Ridiculous beliefs? Not to many people, especially many women and members of minority races who, like Coleman, feel that the scales(障眼物) have dropped from their eyes. "Women and blacks in organizations work under false beliefs," says Kaleel Jamison, a New York based management consultant who helps corporation s deal with these issues. "They think that if you work hard, you'll get ahead-t hat someone in authority will reach down and give you a promotion." She adds, "Most women and blacks are so frightened that people will think they've gotten ahead because of their sex or color that they play down(使不突出) their visibility." Her advice to those folks: learn the ways that white males have traditionally used to find their way into the spotlight.
25. The author is critical mainly of _________.
A) inferior packaging
B) dishonest packaging
C) the changes in package size
D) exaggerated illustrations on packages
It is said that the public and Congressional concern about deceptive (欺騙性的) packaging rumpus (喧囂) started because Senator Hart discovered that the boxes of cereals consumed by him, Mrs. Hart, and their children were becoming higher and narrower, with a decline of net weight from 12 to 10. 5 ounces, without any reduction in price. There were still twelve biscuits, but they had been reduced in size. Later, the Senator rightly complained of a store-bought pie in a handsomely illustrated box that pictured, in a single slice, almost as many cherries as there were in the whole pie.
文章中出現(xiàn)的語言現(xiàn)象：對比關(guān)系（極端對比、一般對比）、轉(zhuǎn)折、例子、絕對
In the world of entertainment, TV talk shows have undoubtedly flooded every inch of space on daytime television. And anyone who watches them regularly knows that each one varies in style and format. But no two shows are more profoundly opposite in content, while at the same time standing out above the rest, than the Jerry Springer and the Oprah Winfrey shows.
注：點名文章講的脫口秀，而且是JS和OW脫口秀
Jerry Springer could easily be considered the king of "trash talk(廢話)". The topics on his show are as shocking as shocking can be. For example, the show takes the ever - common talk show themes of love, sex, cheating, guilt, hate, conflict and morality to a different level. Clearly, the Jerry Springer show is a display and exploitation of society's moral catastrophes (災(zāi)難),yet people are willing to eat up the intriguing predicaments(困境) of other people's lives.
Like Jerry Springer, Oprah Winfrey takes TV talk show to its extreme, but Oprah goes in the opposite direction. The show focuses on the improvement of society and an individual's quality of life. Topics range from teaching your children responsibility, managing your work weekly, to getting to know your neighbors.
Compared to Oprah, the Jerry Springer show looks like poisonous waste being dumped on society. Jerry ends every show with a “final word”. He makes a small speech that sums up the entire moral of the show. Hopefully, this is the part where most people will learn something very valuable.
注：dump傾銷，反傾銷anti-dump
Clean as it is, the Oprah show is not for everyone. The show's main target audience are middle - class Americans. Most of these people have the time. money, and stability to deal with life's tougher problems. Jerry Springer, on the other hand, has more of an association with the young adults of society. These are 18 - to 21 - year - olds whose main troubles in life involve love, relationship, sex, money and peers. They are the ones who see some value and lessons to be learned underneath the show's exploitation.
While the two shows are as different as night and day. both have ruled the talk show circuit for many years now. Each one caters to a different audience while both have a strong following from large groups of fans. Ironically, both could also be considered pioneers in the talk show world.
注：1. circuit圈子 2. ironically具有諷刺意味的
21.Compared with other TV talk shows, both the Jerry Springer and the Oprah Winfrey are______.
A) more family - oriented
B) unusually popular
C) more profound
D) relatively formal
注：第一段
22.Though the social problems Jerry Springer talks about appear distasteful, the audience______.
A) remain fascinated by them
B) are ready to face up to them
C) remain indifferent to them
D) are willing to get involved in them
注：第二段eat up，B和D是一回事。
23.Which of the following is likely to be a topic of the Oprah Winfrey show?
A) A new type of robot.
B) Racist hatred.
C) Family budget planning.
D) Street violence.
注：第三段最后舉了三個例子。
24.Despite their different approaches, the two talk shows are both________.
A) ironical
B) sensitive
C) instructive
D) cynical
注：instructive-in引導(dǎo)+struct結(jié)構(gòu)→有啟發(fā)的，cynical憤世嫉俗的
25.We can learn from the passage that the two talk shows_______.
A) have monopolized the talk show circuit
B) exploit the weaknesses in human nature
C) appear at different times of the day
D) are targeted at different audiences
注：monopolise壟斷，D對應(yīng)倒數(shù)第二段。
To understand the marketing concept, it is only necessary to understand the difference between marketing and selling. Not too many years ago, most industries concentrated primarily on the efficient production of goods, and then relied on "persuasive salesmanship" to move as much of these goods as possible. Such production and selling focuses on the needs of the seller to produce goods and then convert them into money.
Marketing, on the other hand, focuses on the wants of consumers. It begins with first analyzing the preferences and demands of consumers and then producing goods that will satisfy them. This eye-on-the-consumer approach is known as the marketing concept, which simply means that instead of trying to sell whatever is easiest to produce or buy for resale, the makers and dealers first endeavor to find out what the consumer wants to buy and then go about making it available for purchase.
注：第一段說selling，第二段說marketing
This concept does not imply that business is benevolent(慈善的)or that consumer satisfaction is given priority over profit in a company. There are always two sides to every business transaction - the firm and the customer -and each must be satisfied before trade occurs. Successful merchants and producers, however, recognize that the surest route to profit is through understanding and catering to customers. A striking example of the importance of catering to the consumer presented itself in mid-1985, when Coca Cola changed the flavor of its drink. The non-acceptance of the new flavor by a significant portion of the public brought about a prompt restoration of the Classic Coke, which was then marketed alongside the new. King Customer ruled!
26.The marketing concept discussed in the passage is, in essence,_______.
A) the practice of turning goods into money
B) making goods available for purchase
C) the customer - centred approach
D) a form of persuasive salesmanship
注：原文第三段，cater to customer基于客戶的，A和B是兩者共同特征，D對應(yīng)第一段selling。
27.What was the main concern of industrialists before the marketing concept was widely accepted?
A) The needs of the market.
B) The efficiency of production.
C) The satisfaction of the user.
D) The preferences of the dealer.
注：第一段第二句。
28.According to the passage, “to move as much of these goods as possible” (Lines 3 -4 ), Para. I) means “_______”.
A) to sell the largest possible amount of goods
B) to transport goods as efficiently as possible
C) to dispose of these goods in large quantities
D) to redesign these goods for large - scale production
29.What does the restoration of the Classic Coke best illustrate?
A) Traditional goods have a stronger appeal to the majority of people.
B) It takes time for a new product to be accepted by the public.
C) Consumers with conservative tastes are often difficult to please.
D) Products must be designed to suit the taste of the consumer.
30.In discussing the marketing concept, the author focuses on_______.
A) its main characteristic
B) its social impact
C) its possible consequence
D) its theoretical basis
注：寫作方法題。答題要問What? 能回答，選項是對的。本文講市場營銷的特點。
33. The word "dubious" ( L. 2, Para. 2) most probably means
A) valuable
B) useful
C) doubtful
D) helpful
注：爛的，沒意義的
Yet you will fine little if anything written on what it is to be an employee. You can find a great deal of very dubious advice on how to get a job or how to get a promotion. You can also find a good deal of work in a chosen field, whether it be the mechanist' s trade or bookkeeping (簿記). Every one of these trades requires different skills, sets different standards, and requires a different preparation. Yet they all have employeeship in common. And increasingly, especially in the large business or in government, employeeship is more important to success than the special professional knowledge or skill. Certainly more people fail because they do not know the requirements of being an employee than because they do not adequately possess the skills of their trade; the higher you climb the ladder, the more you get into administrative or executive work, the greater the emphasis on ability to work within the organization rather than on technical abilities or professional knowledge.
24. The word "hassles" in the passage (Line 3, Para. 3) probably means _____.
(A) quarrels
(B) worries
(C) disadvantages
(D) agreements
注：不平衡的行為
Living at home, says Knighton, a school teacher, continues to give her security and moral support. Her mother agreed, "It's ridiculous for the kids to pay all that money for rent. It makes sense for kids to stay at home." But sharing the family home requires adjustments for all. There are the hassles over bathrooms, telephones and privacy (不受干擾的生活). Some families, however, manage the delicate balancing act. But for others, it proves too difficult. Michelle Del Turco, 24, has been home three times-and left three times. "What I considered a social drink, my dad considered an alcohol problem, " she explains. "He never liked anyone I dated (約會), so I either had to hide away or meet them at friends' house."
34. The word "subjects" (Line 1, Para. 4) refers to _____.
(A) the performance tests used in the study of sleep deficit
(B) special branches of knowledge that are being studied
(C) people whose behavior or reactions are being studied
(D) the psychological consequences of sleep deficit
注：做算術(shù)題和背文章指人
To determine the consequences of sleep deficit, researchers have put subjects through a set of psychological and performance tests requiring them, for instance, to add columns of numbers or recall a passage read to them only minutes earlier. "We've found that if you're in sleep deficit, performance suffers, " says Dr. David. "Short-term memory is weakened, as are abilities to make decisions and to concentrate."
37. To "live a completely sedentary life-style" (Line 7, Para. 1) in the passage means _____.
(A) to "live a decent life"
(B) to "live an inactive life"
(C) to "live a life of vice"
(D) to "live a life with complete freedom"
The concept of personal choice in relation to health behaviors is an important one. An estimated 90 percent of all illness may be preventable if individuals would make sound personal health choices based upon current medical knowledge. We all enjoy our freedom of choice and do not like to see it restricted when it is within the legal and moral boundaries of society. The structure of American society allows us to make almost all our own personal decisions that may concern our health. If we so desire, we can smoke, drink excessively, refuse to wear seat belts, eat whatever food we want, and live a completely sedentary life-style without any exercise. The freedom to make such personal decisions is a fundamental aspect of our society, although the wisdom of these decisions can be questioned. Personal choices relative to health often cause a difficulty. As one example, a teenager may know the facts relative to smoking cigarettes and health but may be pressured by friends into believing it is the socially accepted thing to do.
24. The word "dormant" (Para. 4, Line 3) most probably means _____.
(A) inactive
(B) strong
(C) alert
(D) soft
If sufficient rain falls the next year to form another lake, the eggs hatch, and once again the shrimps pass rapidly through their cycle of growth, adulthood, egg-laying, and death. Some years there is insufficient rain to form a lake: in this case, the eggs will remain dormant for another years, or even longer if necessary. Very, very occasionally, perhaps twice in a hundred years, sufficient rain falls to form a deep lake that lasts a month or more. In this case, the species passes through two cycles of growth, egg-laying, and death. Thus, on such occasions, the species multiplies considerably, which further ensures its survival.
33. From the context, the word "disconcerting" (Para. 3, Line 2) most probably means _____.
(A) misleading
(B) embarrassing
(C) stimulating a goal wit
(D) upsetting
注：焦慮anxiety
To some, the thought of having to write an assigned number of pages, often more than ever produced before, is disconcerting. To others, the very idea of having to work independently is threatening. But there is no need to approach the research paper assignment with anxiety, and nobody should view the research paper as an obstacle to overcome. Instead, consider it a goal to accomplish, a goal within reach if you use the help this book can give you.
21. The word "pinpoint" (para. 1,) basically means _______.
A) appreciate
B) obtain
C) interpret
D) identify
The process of perceiving other people is rarely translated (to ourselves or other's) into cold, objective terms. "She was 5 feet 8 inches tall, had had fair hair, and wore a colored skirt." More often, we try to get inside the other person to pinpoint his or her attitudes, emotions, motivations, abilities, ideas and characters. Furthermore, we sometimes behave as if we can accomplish this difficult job very quickly -perhaps with a two-second glance.
31. The word "paradox" (Para. 1,) means "_________" .
A) implication
B) contradiction
C) interpretation
D) confusion
It is a curious paradox that we think of the physical sciences as "hard", the social sciences as "soft", and the biological sciences as somewhere in between, This is interpreted to mean that our knowledge of physical systems is more certain than our knowledge of biological systems, and these in turn are more certain than our knowledge of social system. In terms of our capacity to sample the relevant universes, however, and the probability that our images of these universes are at least approximately correct, one suspects that a reverse order is more reasonable. We are able to sample earth' s social systems with some degree of confidence that we have a reasonable sample of the total universe being investigated. Our knowledge of mal systems, therefore, while it is in many ways extremely inaccurate, is not likely to be seriously overturned by new discoveries. Even the folk knowledge in social systems on which ordinary life is based in earning, spending, organizing, marrying, taking part in political activities, fighting and so on, is not very dissimilar from the more sophisticated images of the social system derived from the social sciences, even though it is built upon the very imperfect samples of personal experience.
26. The word "liability" (Para. 1) most probably means "______".
A) misfortune
B) instability
C) disadvantage
D) burden
Beauty has always been regarded as something praiseworthy. Almost everyone thinks attractive people are happier and healthier, have better marriages and have more respectable occupations. Personal consultants give them better advice for finding jobs. Even judges are softer on attractive defendants. But in the executive circle, beauty can become a liability.
28. The phrase "function in the disservice of one another" (Para. 1) most probably means "_______".
A) betray each other
B) harm one another
C) help to collaborate with each other
D) benefit on another
The question of whether war is inevitable is one which has concerned many of the world's great writers. Before considering this question, it will useful to introduce some related concepts. Conflict, defined as opposition among social entities directed against one another is distinguished from competition, defined as opposition among social entities independently striving for some thing which is in inadequate supply. Competitors may not be aware of one another, while the parties to a conflict are. Conflict and vice of one another. Opposition is thus contrasted with cooperation, the process by which social entities function in the service of one another. These definitions are necessary because it is important to emphasize that competition between individuals or groups is inevitable in a world of limited resources, but conflict is not. Conflict, nevertheless, is very likely to occur, and is probably an essential and desirable element of human societies.
33. The word "precedent" (Line 1, Para.4) probably refers to __________.
A) early acts for men to follow as examples
B) particular places for men to occupy especially because of their importance
C) things that men should agree upon
D) men's beliefs that everything in the world has already been decided
In the workplace, men have long had well defined precedents and role models for achieving success. It has been otherwise for women. A good many women in the business world are uncertain about the appropriate mixture of "masculine" an d "feminine" attributes they should convey by their professional clothing. The variety of clothing alternatives to women has also been greater than that avail able for men. Male administrators tend to judge women more favorably for managerial positions when the women display less "feminine" grooming(打扮)-shorter hair, moderate use of make up, and plain tailored clothing. As one male administrator confessed, "An attractive woman is definitely going to get a longer interview, but she won't get a job."
29. The word "carcass"(Line 2, Para.3) most probably means"__________ ".
A) vegetables preserved for future use
B) the dead body of an animal ready to be cut into meat
C) expensive food that consumers can hardly afford
D) meat canned for future consumption
This means one has to feed approximately 9--10 times as much food value to the animal than one can consume from the carcass. As a system for feeding the hungry, the effects can prove disastrous. At times of crisis, grain is the food of life.
31. The phrase "emanate from"in Paragraph 1 most probably means "______".
A) thrive on
B) account for
C) originate from
D) descend from
We all have offensive breath at one time or another. In most cases, offensive breath emanates from bacteria in the mouth, although there are other more causes. Until a few years ago, the most doctors could do was to counsel patients with bad breath about oral cleanliness. Now they are finding new ways to treat the usually curable condition.
文章中的并列關(guān)系?怎樣對付閱讀的長句
小的并列：成分并列，不容易出題。如果出題，選項應(yīng)該概括所有并列成分，否則是錯誤選項。
大的并列：只出一題，應(yīng)該提綱挈領(lǐng)。
What has the telephone done to us, or for us, in the hundred years of its existence? A few effects suggest themselves at once. ①It has saved lives by getting rapid word of illness, injury, or fire from remote places. ②By joining with the elevator to make possible the multistory residence or office building, it has made possible - for better or worse - the modern city. ③By bringing about a great leap in the speed and ease with which information moves from place to place, it has greatly accelerated the rate of scientific and technological changes and growth in industry. Beyond doubt ④it has seriously weakened if not killed the ancient art of letter writing. ⑤It has made living alone possible for persons with normal social impulses; by so doing, it has played a role in one of the greatest social changes of this century, the breakup of the multi-generational household. ⑥It has made the war chillingly more efficient than formerly. Perhaps, though not provably (可證實), it has prevented wars that might have arisen out of international misunderstanding caused by written communication. Or perhaps - again not provable - by magnifying and extending irrational personal conflicts based on voice contact, it has caused wars. Certainly it has extended the scope of human conflicts, since it impartially disseminates (傳播) the useful knowledge of scientists and the nonsense of the ignorant, the affection of the affectionate and the malice (惡意) of the malicious.
22. According to the passage, it is the telephone that ______.
A) has made letter writing an art
B) has prevented wars by avoiding written communication
C) has made the world different from what it was
D) has caused wars by magnifying and extending human conflicts
注：A應(yīng)該是削弱
To protect the interests of their members in the era of automation, unions have adopted a number of new policies. One of these is the ①promotion of supplementary unemployment benefit plans. It is emphasized that since the employer involved in such a plan has a direct financial interest in preventing unemployment, he will have a strong drive for planning new installations so as to cause the least possible problems in jobs and job assignments. Some unions are working for dismissal pay agreements, requiring that permanently dismissed workers be paid a sum of money based on length of service. Another approach is the idea of the "improvement factor", which calls for wage increases based on increases in productivity. It is possible, however, that labour will rely mainly on reduction in working hours in order to gain a full share in the fruits of automation.
32. From the third paragraph of the passage, we can conclude that young adults t end to believe that certain types of clothing can __________.
A) change people's conservative attitudes toward their lifestyle
B) help young people make friends with the opposite sex
C) make them competitive in the job market
D) help them achieve success in their interpersonal relationships
People tend to agree on what certain types of clothes mean. Adolescent girls can easily agree on the lifestyles of girls who wear certain outfits(套裝), including the number of boyfriends they likely have had and whether they smoke or d rink. Newscasters, or the announcers who read the news on TV, are considered to be more convincing, honest, and competent when they are dressed conservatively. And collage students who view themselves as taking an active role in their inter personal relationships say they are concerned about the costumes they must wear to play these roles successfully. Moreover, many of us can relate instances in which the clothing we wore changed the way we felt about ourselves and how we act ed. Perhaps you have used clothing to gain confidence when you anticipated a stressful situation, such as a job interview, or a court appearance.
[Page 71]
Every year television stations receive hundreds of complaints about the loudness of advertisements. However, federal rules forbid the practice of making ads louder than the programming. In addition, television stations always operate at the highest sound level allowed for reasons of efficiency. According to one NBC executive, no difference exists in the peak sound level of ads and programming. Given this information why do commercials sound so loud?
The sensation of sound involves a variety of factors in addition to its speak level. Advertisers are skilful at creating the impression of loudness through their expert use of such factors. ①One major contributor to the perceived loudness of commercials is that mush less variation in sound level occurs during a commercial. In regular programming the intensity of sound varies over a large range. However, sound levels in commercials tend to stay at or near peak levels.
②Other “tricks of the trade” are also used. Because low-frequency sounds can mask higher frequency sounds, advertisers filter out any noises that may drown out the primary message. In addition, the human voice has more auditory (聽覺的) impact in the middle frequency ranges. Advertisers electronically vary voice sounds so that they stay within such a frequency band. ③Another approach is to write the script so that lots of consonants (輔音) are used, because people are more aware of consonants than vowel (元音) sounds. ④Finally, advertisers try to begin commercials with sounds that are highly different from those of the programming within which the commercial is buried. Because people become adapted to the type of sounds coming from programming, a dramatic change in sound quality draws viewer an attention. For example, notice how many commercials begin with a cheerful song of some type.
The attention-getting property of commercials can be seen by observing one-to two-year-old children who happen to be playing around a television set. They may totally ignore the programming. However, when a commercial comes on, their attention is immediately drawn to it because of its dramatic sound quality.
31.According to the passage, the maximum intensity of sound coming from commercials _______.
A) does not exceed that of programs.
B) is greater than that of programs.
C) varies over a large range than that of programs.
D) is less than that of programs.
注：文章第一段no difference
32.Commercials create the sensation of loudness because _______ .
A) TV stations always operate at the highest sound levels.
B) their sound levels are kept around peak levels.
C) their sound levels are kept in the middle frequency ranges.
D) unlike regular programs their intensity of sound varies over a wide range.
注：第二點
33.Many commercials begin with a cheerful song of some kind because ________ .
A) pop songs attract viewer attention.
B) it can increase their loudness.
C) advertisers want to make them sound different from regular programs.
D) advertisers want to merge music with commercials.
注：第四點
34.One of the reasons why commercials are able to attract viewer attention is that ________ .
A) the human voices in commercials have more auditory impact.
B) people like cheerful songs that change dramatically in sound quality.
C) high-frequency sounds are used to mask sounds that drown out the primary message.
D) they possess sound qualities that make the viewer feel that something unusual is
happening.
注：第三段Because，B選項like太主觀。
35.In the passage, the author is trying to tell us ________ .
A) how TV ads vary vocal sounds to attract attention.
B) how the loudness of TV ads is overcome.
C) how advertisers control the sound properties of TV ads.
D) how the attention-getting properties of sounds are made use of in TV ads.
注：文章最后一段
25. The author is critical mainly of _________.
A) inferior packaging
B) dishonest packaging
C) the changes in package size
D) exaggerated illustrations on packages
It is said that the public and Congressional concern about deceptive (欺騙性的) packaging rumpus (喧囂) started because Senator Hart discovered that the boxes of cereals consumed by him, Mrs. Hart, and their children were becoming higher and narrower, with a decline of net weight from 12 to 10. 5 ounces, without any reduction in price. There were still twelve biscuits, but they had been reduced in size. Later, the Senator rightly complained of a store-bought pie in a handsomely illustrated box that pictured, in a single slice, almost as many cherries as there were in the whole pie.
文章中出現(xiàn)的語言現(xiàn)象：對比關(guān)系（極端對比、一般對比）、轉(zhuǎn)折、例子、絕對
In the world of entertainment, TV talk shows have undoubtedly flooded every inch of space on daytime television. And anyone who watches them regularly knows that each one varies in style and format. But no two shows are more profoundly opposite in content, while at the same time standing out above the rest, than the Jerry Springer and the Oprah Winfrey shows.
注：點名文章講的脫口秀，而且是JS和OW脫口秀
Jerry Springer could easily be considered the king of "trash talk(廢話)". The topics on his show are as shocking as shocking can be. For example, the show takes the ever - common talk show themes of love, sex, cheating, guilt, hate, conflict and morality to a different level. Clearly, the Jerry Springer show is a display and exploitation of society's moral catastrophes (災(zāi)難),yet people are willing to eat up the intriguing predicaments(困境) of other people's lives.
Like Jerry Springer, Oprah Winfrey takes TV talk show to its extreme, but Oprah goes in the opposite direction. The show focuses on the improvement of society and an individual's quality of life. Topics range from teaching your children responsibility, managing your work weekly, to getting to know your neighbors.
Compared to Oprah, the Jerry Springer show looks like poisonous waste being dumped on society. Jerry ends every show with a “final word”. He makes a small speech that sums up the entire moral of the show. Hopefully, this is the part where most people will learn something very valuable.
注：dump傾銷，反傾銷anti-dump
Clean as it is, the Oprah show is not for everyone. The show's main target audience are middle - class Americans. Most of these people have the time. money, and stability to deal with life's tougher problems. Jerry Springer, on the other hand, has more of an association with the young adults of society. These are 18 - to 21 - year - olds whose main troubles in life involve love, relationship, sex, money and peers. They are the ones who see some value and lessons to be learned underneath the show's exploitation.
While the two shows are as different as night and day. both have ruled the talk show circuit for many years now. Each one caters to a different audience while both have a strong following from large groups of fans. Ironically, both could also be considered pioneers in the talk show world.
注：1. circuit圈子 2. ironically具有諷刺意味的
21.Compared with other TV talk shows, both the Jerry Springer and the Oprah Winfrey are______.
A) more family - oriented
B) unusually popular
C) more profound
D) relatively formal
注：第一段
22.Though the social problems Jerry Springer talks about appear distasteful, the audience______.
A) remain fascinated by them
B) are ready to face up to them
C) remain indifferent to them
D) are willing to get involved in them
注：第二段eat up，B和D是一回事。
23.Which of the following is likely to be a topic of the Oprah Winfrey show?
A) A new type of robot.
B) Racist hatred.
C) Family budget planning.
D) Street violence.
注：第三段最后舉了三個例子。
24.Despite their different approaches, the two talk shows are both________.
A) ironical
B) sensitive
C) instructive
D) cynical
注：instructive-in引導(dǎo)+struct結(jié)構(gòu)→有啟發(fā)的，cynical憤世嫉俗的
25.We can learn from the passage that the two talk shows_______.
A) have monopolized the talk show circuit
B) exploit the weaknesses in human nature
C) appear at different times of the day
D) are targeted at different audiences
注：monopolise壟斷，D對應(yīng)倒數(shù)第二段。
To understand the marketing concept, it is only necessary to understand the difference between marketing and selling. Not too many years ago, most industries concentrated primarily on the efficient production of goods, and then relied on "persuasive salesmanship" to move as much of these goods as possible. Such production and selling focuses on the needs of the seller to produce goods and then convert them into money.
Marketing, on the other hand, focuses on the wants of consumers. It begins with first analyzing the preferences and demands of consumers and then producing goods that will satisfy them. This eye-on-the-consumer approach is known as the marketing concept, which simply means that instead of trying to sell whatever is easiest to produce or buy for resale, the makers and dealers first endeavor to find out what the consumer wants to buy and then go about making it available for purchase.
注：第一段說selling，第二段說marketing
This concept does not imply that business is benevolent(慈善的)or that consumer satisfaction is given priority over profit in a company. There are always two sides to every business transaction - the firm and the customer -and each must be satisfied before trade occurs. Successful merchants and producers, however, recognize that the surest route to profit is through understanding and catering to customers. A striking example of the importance of catering to the consumer presented itself in mid-1985, when Coca Cola changed the flavor of its drink. The non-acceptance of the new flavor by a significant portion of the public brought about a prompt restoration of the Classic Coke, which was then marketed alongside the new. King Customer ruled!
26.The marketing concept discussed in the passage is, in essence,_______.
A) the practice of turning goods into money
B) making goods available for purchase
C) the customer - centred approach
D) a form of persuasive salesmanship
注：原文第三段，cater to customer基于客戶的，A和B是兩者共同特征，D對應(yīng)第一段selling。
27.What was the main concern of industrialists before the marketing concept was widely accepted?
A) The needs of the market.
B) The efficiency of production.
C) The satisfaction of the user.
D) The preferences of the dealer.
注：第一段第二句。
28.According to the passage, “to move as much of these goods as possible” (Lines 3 -4 ), Para. I) means “_______”.
A) to sell the largest possible amount of goods
B) to transport goods as efficiently as possible
C) to dispose of these goods in large quantities
D) to redesign these goods for large - scale production
29.What does the restoration of the Classic Coke best illustrate?
A) Traditional goods have a stronger appeal to the majority of people.
B) It takes time for a new product to be accepted by the public.
C) Consumers with conservative tastes are often difficult to please.
D) Products must be designed to suit the taste of the consumer.
30.In discussing the marketing concept, the author focuses on_______.
A) its main characteristic
B) its social impact
C) its possible consequence
D) its theoretical basis
注：寫作方法題。答題要問What? 能回答，選項是對的。本文講市場營銷的特點。
33. The word "dubious" ( L. 2, Para. 2) most probably means
A) valuable
B) useful
C) doubtful
D) helpful
注：爛的，沒意義的
Yet you will fine little if anything written on what it is to be an employee. You can find a great deal of very dubious advice on how to get a job or how to get a promotion. You can also find a good deal of work in a chosen field, whether it be the mechanist' s trade or bookkeeping (簿記). Every one of these trades requires different skills, sets different standards, and requires a different preparation. Yet they all have employeeship in common. And increasingly, especially in the large business or in government, employeeship is more important to success than the special professional knowledge or skill. Certainly more people fail because they do not know the requirements of being an employee than because they do not adequately possess the skills of their trade; the higher you climb the ladder, the more you get into administrative or executive work, the greater the emphasis on ability to work within the organization rather than on technical abilities or professional knowledge.
24. The word "hassles" in the passage (Line 3, Para. 3) probably means _____.
(A) quarrels
(B) worries
(C) disadvantages
(D) agreements
注：不平衡的行為
Living at home, says Knighton, a school teacher, continues to give her security and moral support. Her mother agreed, "It's ridiculous for the kids to pay all that money for rent. It makes sense for kids to stay at home." But sharing the family home requires adjustments for all. There are the hassles over bathrooms, telephones and privacy (不受干擾的生活). Some families, however, manage the delicate balancing act. But for others, it proves too difficult. Michelle Del Turco, 24, has been home three times-and left three times. "What I considered a social drink, my dad considered an alcohol problem, " she explains. "He never liked anyone I dated (約會), so I either had to hide away or meet them at friends' house."
34. The word "subjects" (Line 1, Para. 4) refers to _____.
(A) the performance tests used in the study of sleep deficit
(B) special branches of knowledge that are being studied
(C) people whose behavior or reactions are being studied
(D) the psychological consequences of sleep deficit
注：做算術(shù)題和背文章指人
To determine the consequences of sleep deficit, researchers have put subjects through a set of psychological and performance tests requiring them, for instance, to add columns of numbers or recall a passage read to them only minutes earlier. "We've found that if you're in sleep deficit, performance suffers, " says Dr. David. "Short-term memory is weakened, as are abilities to make decisions and to concentrate."
37. To "live a completely sedentary life-style" (Line 7, Para. 1) in the passage means _____.
(A) to "live a decent life"
(B) to "live an inactive life"
(C) to "live a life of vice"
(D) to "live a life with complete freedom"
The concept of personal choice in relation to health behaviors is an important one. An estimated 90 percent of all illness may be preventable if individuals would make sound personal health choices based upon current medical knowledge. We all enjoy our freedom of choice and do not like to see it restricted when it is within the legal and moral boundaries of society. The structure of American society allows us to make almost all our own personal decisions that may concern our health. If we so desire, we can smoke, drink excessively, refuse to wear seat belts, eat whatever food we want, and live a completely sedentary life-style without any exercise. The freedom to make such personal decisions is a fundamental aspect of our society, although the wisdom of these decisions can be questioned. Personal choices relative to health often cause a difficulty. As one example, a teenager may know the facts relative to smoking cigarettes and health but may be pressured by friends into believing it is the socially accepted thing to do.
24. The word "dormant" (Para. 4, Line 3) most probably means _____.
(A) inactive
(B) strong
(C) alert
(D) soft
If sufficient rain falls the next year to form another lake, the eggs hatch, and once again the shrimps pass rapidly through their cycle of growth, adulthood, egg-laying, and death. Some years there is insufficient rain to form a lake: in this case, the eggs will remain dormant for another years, or even longer if necessary. Very, very occasionally, perhaps twice in a hundred years, sufficient rain falls to form a deep lake that lasts a month or more. In this case, the species passes through two cycles of growth, egg-laying, and death. Thus, on such occasions, the species multiplies considerably, which further ensures its survival.
33. From the context, the word "disconcerting" (Para. 3, Line 2) most probably means _____.
(A) misleading
(B) embarrassing
(C) stimulating a goal wit
(D) upsetting
注：焦慮anxiety
To some, the thought of having to write an assigned number of pages, often more than ever produced before, is disconcerting. To others, the very idea of having to work independently is threatening. But there is no need to approach the research paper assignment with anxiety, and nobody should view the research paper as an obstacle to overcome. Instead, consider it a goal to accomplish, a goal within reach if you use the help this book can give you.
21. The word "pinpoint" (para. 1,) basically means _______.
A) appreciate
B) obtain
C) interpret
D) identify
The process of perceiving other people is rarely translated (to ourselves or other's) into cold, objective terms. "She was 5 feet 8 inches tall, had had fair hair, and wore a colored skirt." More often, we try to get inside the other person to pinpoint his or her attitudes, emotions, motivations, abilities, ideas and characters. Furthermore, we sometimes behave as if we can accomplish this difficult job very quickly -perhaps with a two-second glance.
31. The word "paradox" (Para. 1,) means "_________" .
A) implication
B) contradiction
C) interpretation
D) confusion
It is a curious paradox that we think of the physical sciences as "hard", the social sciences as "soft", and the biological sciences as somewhere in between, This is interpreted to mean that our knowledge of physical systems is more certain than our knowledge of biological systems, and these in turn are more certain than our knowledge of social system. In terms of our capacity to sample the relevant universes, however, and the probability that our images of these universes are at least approximately correct, one suspects that a reverse order is more reasonable. We are able to sample earth' s social systems with some degree of confidence that we have a reasonable sample of the total universe being investigated. Our knowledge of mal systems, therefore, while it is in many ways extremely inaccurate, is not likely to be seriously overturned by new discoveries. Even the folk knowledge in social systems on which ordinary life is based in earning, spending, organizing, marrying, taking part in political activities, fighting and so on, is not very dissimilar from the more sophisticated images of the social system derived from the social sciences, even though it is built upon the very imperfect samples of personal experience.
26. The word "liability" (Para. 1) most probably means "______".
A) misfortune
B) instability
C) disadvantage
D) burden
Beauty has always been regarded as something praiseworthy. Almost everyone thinks attractive people are happier and healthier, have better marriages and have more respectable occupations. Personal consultants give them better advice for finding jobs. Even judges are softer on attractive defendants. But in the executive circle, beauty can become a liability.
28. The phrase "function in the disservice of one another" (Para. 1) most probably means "_______".
A) betray each other
B) harm one another
C) help to collaborate with each other
D) benefit on another
The question of whether war is inevitable is one which has concerned many of the world's great writers. Before considering this question, it will useful to introduce some related concepts. Conflict, defined as opposition among social entities directed against one another is distinguished from competition, defined as opposition among social entities independently striving for some thing which is in inadequate supply. Competitors may not be aware of one another, while the parties to a conflict are. Conflict and vice of one another. Opposition is thus contrasted with cooperation, the process by which social entities function in the service of one another. These definitions are necessary because it is important to emphasize that competition between individuals or groups is inevitable in a world of limited resources, but conflict is not. Conflict, nevertheless, is very likely to occur, and is probably an essential and desirable element of human societies.
33. The word "precedent" (Line 1, Para.4) probably refers to __________.
A) early acts for men to follow as examples
B) particular places for men to occupy especially because of their importance
C) things that men should agree upon
D) men's beliefs that everything in the world has already been decided
In the workplace, men have long had well defined precedents and role models for achieving success. It has been otherwise for women. A good many women in the business world are uncertain about the appropriate mixture of "masculine" an d "feminine" attributes they should convey by their professional clothing. The variety of clothing alternatives to women has also been greater than that avail able for men. Male administrators tend to judge women more favorably for managerial positions when the women display less "feminine" grooming(打扮)-shorter hair, moderate use of make up, and plain tailored clothing. As one male administrator confessed, "An attractive woman is definitely going to get a longer interview, but she won't get a job."
29. The word "carcass"(Line 2, Para.3) most probably means"__________ ".
A) vegetables preserved for future use
B) the dead body of an animal ready to be cut into meat
C) expensive food that consumers can hardly afford
D) meat canned for future consumption
This means one has to feed approximately 9--10 times as much food value to the animal than one can consume from the carcass. As a system for feeding the hungry, the effects can prove disastrous. At times of crisis, grain is the food of life.
31. The phrase "emanate from"in Paragraph 1 most probably means "______".
A) thrive on
B) account for
C) originate from
D) descend from
We all have offensive breath at one time or another. In most cases, offensive breath emanates from bacteria in the mouth, although there are other more causes. Until a few years ago, the most doctors could do was to counsel patients with bad breath about oral cleanliness. Now they are finding new ways to treat the usually curable condition.
文章中的并列關(guān)系?怎樣對付閱讀的長句
小的并列：成分并列，不容易出題。如果出題，選項應(yīng)該概括所有并列成分，否則是錯誤選項。
大的并列：只出一題，應(yīng)該提綱挈領(lǐng)。
What has the telephone done to us, or for us, in the hundred years of its existence? A few effects suggest themselves at once. ①It has saved lives by getting rapid word of illness, injury, or fire from remote places. ②By joining with the elevator to make possible the multistory residence or office building, it has made possible - for better or worse - the modern city. ③By bringing about a great leap in the speed and ease with which information moves from place to place, it has greatly accelerated the rate of scientific and technological changes and growth in industry. Beyond doubt ④it has seriously weakened if not killed the ancient art of letter writing. ⑤It has made living alone possible for persons with normal social impulses; by so doing, it has played a role in one of the greatest social changes of this century, the breakup of the multi-generational household. ⑥It has made the war chillingly more efficient than formerly. Perhaps, though not provably (可證實), it has prevented wars that might have arisen out of international misunderstanding caused by written communication. Or perhaps - again not provable - by magnifying and extending irrational personal conflicts based on voice contact, it has caused wars. Certainly it has extended the scope of human conflicts, since it impartially disseminates (傳播) the useful knowledge of scientists and the nonsense of the ignorant, the affection of the affectionate and the malice (惡意) of the malicious.
22. According to the passage, it is the telephone that ______.
A) has made letter writing an art
B) has prevented wars by avoiding written communication
C) has made the world different from what it was
D) has caused wars by magnifying and extending human conflicts
注：A應(yīng)該是削弱
To protect the interests of their members in the era of automation, unions have adopted a number of new policies. One of these is the ①promotion of supplementary unemployment benefit plans. It is emphasized that since the employer involved in such a plan has a direct financial interest in preventing unemployment, he will have a strong drive for planning new installations so as to cause the least possible problems in jobs and job assignments. Some unions are working for dismissal pay agreements, requiring that permanently dismissed workers be paid a sum of money based on length of service. Another approach is the idea of the "improvement factor", which calls for wage increases based on increases in productivity. It is possible, however, that labour will rely mainly on reduction in working hours in order to gain a full share in the fruits of automation.
32. From the third paragraph of the passage, we can conclude that young adults t end to believe that certain types of clothing can __________.
A) change people's conservative attitudes toward their lifestyle
B) help young people make friends with the opposite sex
C) make them competitive in the job market
D) help them achieve success in their interpersonal relationships
People tend to agree on what certain types of clothes mean. Adolescent girls can easily agree on the lifestyles of girls who wear certain outfits(套裝), including the number of boyfriends they likely have had and whether they smoke or d rink. Newscasters, or the announcers who read the news on TV, are considered to be more convincing, honest, and competent when they are dressed conservatively. And collage students who view themselves as taking an active role in their inter personal relationships say they are concerned about the costumes they must wear to play these roles successfully. Moreover, many of us can relate instances in which the clothing we wore changed the way we felt about ourselves and how we act ed. Perhaps you have used clothing to gain confidence when you anticipated a stressful situation, such as a job interview, or a court appearance.
[Page 71]
Every year television stations receive hundreds of complaints about the loudness of advertisements. However, federal rules forbid the practice of making ads louder than the programming. In addition, television stations always operate at the highest sound level allowed for reasons of efficiency. According to one NBC executive, no difference exists in the peak sound level of ads and programming. Given this information why do commercials sound so loud?
The sensation of sound involves a variety of factors in addition to its speak level. Advertisers are skilful at creating the impression of loudness through their expert use of such factors. ①One major contributor to the perceived loudness of commercials is that mush less variation in sound level occurs during a commercial. In regular programming the intensity of sound varies over a large range. However, sound levels in commercials tend to stay at or near peak levels.
②Other “tricks of the trade” are also used. Because low-frequency sounds can mask higher frequency sounds, advertisers filter out any noises that may drown out the primary message. In addition, the human voice has more auditory (聽覺的) impact in the middle frequency ranges. Advertisers electronically vary voice sounds so that they stay within such a frequency band. ③Another approach is to write the script so that lots of consonants (輔音) are used, because people are more aware of consonants than vowel (元音) sounds. ④Finally, advertisers try to begin commercials with sounds that are highly different from those of the programming within which the commercial is buried. Because people become adapted to the type of sounds coming from programming, a dramatic change in sound quality draws viewer an attention. For example, notice how many commercials begin with a cheerful song of some type.
The attention-getting property of commercials can be seen by observing one-to two-year-old children who happen to be playing around a television set. They may totally ignore the programming. However, when a commercial comes on, their attention is immediately drawn to it because of its dramatic sound quality.
31.According to the passage, the maximum intensity of sound coming from commercials _______.
A) does not exceed that of programs.
B) is greater than that of programs.
C) varies over a large range than that of programs.
D) is less than that of programs.
注：文章第一段no difference
32.Commercials create the sensation of loudness because _______ .
A) TV stations always operate at the highest sound levels.
B) their sound levels are kept around peak levels.
C) their sound levels are kept in the middle frequency ranges.
D) unlike regular programs their intensity of sound varies over a wide range.
注：第二點
33.Many commercials begin with a cheerful song of some kind because ________ .
A) pop songs attract viewer attention.
B) it can increase their loudness.
C) advertisers want to make them sound different from regular programs.
D) advertisers want to merge music with commercials.
注：第四點
34.One of the reasons why commercials are able to attract viewer attention is that ________ .
A) the human voices in commercials have more auditory impact.
B) people like cheerful songs that change dramatically in sound quality.
C) high-frequency sounds are used to mask sounds that drown out the primary message.
D) they possess sound qualities that make the viewer feel that something unusual is
happening.
注：第三段Because，B選項like太主觀。
35.In the passage, the author is trying to tell us ________ .
A) how TV ads vary vocal sounds to attract attention.
B) how the loudness of TV ads is overcome.
C) how advertisers control the sound properties of TV ads.
D) how the attention-getting properties of sounds are made use of in TV ads.
注：文章最后一段