(guān)。文章中第2段第2句所舉的這個例子旨在說明其他演員及場景對主演的重要作用，這個例子又用來說明本段第1句與第3句闡明的道理。
[B]的意思文章未提及。[C]與作者所呼吁的應(yīng)該去做的事相反。[D]該選擇項中“weigh much heavier than”意為：比……分量重得多，比……重要得多。由此可見該選擇項的內(nèi)容與文章的內(nèi)容絲毫不相關(guān)。
10．【正確答案】[C]
該項意為：其潛能應(yīng)得到充分的發(fā)展。參閱文章第3段第3句，社會對特殊兒童接受普通教育的關(guān)注表明他們的主張：任何公民都應(yīng)該得到使其潛能充分發(fā)展的機會。這也是整篇文章的主旨：教育應(yīng)該有利于特殊兒童的成長（參閱第1段第2句以及第4段第3、5句）。
[A]與本文所主張的讓特殊兒童平等受普通教育的思想格格不入，另外，從上下文來看，該文中所說的exceptional children是指殘疾兒童（disabled/retarded children）。[B]這與原文所傳達的思想相違背。[D]原文強調(diào)的是特殊兒童應(yīng)得到平等受教育的機會以利于其能力的充分發(fā)展，而這個選擇項強調(diào)對殘疾兒童應(yīng)區(qū)別對待，這與原文是不吻合的。
11．【正確答案】[D]
由對第10題的分析可以看出，本文主要在于說明改革目前的教育方式使之更有利于特殊兒童的成長的重要性（或必要性）。
[A]本文未列舉兒童在學(xué)習能力方面存在哪些差別。[B]本文也未對什么樣的兒童稱為特殊兒童進行界定。[C]本文主要談的是使目前的教育更適合特殊兒童的發(fā)展的重要性，但并沒主張為他們設(shè)立一套特殊的教學(xué)計劃，更沒談具體設(shè)立什么教學(xué)計劃或項目。
12．【正確答案】[A]
參閱原文第4段第4句。句中confirm意為：認可，批準，使……有效。
[B]該選擇項中disagree with意為：與……不一致。從文章第4段第1、23句來看，該項表達的內(nèi)容與事實相反。[C]文章第4段第3句指出，國家的們的人人平等這一思想也包含了兒童平等受教育的權(quán)利，但這并不意味著他們業(yè)已明確地表達了（clearly stated）對特殊兒童的教育的關(guān)懷。[D]兒童平等受教育的權(quán)利已獲得法律上的認可，法庭裁決也必須依法行事，因此，該項所表達的內(nèi)容（將會對法庭的裁決起很大影響）是不正確的。
全文翻譯：
特殊兒童與其他同齡的正常孩子相比有一些重要的不同之處。對于這些孩子來說，要使他們到成年時全部的潛力能得到開發(fā)，那么他們所受的教育就必須適應(yīng)那些差異。
盡管我們關(guān)注的焦點是特殊兒童的需要，但我們發(fā)現(xiàn)自己也在描述他們的生活環(huán)境。當舞臺上的主角吸引了我們的注意力后，我們也能意識到配角及劇目本身場景的重要性。特殊兒童所處的家庭及社會環(huán)境常常是他們成長和發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵。正是在公立學(xué)校里我們感受到了社會知性的充分體現(xiàn)——傳授給下一代的知識、希望和恐懼。
任何社會的教育都是反映該社會的一面鏡子。在這面鏡子里，我們可以看到力量、弱點及文化本身。過去30年間公共教育所表現(xiàn)出的對特殊兒童的巨大關(guān)注表明了存在于我們社會中的那種強烈的感受，即所有公民，不論情況特殊與否，都應(yīng)該得到全面發(fā)展其能力的機會。
“人人生來平等”這句話我們已聽過無數(shù)次，但它對民主社會的教育仍然有著極其重要的寓意。盡管這句話被國家們用來預(yù)示法律面前人人平等，它也被解釋為機會面前人人平等。這一概念暗示了所有兒童都有接受教育的機會——即每個兒童，不管其本身的能力大小與否，都有權(quán)利在學(xué)習上大限度地得到幫助。近的法庭裁決已再次確定了所有兒童——不論殘疾與否——都有接受相適應(yīng)的教育的權(quán)利，并已命令公立學(xué)校采取必要的措施來提供這種教育。作為回應(yīng)，學(xué)校也在調(diào)整課程安排，使授課能夠適應(yīng)特殊兒童，適應(yīng)那些不能從常規(guī)課程中真正獲益的兒童的需要。
Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age. For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences.
Although we focus on the needs of exceptional children, we find ourselves describing their environment as well. While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself. Both the family and the society in which exceptional children live are often the key to their growth and development. And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society's understanding — the knowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation.
Education in any society is a mirror of that society. In that mirror we can see the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values of the culture itself. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.
“All men are created equal.” We've heard it many times, but it still has important meaning for education in a democratic society. Although the phrase was used by this country's founders to denote equality before the law, it has also been interpreted to mean equality of opportunity. That concept implies educational opportunity for all children — the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great. Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of all children — disabled or not — to an appropriate education, and have ordered that public schools take the necessary step to provide that education. In response, schools are modifying their programs, adapting instruction to children who are exceptional, to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs.
9. In Paragraph 2, the author cites the example of the leading actor on the stage to show that ____.
[A] the growth of exceptional children has much to do with their family and the society
[B] exceptional children are more influenced by their families than normal children are
[C] exceptional children are the key interest of the family and society
[D] the needs of the society weigh much heavier than the needs of the exceptional children
10. The reason that the exceptional children receive so much concern in education is that ____.
[A] they are expected to be leaders of the society
[B] they might become a burden of the society
[C] they should fully develop their potentials
[D] disabled children deserve special consideration
11. This passage mainly deals with ____.
[A] the differences of children in their learning capabilities
[B] the definition of exceptional children in modern society
[C] the special educational programs for exceptional children
[D] the necessity of adapting education to exceptional children
12. From this passage we learn that the educational concern for exceptional children ____.
[A] is now enjoying legal support
[B] disagrees with the tradition of the country
[C] was clearly stated by the country's founders
[D] will exert great influence over court decisions
Unit 1（1994）Part 3
重點詞匯：
1．denote（v.表示）即de+note，de-向下，note記錄，“記錄下來”→表示。Wisdom denotes the pursuing of the best and by the best means.“明智”指的是以好的方法追求好的結(jié)果。
難句解析：
①Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age. For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences.
第一個短句結(jié)構(gòu)很簡單，第二句中For these children to develop to their full adult potential是一個表示目的的狀語，也可以看成是一個從主句their education must be adapted to those differences后面提前了的介詞結(jié)構(gòu)。
第一個短句中exceptional一詞我們從文章后面的敘述中可以知道它不是我們一般理解的“杰出的，出類拔萃的”，而應(yīng)指“反常的，有缺陷的”，其實此處的exceptional是一種“身有殘疾”的委婉表達法；significant應(yīng)理解為“重要的，關(guān)鍵的”，而第二句的develop to their full adult potential的develop是一個不及物動詞，意為“發(fā)展，養(yǎng)成”，而potential是一個名詞，意為“潛能”；be adapted to的意思是“被調(diào)整，適應(yīng)”。
②While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself.
此句由一個while引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句the leading actor on the stage captures our attention和一個主句構(gòu)成。
要理解本句，重點是看到它是一個類比，把殘疾兒童比喻為舞臺上的主要角色，而他們的家庭和社會環(huán)境被比喻為配角和戲劇的布景。在考研的閱讀理解中，當我們碰到作者使用各種比喻和類比時，重要的一點就是要弄清其用比喻來說明的對象。
③And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society's understanding — the knowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation.
這是一個強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)，強調(diào)的是in the public schools，后面find的賓語expression of society's understanding又有一個補語，而其中又包含一個定語從句。
本句理解的重點是短語the full expression of society's understanding。注意此處understanding不單純是“理解”的意思，應(yīng)該是指“理智，知性”，如果在開始閱讀時對understanding一詞的理解不夠深刻，也可以從破折號后面的補充成分入手理解其深刻含義。
④The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportUnity to fully develop their capabilities.
此句結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜，上來先應(yīng)該抓住其主干結(jié)構(gòu)The great interest... indicates the strong feeling...。而主語the great interest后面有一個修飾成分in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades，在賓語the strong feeling后面有一個同位語從句that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportUnity to fully develop their capabilities。
要理解本句，重點在理清句子結(jié)構(gòu)，并注意whatever their special conditions是用來修飾all citizens的。
⑤That concept implies educational opportUnity for all children — the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great.
此句的主句是That concept implies educational opportUnity for all children，而破折號后面的是對educational opportUnity for all children這一事物的進一步說明，其中包含有一個whether引導(dǎo)的從句，其中省略了should，可以被視為一種虛擬語氣。
此句的閱讀重點在于抓住圍繞educational opportUnity所展開的幾層意思，從the right再到更進一層的capacity。
⑥In response, schools are modifying their programs, adapting instruction to children who are exceptional, to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs.
此句的主句是schools are modifying their programs，后面是一個分詞短語作狀語，而在這個狀語中又有兩個定語從句who are exceptional和who cannot profit substantially from regular programs來修飾children。
注意詞組adapting instruction to children（使授課能夠適應(yīng)兒童），另外substantially是“真正地”的意思。
試題解析：
9．【正確答案】 [A]
該選擇項中“have much to do with”意為：與……有很大的關(guān)系，與……緊密相關(guān)。文章中第2段第2句所舉的這個例子旨在說明其他演員及場景對主演的重要作用，這個例子又用來說明本段第1句與第3句闡明的道理。
[B]的意思文章未提及。[C]與作者所呼吁的應(yīng)該去做的事相反。[D]該選擇項中“weigh much heavier than”意為：比……分量重得多，比……重要得多。由此可見該選擇項的內(nèi)容與文章的內(nèi)容絲毫不相關(guān)。
10．【正確答案】[C]
該項意為：其潛能應(yīng)得到充分的發(fā)展。參閱文章第3段第3句，社會對特殊兒童接受普通教育的關(guān)注表明他們的主張：任何公民都應(yīng)該得到使其潛能充分發(fā)展的機會。這也是整篇文章的主旨：教育應(yīng)該有利于特殊兒童的成長（參閱第1段第2句以及第4段第3、5句）。
[A]與本文所主張的讓特殊兒童平等受普通教育的思想格格不入，另外，從上下文來看，該文中所說的exceptional children是指殘疾兒童（disabled/retarded children）。[B]這與原文所傳達的思想相違背。[D]原文強調(diào)的是特殊兒童應(yīng)得到平等受教育的機會以利于其能力的充分發(fā)展，而這個選擇項強調(diào)對殘疾兒童應(yīng)區(qū)別對待，這與原文是不吻合的。
11．【正確答案】[D]
由對第10題的分析可以看出，本文主要在于說明改革目前的教育方式使之更有利于特殊兒童的成長的重要性（或必要性）。
[A]本文未列舉兒童在學(xué)習能力方面存在哪些差別。[B]本文也未對什么樣的兒童稱為特殊兒童進行界定。[C]本文主要談的是使目前的教育更適合特殊兒童的發(fā)展的重要性，但并沒主張為他們設(shè)立一套特殊的教學(xué)計劃，更沒談具體設(shè)立什么教學(xué)計劃或項目。
12．【正確答案】[A]
參閱原文第4段第4句。句中confirm意為：認可，批準，使……有效。
[B]該選擇項中disagree with意為：與……不一致。從文章第4段第1、23句來看，該項表達的內(nèi)容與事實相反。[C]文章第4段第3句指出，國家的們的人人平等這一思想也包含了兒童平等受教育的權(quán)利，但這并不意味著他們業(yè)已明確地表達了（clearly stated）對特殊兒童的教育的關(guān)懷。[D]兒童平等受教育的權(quán)利已獲得法律上的認可，法庭裁決也必須依法行事，因此，該項所表達的內(nèi)容（將會對法庭的裁決起很大影響）是不正確的。
全文翻譯：
特殊兒童與其他同齡的正常孩子相比有一些重要的不同之處。對于這些孩子來說，要使他們到成年時全部的潛力能得到開發(fā)，那么他們所受的教育就必須適應(yīng)那些差異。
盡管我們關(guān)注的焦點是特殊兒童的需要，但我們發(fā)現(xiàn)自己也在描述他們的生活環(huán)境。當舞臺上的主角吸引了我們的注意力后，我們也能意識到配角及劇目本身場景的重要性。特殊兒童所處的家庭及社會環(huán)境常常是他們成長和發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵。正是在公立學(xué)校里我們感受到了社會知性的充分體現(xiàn)——傳授給下一代的知識、希望和恐懼。
任何社會的教育都是反映該社會的一面鏡子。在這面鏡子里，我們可以看到力量、弱點及文化本身。過去30年間公共教育所表現(xiàn)出的對特殊兒童的巨大關(guān)注表明了存在于我們社會中的那種強烈的感受，即所有公民，不論情況特殊與否，都應(yīng)該得到全面發(fā)展其能力的機會。
“人人生來平等”這句話我們已聽過無數(shù)次，但它對民主社會的教育仍然有著極其重要的寓意。盡管這句話被國家們用來預(yù)示法律面前人人平等，它也被解釋為機會面前人人平等。這一概念暗示了所有兒童都有接受教育的機會——即每個兒童，不管其本身的能力大小與否，都有權(quán)利在學(xué)習上大限度地得到幫助。近的法庭裁決已再次確定了所有兒童——不論殘疾與否——都有接受相適應(yīng)的教育的權(quán)利，并已命令公立學(xué)校采取必要的措施來提供這種教育。作為回應(yīng)，學(xué)校也在調(diào)整課程安排，使授課能夠適應(yīng)特殊兒童，適應(yīng)那些不能從常規(guī)課程中真正獲益的兒童的需要。