一、閱讀沖刺材料選用
以往年真題為主，做過的題目，按照后面的真?zhèn)芜x項的特征檢查自己做錯的原因。總結(jié)自己經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)錯誤的地方（如常識干擾問題、偷梁換柱問題最容易犯錯）
二、閱讀沖刺要點一覽
1．六級閱讀選材：
沖刺階段要特別關(guān)注科普類文章，其比重近幾年有所提高，但都為常見學(xué)科，如交通、生物、醫(yī)療等。
2．再談文體特點：為什么？因為這個是解決閱讀問題思路的最根本出發(fā)點！
從歷次考試來看，六級閱讀文章絕大多數(shù)為說明文和議論文。
說明文通常為對某事物的特點、功能作用、發(fā)展等分別進(jìn)行說明，根本目的在于讓讀者了解這些信息，重視信息的客觀陳述。說明文考查細(xì)節(jié)題最多，難度相對較低。
議論文通常對某個問題進(jìn)行剖析，或支持，或批駁，其根本目的在于說服讀者接受自己的觀點。文章的總體結(jié)構(gòu)通常為：提出問題，分析問題，提出解決方案/建議。議論文會考查到推理、結(jié)論題和主旨態(tài)度類題，難度相對較大。
兩類文章在各段落的行文模式很相似。比較典型的段落是“主題句＋支持細(xì)節(jié)”，也就是說都以“總――分”的模式來拓展段落的。掌握這個規(guī)律有助于迅速把握作者的整體思路。
文體特色決定了我們可以分清信息的主次，幫助我們根據(jù)問題信息去原文迅速定位相關(guān)句，指導(dǎo)我們判斷根據(jù)定位句子，沿著什么路線去找答案。
3. 幾個認(rèn)識上的問題
1. 最難的題目每次不會超過4個。其余的按現(xiàn)有語言知識/理解能力完全應(yīng)付的來。
2. 六級閱讀細(xì)節(jié)題仍然最多，難度最小，必須保證準(zhǔn)確率。
3. 速度的提高：平時的訓(xùn)練的時候按照推薦的解題方法就可以實現(xiàn)。如通讀重點句，減少視覺干擾，利用數(shù)字專有名詞定位，直接排除干擾選項等等。
4. 解題步驟和各題型解題思路
確定文章的順序后，每一篇文章的解題步驟可以概括為：通讀文章，看問題，按照題目類型看題、做題，不能簡單按序號從頭做到尾。
完整的步驟概括如下：
第一步：通讀文章。先看一下帶有漢語注釋的單詞。因為問題中有時會出現(xiàn)此類單詞。
第二步：瀏覽問題，決定做題順序。
第三步：讀、做細(xì)節(jié)類題，順序為：細(xì)節(jié)題、單詞、單句題、多項細(xì)節(jié)題。
第四步：讀、做推理類題：推論、結(jié)論題。
第五步：讀、做主旨類題：主旨題、態(tài)度語氣題。
這樣的步驟是根據(jù)信息的復(fù)雜程度和問題的難度安排的。第三步里的細(xì)節(jié)類題型牽扯到的信息比較單一，屬于局部問題，往往原文一句話就解決，難度最低。第四步推理類題經(jīng)常需要結(jié)合前面提到的其它細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行邏輯判斷。第五步主旨類題目既需要通讀所得到的大致路線，又需要做細(xì)節(jié)題時獲得的信息來充實、具體化該路線。
三、真?zhèn)芜x項特征大盤點
該部分旨在使大家對各種選項的認(rèn)識更清晰，全面提高抗干擾能力，提高辨別假冒偽劣的能力，提高選擇的成活率。該部分要重點掌握基本思路。
關(guān)于正確選項，這里要強(qiáng)調(diào)的點是：
所有題型的正確選項的根本特征是要符合原文的主旨。
(一)、正確選項特征
1．細(xì)節(jié)類題目
正確選項一般為直接答案，此類答案可以在文章中直接找到相關(guān)的事實細(xì)節(jié)支持。常用方法就是同義替換或釋義（如詞匯題），即把文中語言（詞匯和結(jié)構(gòu)）改頭換面，來表達(dá)相同的意思。常見表現(xiàn)形式有下列幾種：
（1）正確選項在文字表述上和原文相關(guān)句相似度很高。
（2）正確選項和原文相關(guān)句的句式基本一致，關(guān)鍵信息換用原文的同義詞語。此類方法使用較多。（但干擾選項也會使用替換法，辨別選項時必須牢記內(nèi)容一致！）
（3）正確選項使用原文的反義詞語，通過不同的結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)相同的意思。
（4）正確選項使用與原文相反的句式結(jié)構(gòu)，但表達(dá)的語義相同。
特別提示：
細(xì)節(jié)題中，如果選項是從原文一字不差抄來的，不管看上去多么有道理，都要排除。而正確答案都會在原文基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行改造。只要是正確選項，其各個部分在原文都有直接、間接的事實細(xì)節(jié)支持。
2．推理類題目
正確選項特征比較統(tǒng)一，除符合文章主旨外，還是從原文細(xì)節(jié)出發(fā)推導(dǎo)出來的，符合邏輯，恰到好處，符合客觀事實。
3．主旨類題目
（1）主旨題正確選項概括歸納的范圍大小恰到好處。(如同選擇鞋子一樣)
（2）語氣態(tài)度題正確選項表達(dá)的尺度恰當(dāng) (如不能多愁善感、不能偏激)。
(二)、煉就一雙火眼金睛，明察秋毫，提高抗干擾能力
干擾選項常見特征
顧名思義，干擾項的目的就是擾亂考生思維，將思路引入歧途。細(xì)節(jié)題中的干擾項較容易排除，只要發(fā)現(xiàn)選項有一處缺乏原文事實的支持就可以排除。推理類題目和主旨類題目的干擾項迷惑性更強(qiáng)一些。
一些選項可以根據(jù)主題直接排除，如說法絕對的，違反客觀事實/常識的。
邏輯思路要清晰！邏輯判斷小練習(xí)
If Sarah were a concert pianist for a major orchestra, she would be famous. She is not a concert pianist since she is not famous.
The conclusion above is unsound because the author does not consider that
(A) Sarah could be a famous actress.
(B) Sarah could be a violinist for a major orchestra.
(C) Sarah could be a pianist with a rock group.
(D) Sarah could be a concert pianist with a minor orchestra.
邏輯指代、范圍、特征等等都可能被用來做文章。要特別小心對待。
1．細(xì)節(jié)類題目
（1）無中生有：憑空捏造原文不存在的細(xì)節(jié)，以迷惑和干擾考生，制造的假象讓考生懷疑自己是否漏讀了原文的相關(guān)信息。*方法仍然是準(zhǔn)確定位。有的是故意偏離主旨（通過通讀的句子概括出的大意就可以排除）
（2）常識錯位：干擾項是一些基本常識和我們對社會、生活等方面一些問題的一般看法和認(rèn)識，雖然符合客觀現(xiàn)實，但并非文章所提及的或側(cè)重的。
此類干擾項很容易導(dǎo)致粗心錯誤，因為選項的說法符合我們的一般認(rèn)識，使得干擾項先入為主，誤導(dǎo)了判斷，忽略了要從原文驗證。
?。?！謹(jǐn)防喧賓奪主，越俎代庖?。?！
癥狀將一些常識帶入思考，放松、甚至忘記了一切答案要以原文為依據(jù)。
特別提示：留意不需看原文就能自圓其說的選項，這些選項通常為高度疑似錯誤答案，需要提高警惕。
(3) 偷梁換柱：
這是細(xì)節(jié)題干擾項最常見的方法，是大多數(shù)同學(xué)由于粗心失分的地方。干擾項利用了原文的一部分結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯，但在一些位置換掉個別詞，造成了語義的變化。
特別提示：要留意選項各個句子成分是否與原文表述的意義一致。地點，時間，方式，程度 (副詞)，性質(zhì) (如形容詞)，甚至是主語和謂語都可能被偷換掉。
根本解決方法是細(xì)心求證選中的答案是否經(jīng)得起原文的考驗。這就要求我們在核對選項時需要把所有意群跟原文相應(yīng)意群逐一進(jìn)行對比，只要有偷換意群的，就是錯誤選項。
用數(shù)學(xué)方法來描述就是正負(fù)得負(fù)。
細(xì)節(jié)題不要跟著感覺走！
不能只憑一個單詞的印象就選擇答案！
必須去原文核實選項的每一個成分！
Example 1：
Richard Satava, program manager for advanced medical technologies, has been a driving force in bringing virtual reality to medicine, where computers create a "virtual" or simulated environment for surgeons and other medical practitioners (從業(yè)者).
"With virtual reality we'll be able to put a surgeon in every trench," said Satava. He envisaged a time when soldiers who are wounded fighting overseas are put in mobile surgical units equipped with computers.
The computers would transmit images of the soldiers to surgeons back in the U.S. The surgeons would look at the soldier through virtual reality helmets (頭盔) that contain a small screen displaying the image of the wound. The doctors would guide robotic instruments in the battlefield mobile surgical unit that operate on the soldier.
Although Satava's vision may be years away from standard operating procedure, scientists are progressing toward virtual reality surgery. ……
37. Richard Satava has visions of_____.
A) using a remote-control technique to treat wounded soldiers fighting overseas
B) wounded soldiers being saved by doctors wearing virtual reality helmets on the battlefield 【細(xì)節(jié)陷阱: 方式、地點】
C) wounded soldiers being operated on by specially trained surgeons
D) setting up mobile surgical units overseas
提示：根據(jù)問題信息，判斷原文相關(guān)信息的位置。要善于利用各種舉例、指代關(guān)系。
Example 2:
Such acceptance of community responsibility is not unique to businesses in Japan. School principals in Japan have resigned when heir students committed major crimes after school hours. Even if they do not quit, Japanese executives will often accept primary responsibility in other ways, such as taking the first pay cut when a company gets into financial trouble. Such personal sacrifices, even if they are largely symbolic, help to create the sense of community and employee loyalty that is crucial to the Japanese way of doing business.
22. According to the passage if you want to be a good manager in Japan, you have to ________.
A) apologize promptly for your subordinates' mistakes
B) be skillful in accepting blames from customers
C) make symbolic sacrifices whenever necessary
D) create a strong sense of company loyalty
啟示：切勿斷章取義！抓住原文關(guān)鍵、挖掘要準(zhǔn)確！解析原文要準(zhǔn)確，選項里每一個意群都要對照原文，核對是否有出入。
（4）推理題和細(xì)節(jié)題里的推理類選項
夸大后果：對于原文中的細(xì)節(jié)或論斷的某方面程度（比如后果）進(jìn)行了夸大處理。
如：某文章可能提到Anxiety?mental stress的因果關(guān)系，但干擾項可能出現(xiàn)Anxious?mental disorder。
2．主旨類題目：
主旨?xì)w納題
（1）以偏概全：在概括文章或段落大意時，用某一個段落的觀點或細(xì)節(jié)冒充全文主要觀點、中心思想的選項。也就是歸納概括的范圍不足。
（2）主題擴(kuò)大：歸納概括的范圍過大，超過了文章討論東西，與主旨大意是包含關(guān)系。
3.態(tài)度語氣題：
干擾選項通常說法片面或偏激。六級閱讀所選文章通常是理性的說明和論證，具有較強(qiáng)邏輯性，作者對于所討論專題的態(tài)度不會是極其偏激的。如目前只作為干擾項出現(xiàn)過的有arbitrary（武斷的），subjective（主觀的），prejudiced（有偏見的）, indifferent等。而成為正確選項的最安全選項是concerned。這類題目抓住基本特征，是屬于必得的分?jǐn)?shù)。
四、基本技能再回顧及應(yīng)用 （以上各種干擾項的特征需牢記在心）
要求：
1。一定要控制自己不看原文直接選擇答案的沖動！
2。寫出每一個題目里面的錯誤類型，。
下面的各篇文章題目對我們以上講過的干擾選項的所有情形包含在內(nèi)了。要小心應(yīng)付。
Passage I.
In the villages of the English countryside there are still people who remember the good old days when no one bothered to lock their doors. There simply wasn't any crime to worry about.
Amazingly, these happy times appear still to be with us in the world's biggest community. A new study by Dan Farmer, a gifted programmer, using an automated investigative program of his own called SATAN, shows that the owners of well over half of all World Wide Web sites have set up homes without fitting locks to their doors.
SATAN can try out a variety of well-known hacking (黑客的) tricks on an Internet site with-out actually breaking in. Farmer has made the program publicly available, amid much criticism. A person with evil intent could use it to hunt down sites that are easy to burgle (闖入……行竊).
But Farmer is very concerned about the need to alert the public to poor security and, so far, events have proved him right. SATAN has done more to alert people to the risks than cause new disorder.
So is the Net becoming more secure? Far from it. In the early days, when you visited a Web site your browser simply looked at the content. Now the Web is full of tiny programs that automatically download when you look at a Web page, and run on your own machine. These programs could, if their authors wished, do all kinds of nasty things to your computer.
At the same time, the Net is increasingly populated with spiders, worms, agents and other types of automated beasts designed to penetrate the sites and seek out and classify information. All these make wonderful tools for antisocial people who want to invade weak sites and cause damage.
But let's look on the bright side. Given the lack of locks, the Internet is surely the world's biggest (almost) crime-free society. Maybe that is because hackers are fundamentally honest. Or that there currently isn't much to steal. Or because vandalism ( 惡意破壞) isn't much fun unless you have a peculiar dislike for someone.
Whatever the reason, let's enjoy it while we can. But expect it all to change, and security to become the number one issue, when the most influential inhabitants of the Net are selling services they want to be paid for.
21. By saying “... owners of well over half of all World Wide Web sites have set up home without fitting locks to their doors" (Lines 3-4, Para. 2), the author means that _____.
A) those happy times appear still to be with us 干擾伎倆: 答非所問+偷換范圍
B) there simply wasn't any crime to worry about 照抄原句 直接排除
C) many sites are not well-protected
D) hackers try out tricks on an Internet site without actually breaking in 偏離定位句子，偷梁換柱。
*思路：答案推理需結(jié)合已通讀部分（第一、二段首句）和文章主線（網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全）。
對比喻的理解，找出本體和寓體，然后對照寓體的性質(zhì)判斷本體的性質(zhì)。千萬不能直接選擇字面意思！
22. SATAN, a program designed by Dan Farmer can be used ____________.
A) to investigate the security of Internet sites
B) to improve the security of the Internet system
C) to prevent hackers from breaking into websites
D) to download useful programs and information
對原文內(nèi)容進(jìn)行兩次定位，答案是對兩處信息的概括 investigative和… try out…
23. Farmer's program has been criticized by the public because.
A) it causes damage to Net browsers
B) it can break into Internet sites
C) it can be used to cause disorder on all sites
D) it can be used by people with evil intent
publicly 勉強(qiáng)算作一個定位提示，criticism 是關(guān)鍵。問題設(shè)置常見方式：同義替換。
24. The author's attitude toward SATAN is _____.
A) enthusiastic B) critical C) positive D) indifferent
重要提示：表現(xiàn)作者態(tài)度的句子的特征
1. 直接陳述式(主語是事、物)。
2．使用評述性的副詞在其他人的話里面。
3．他人的論述后面有連詞引出另外一種說法，見第一條。
4．其他人的說法后面的括號里的內(nèi)容。
態(tài)度題常見選項
arbitrary, concerned, critical, sarcastic, ironical, indifferent, sympathetic, enthusiastic, cautious, neutral, objective, subjective, optimistic, pessimistic, positive, negative, etc.
只作干擾選項的有arbitrary,
25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that.
A) we should make full use of the Internet before security measures are strengthened
B) we should alert the most influential businessmen to the importance of security
C) influential businessmen should give priority to the improvement of Net security
D) net inhabitants should not let security measures affect their joy of surfing the Internet
把握兩個詞：問題里的suggest, 原文里的expect的理解，必須結(jié)合主題.
提示：建議題(advise, advice; suggest, suggestion 等)，結(jié)論題，答案通常要從文章最后一句往前推，同時必須結(jié)合最后一段首句主旨句。
Passage II.
Crying is hardly an activity encouraged by society. Tears, be they of sorrow, anger, or joy, typically make Americans feel uncomfortable and embarrassed. The shedder of tears is likely to apologize, even when a devastating (毀滅性的) tragedy was the provocation. The observer of tears is likely to do everything possible to put an end to the emotional outpouring. But judging form recent studies of crying behavior, links between illness and crying and the chemical composition of tears , both those responses to tears are often inappropriate and may even be counterproductive.
……省略。
33.“Counterproductive”(Para,1) very probably means“________”.
A) having no effect at all
B) leading to tension
C) producing disastrous impact
D) harmful to health
注意！選項中程度極端的（如夸大后果的），通常是錯誤選項。
34. What does the author say about crying?
A) It is a pointless physiological response to the environment.
B) It must have a role to play in man’s survival.
C) It is meant to get attention and assistance.
D) It usually produces the desired effect.
開放性題目，如多項細(xì)節(jié)題，往往要多次快速定位。
Passage III.
As machines go, the car is not terribly noisy, nor terribly polluting, nor terribly dangerous; and on all those dimensions it has become better as the century has grown older. The main problem is its prevalence, and the social costs that ensue from the use by everyone of something that would be fairly harmless if, say, only the rich were to use it. It is a price we pay for equality.
Before becoming too gloomy, it is worth recalling why the car has been arguably the most successful and popular product of the whole of the past 100 years—and remains so. The story begins with the environmental improvement it brought in the 1900s. In New York city in 1900, according to the Car Culture, a 1975 book by J. Flink, a historian, horses deposited 2.5 million pounds of manure(糞)and 60,000 gallons of urine (尿) every day. Every year, the city authorities had to remove an average of 15,000 dead horses from the streets. It made cars smell of roses.
……省去三段。
26. As is given in the first paragraph, the reason why the car has become a problem is that ________. (定位后深入挖掘，難點為長句分析) 抓主干; 順藤摸瓜; 理清亂麻。
A) poor people can’t afford it
B) it is too expensive to maintain
C) too many people are using it
D) it causes too many road accidents
27. According to the passage, the car started to gain popularity because ________. 段落歸納
A) it didn’t break down as easily as a horse 無中生有，雖然符合邏輯常識，常識錯位
B) it had a comparatively pleasant odor 比喻用法的字面意思通常是干擾項
C) it caused less pollution than horses
D) it brightened up the gloomy streets 借用原文原詞考驗細(xì)心程度
Passage IV
Our culture has caused most Americans to assume not only that our language is universal but that the gestures we use are understood by everyone. We do not realize that waving good-bye is the way to summon a person from the Philippines to one's side, or that in Italy and some Latin-American countries, curling the finger to oneself is a sign of farewell.
Those private citizens who sent packages to our troops occupying Germany after World War II and marked them GIFT to escape duty payments did not bother to find out that "Gift" means poison in German. Moreover, we like to think of ourselves as friendly, yet we prefer to be at least 3 feet or an arm's length away from others. Latins and Middle Easterners like to come closer and touch, which makes Americans uncomfortable.
Our linguistic (語言上的) and cultural blindness and the casualness with which we take notice of the developed tastes, gestures, customs and languages of other countries, are losing us friends, business and respect in the world.
Even here in the United States, we make few concessions to the needs of foreign visitors. There are no information signs in four languages on our public buildings or monuments; we do not have multilingual (多語言的)guided tours. Very few restaurant menus have translations, and multilingual waiters, bank clerks and policemen are rare. Our transportation systems have maps in English only and often we ourselves have difficulty understanding them.
When we go abroad, we tend to cluster in hotels and restaurants where English is spoken. The attitudes and information we pick up are conditioned by those natives - usually the richer - who speak English. Our business dealings, as well as the nation's diplomacy, are conducted through interpreters.
For many years, America and Americans could get by with cultural blindness and linguistic ignorance.After all ,America was the most powerful country of the free world, the distributor of needed funds and goods.
But all that is past. American dollars no longer buy all good things, and we are slowly beginning to realize that our proper role in the world is changing. A 1979 Harris poll reported that 55 percent of Americans want this country to play a more significant role in world affairs; we want to have a hand in the important decisions of the next century, even though it may not always be the upper hand.
21.It can be inferred that Americans being approached too closely by Middle Easterners would most probably .
A) stand still B) jump aside C) step forward D) draw back
22.The author gives many examples to criticize Americans for their .
A) cultural self-centeredness B) casual manners
C) indifference towards foreign visitors D) arrogance towards other cultures
23.In countries other than their own most Americans .
A) are isolated by the local people B) are not well informed due to the language barrier
C) tend to get along well with the natives D) need interpreters in hotels and restaurants
24.According to the author, Americans' cultural blindness and linguistic ignorance will .
A) affect their image in the new era B) cut themselves off from the outside world
C) limit their role in world affairs D) weaken the position of the US dollar
25.The author's intention in writing this article is to make Americans realize that .
A) it is dangerous to ignore their foreign friends
B) it is important to maintain their leading role in world affairs
C) it is necessary to use several languages in public places
D) it is time to get acquainted with other cultures
以往年真題為主，做過的題目，按照后面的真?zhèn)芜x項的特征檢查自己做錯的原因。總結(jié)自己經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)錯誤的地方（如常識干擾問題、偷梁換柱問題最容易犯錯）
二、閱讀沖刺要點一覽
1．六級閱讀選材：
沖刺階段要特別關(guān)注科普類文章，其比重近幾年有所提高，但都為常見學(xué)科，如交通、生物、醫(yī)療等。
2．再談文體特點：為什么？因為這個是解決閱讀問題思路的最根本出發(fā)點！
從歷次考試來看，六級閱讀文章絕大多數(shù)為說明文和議論文。
說明文通常為對某事物的特點、功能作用、發(fā)展等分別進(jìn)行說明，根本目的在于讓讀者了解這些信息，重視信息的客觀陳述。說明文考查細(xì)節(jié)題最多，難度相對較低。
議論文通常對某個問題進(jìn)行剖析，或支持，或批駁，其根本目的在于說服讀者接受自己的觀點。文章的總體結(jié)構(gòu)通常為：提出問題，分析問題，提出解決方案/建議。議論文會考查到推理、結(jié)論題和主旨態(tài)度類題，難度相對較大。
兩類文章在各段落的行文模式很相似。比較典型的段落是“主題句＋支持細(xì)節(jié)”，也就是說都以“總――分”的模式來拓展段落的。掌握這個規(guī)律有助于迅速把握作者的整體思路。
文體特色決定了我們可以分清信息的主次，幫助我們根據(jù)問題信息去原文迅速定位相關(guān)句，指導(dǎo)我們判斷根據(jù)定位句子，沿著什么路線去找答案。
3. 幾個認(rèn)識上的問題
1. 最難的題目每次不會超過4個。其余的按現(xiàn)有語言知識/理解能力完全應(yīng)付的來。
2. 六級閱讀細(xì)節(jié)題仍然最多，難度最小，必須保證準(zhǔn)確率。
3. 速度的提高：平時的訓(xùn)練的時候按照推薦的解題方法就可以實現(xiàn)。如通讀重點句，減少視覺干擾，利用數(shù)字專有名詞定位，直接排除干擾選項等等。
4. 解題步驟和各題型解題思路
確定文章的順序后，每一篇文章的解題步驟可以概括為：通讀文章，看問題，按照題目類型看題、做題，不能簡單按序號從頭做到尾。
完整的步驟概括如下：
第一步：通讀文章。先看一下帶有漢語注釋的單詞。因為問題中有時會出現(xiàn)此類單詞。
第二步：瀏覽問題，決定做題順序。
第三步：讀、做細(xì)節(jié)類題，順序為：細(xì)節(jié)題、單詞、單句題、多項細(xì)節(jié)題。
第四步：讀、做推理類題：推論、結(jié)論題。
第五步：讀、做主旨類題：主旨題、態(tài)度語氣題。
這樣的步驟是根據(jù)信息的復(fù)雜程度和問題的難度安排的。第三步里的細(xì)節(jié)類題型牽扯到的信息比較單一，屬于局部問題，往往原文一句話就解決，難度最低。第四步推理類題經(jīng)常需要結(jié)合前面提到的其它細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行邏輯判斷。第五步主旨類題目既需要通讀所得到的大致路線，又需要做細(xì)節(jié)題時獲得的信息來充實、具體化該路線。
三、真?zhèn)芜x項特征大盤點
該部分旨在使大家對各種選項的認(rèn)識更清晰，全面提高抗干擾能力，提高辨別假冒偽劣的能力，提高選擇的成活率。該部分要重點掌握基本思路。
關(guān)于正確選項，這里要強(qiáng)調(diào)的點是：
所有題型的正確選項的根本特征是要符合原文的主旨。
(一)、正確選項特征
1．細(xì)節(jié)類題目
正確選項一般為直接答案，此類答案可以在文章中直接找到相關(guān)的事實細(xì)節(jié)支持。常用方法就是同義替換或釋義（如詞匯題），即把文中語言（詞匯和結(jié)構(gòu)）改頭換面，來表達(dá)相同的意思。常見表現(xiàn)形式有下列幾種：
（1）正確選項在文字表述上和原文相關(guān)句相似度很高。
（2）正確選項和原文相關(guān)句的句式基本一致，關(guān)鍵信息換用原文的同義詞語。此類方法使用較多。（但干擾選項也會使用替換法，辨別選項時必須牢記內(nèi)容一致！）
（3）正確選項使用原文的反義詞語，通過不同的結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)相同的意思。
（4）正確選項使用與原文相反的句式結(jié)構(gòu)，但表達(dá)的語義相同。
特別提示：
細(xì)節(jié)題中，如果選項是從原文一字不差抄來的，不管看上去多么有道理，都要排除。而正確答案都會在原文基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行改造。只要是正確選項，其各個部分在原文都有直接、間接的事實細(xì)節(jié)支持。
2．推理類題目
正確選項特征比較統(tǒng)一，除符合文章主旨外，還是從原文細(xì)節(jié)出發(fā)推導(dǎo)出來的，符合邏輯，恰到好處，符合客觀事實。
3．主旨類題目
（1）主旨題正確選項概括歸納的范圍大小恰到好處。(如同選擇鞋子一樣)
（2）語氣態(tài)度題正確選項表達(dá)的尺度恰當(dāng) (如不能多愁善感、不能偏激)。
(二)、煉就一雙火眼金睛，明察秋毫，提高抗干擾能力
干擾選項常見特征
顧名思義，干擾項的目的就是擾亂考生思維，將思路引入歧途。細(xì)節(jié)題中的干擾項較容易排除，只要發(fā)現(xiàn)選項有一處缺乏原文事實的支持就可以排除。推理類題目和主旨類題目的干擾項迷惑性更強(qiáng)一些。
一些選項可以根據(jù)主題直接排除，如說法絕對的，違反客觀事實/常識的。
邏輯思路要清晰！邏輯判斷小練習(xí)
If Sarah were a concert pianist for a major orchestra, she would be famous. She is not a concert pianist since she is not famous.
The conclusion above is unsound because the author does not consider that
(A) Sarah could be a famous actress.
(B) Sarah could be a violinist for a major orchestra.
(C) Sarah could be a pianist with a rock group.
(D) Sarah could be a concert pianist with a minor orchestra.
邏輯指代、范圍、特征等等都可能被用來做文章。要特別小心對待。
1．細(xì)節(jié)類題目
（1）無中生有：憑空捏造原文不存在的細(xì)節(jié)，以迷惑和干擾考生，制造的假象讓考生懷疑自己是否漏讀了原文的相關(guān)信息。*方法仍然是準(zhǔn)確定位。有的是故意偏離主旨（通過通讀的句子概括出的大意就可以排除）
（2）常識錯位：干擾項是一些基本常識和我們對社會、生活等方面一些問題的一般看法和認(rèn)識，雖然符合客觀現(xiàn)實，但并非文章所提及的或側(cè)重的。
此類干擾項很容易導(dǎo)致粗心錯誤，因為選項的說法符合我們的一般認(rèn)識，使得干擾項先入為主，誤導(dǎo)了判斷，忽略了要從原文驗證。
?。?！謹(jǐn)防喧賓奪主，越俎代庖?。?！
癥狀將一些常識帶入思考，放松、甚至忘記了一切答案要以原文為依據(jù)。
特別提示：留意不需看原文就能自圓其說的選項，這些選項通常為高度疑似錯誤答案，需要提高警惕。
(3) 偷梁換柱：
這是細(xì)節(jié)題干擾項最常見的方法，是大多數(shù)同學(xué)由于粗心失分的地方。干擾項利用了原文的一部分結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯，但在一些位置換掉個別詞，造成了語義的變化。
特別提示：要留意選項各個句子成分是否與原文表述的意義一致。地點，時間，方式，程度 (副詞)，性質(zhì) (如形容詞)，甚至是主語和謂語都可能被偷換掉。
根本解決方法是細(xì)心求證選中的答案是否經(jīng)得起原文的考驗。這就要求我們在核對選項時需要把所有意群跟原文相應(yīng)意群逐一進(jìn)行對比，只要有偷換意群的，就是錯誤選項。
用數(shù)學(xué)方法來描述就是正負(fù)得負(fù)。
細(xì)節(jié)題不要跟著感覺走！
不能只憑一個單詞的印象就選擇答案！
必須去原文核實選項的每一個成分！
Example 1：
Richard Satava, program manager for advanced medical technologies, has been a driving force in bringing virtual reality to medicine, where computers create a "virtual" or simulated environment for surgeons and other medical practitioners (從業(yè)者).
"With virtual reality we'll be able to put a surgeon in every trench," said Satava. He envisaged a time when soldiers who are wounded fighting overseas are put in mobile surgical units equipped with computers.
The computers would transmit images of the soldiers to surgeons back in the U.S. The surgeons would look at the soldier through virtual reality helmets (頭盔) that contain a small screen displaying the image of the wound. The doctors would guide robotic instruments in the battlefield mobile surgical unit that operate on the soldier.
Although Satava's vision may be years away from standard operating procedure, scientists are progressing toward virtual reality surgery. ……
37. Richard Satava has visions of_____.
A) using a remote-control technique to treat wounded soldiers fighting overseas
B) wounded soldiers being saved by doctors wearing virtual reality helmets on the battlefield 【細(xì)節(jié)陷阱: 方式、地點】
C) wounded soldiers being operated on by specially trained surgeons
D) setting up mobile surgical units overseas
提示：根據(jù)問題信息，判斷原文相關(guān)信息的位置。要善于利用各種舉例、指代關(guān)系。
Example 2:
Such acceptance of community responsibility is not unique to businesses in Japan. School principals in Japan have resigned when heir students committed major crimes after school hours. Even if they do not quit, Japanese executives will often accept primary responsibility in other ways, such as taking the first pay cut when a company gets into financial trouble. Such personal sacrifices, even if they are largely symbolic, help to create the sense of community and employee loyalty that is crucial to the Japanese way of doing business.
22. According to the passage if you want to be a good manager in Japan, you have to ________.
A) apologize promptly for your subordinates' mistakes
B) be skillful in accepting blames from customers
C) make symbolic sacrifices whenever necessary
D) create a strong sense of company loyalty
啟示：切勿斷章取義！抓住原文關(guān)鍵、挖掘要準(zhǔn)確！解析原文要準(zhǔn)確，選項里每一個意群都要對照原文，核對是否有出入。
（4）推理題和細(xì)節(jié)題里的推理類選項
夸大后果：對于原文中的細(xì)節(jié)或論斷的某方面程度（比如后果）進(jìn)行了夸大處理。
如：某文章可能提到Anxiety?mental stress的因果關(guān)系，但干擾項可能出現(xiàn)Anxious?mental disorder。
2．主旨類題目：
主旨?xì)w納題
（1）以偏概全：在概括文章或段落大意時，用某一個段落的觀點或細(xì)節(jié)冒充全文主要觀點、中心思想的選項。也就是歸納概括的范圍不足。
（2）主題擴(kuò)大：歸納概括的范圍過大，超過了文章討論東西，與主旨大意是包含關(guān)系。
3.態(tài)度語氣題：
干擾選項通常說法片面或偏激。六級閱讀所選文章通常是理性的說明和論證，具有較強(qiáng)邏輯性，作者對于所討論專題的態(tài)度不會是極其偏激的。如目前只作為干擾項出現(xiàn)過的有arbitrary（武斷的），subjective（主觀的），prejudiced（有偏見的）, indifferent等。而成為正確選項的最安全選項是concerned。這類題目抓住基本特征，是屬于必得的分?jǐn)?shù)。
四、基本技能再回顧及應(yīng)用 （以上各種干擾項的特征需牢記在心）
要求：
1。一定要控制自己不看原文直接選擇答案的沖動！
2。寫出每一個題目里面的錯誤類型，。
下面的各篇文章題目對我們以上講過的干擾選項的所有情形包含在內(nèi)了。要小心應(yīng)付。
Passage I.
In the villages of the English countryside there are still people who remember the good old days when no one bothered to lock their doors. There simply wasn't any crime to worry about.
Amazingly, these happy times appear still to be with us in the world's biggest community. A new study by Dan Farmer, a gifted programmer, using an automated investigative program of his own called SATAN, shows that the owners of well over half of all World Wide Web sites have set up homes without fitting locks to their doors.
SATAN can try out a variety of well-known hacking (黑客的) tricks on an Internet site with-out actually breaking in. Farmer has made the program publicly available, amid much criticism. A person with evil intent could use it to hunt down sites that are easy to burgle (闖入……行竊).
But Farmer is very concerned about the need to alert the public to poor security and, so far, events have proved him right. SATAN has done more to alert people to the risks than cause new disorder.
So is the Net becoming more secure? Far from it. In the early days, when you visited a Web site your browser simply looked at the content. Now the Web is full of tiny programs that automatically download when you look at a Web page, and run on your own machine. These programs could, if their authors wished, do all kinds of nasty things to your computer.
At the same time, the Net is increasingly populated with spiders, worms, agents and other types of automated beasts designed to penetrate the sites and seek out and classify information. All these make wonderful tools for antisocial people who want to invade weak sites and cause damage.
But let's look on the bright side. Given the lack of locks, the Internet is surely the world's biggest (almost) crime-free society. Maybe that is because hackers are fundamentally honest. Or that there currently isn't much to steal. Or because vandalism ( 惡意破壞) isn't much fun unless you have a peculiar dislike for someone.
Whatever the reason, let's enjoy it while we can. But expect it all to change, and security to become the number one issue, when the most influential inhabitants of the Net are selling services they want to be paid for.
21. By saying “... owners of well over half of all World Wide Web sites have set up home without fitting locks to their doors" (Lines 3-4, Para. 2), the author means that _____.
A) those happy times appear still to be with us 干擾伎倆: 答非所問+偷換范圍
B) there simply wasn't any crime to worry about 照抄原句 直接排除
C) many sites are not well-protected
D) hackers try out tricks on an Internet site without actually breaking in 偏離定位句子，偷梁換柱。
*思路：答案推理需結(jié)合已通讀部分（第一、二段首句）和文章主線（網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全）。
對比喻的理解，找出本體和寓體，然后對照寓體的性質(zhì)判斷本體的性質(zhì)。千萬不能直接選擇字面意思！
22. SATAN, a program designed by Dan Farmer can be used ____________.
A) to investigate the security of Internet sites
B) to improve the security of the Internet system
C) to prevent hackers from breaking into websites
D) to download useful programs and information
對原文內(nèi)容進(jìn)行兩次定位，答案是對兩處信息的概括 investigative和… try out…
23. Farmer's program has been criticized by the public because.
A) it causes damage to Net browsers
B) it can break into Internet sites
C) it can be used to cause disorder on all sites
D) it can be used by people with evil intent
publicly 勉強(qiáng)算作一個定位提示，criticism 是關(guān)鍵。問題設(shè)置常見方式：同義替換。
24. The author's attitude toward SATAN is _____.
A) enthusiastic B) critical C) positive D) indifferent
重要提示：表現(xiàn)作者態(tài)度的句子的特征
1. 直接陳述式(主語是事、物)。
2．使用評述性的副詞在其他人的話里面。
3．他人的論述后面有連詞引出另外一種說法，見第一條。
4．其他人的說法后面的括號里的內(nèi)容。
態(tài)度題常見選項
arbitrary, concerned, critical, sarcastic, ironical, indifferent, sympathetic, enthusiastic, cautious, neutral, objective, subjective, optimistic, pessimistic, positive, negative, etc.
只作干擾選項的有arbitrary,
25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that.
A) we should make full use of the Internet before security measures are strengthened
B) we should alert the most influential businessmen to the importance of security
C) influential businessmen should give priority to the improvement of Net security
D) net inhabitants should not let security measures affect their joy of surfing the Internet
把握兩個詞：問題里的suggest, 原文里的expect的理解，必須結(jié)合主題.
提示：建議題(advise, advice; suggest, suggestion 等)，結(jié)論題，答案通常要從文章最后一句往前推，同時必須結(jié)合最后一段首句主旨句。
Passage II.
Crying is hardly an activity encouraged by society. Tears, be they of sorrow, anger, or joy, typically make Americans feel uncomfortable and embarrassed. The shedder of tears is likely to apologize, even when a devastating (毀滅性的) tragedy was the provocation. The observer of tears is likely to do everything possible to put an end to the emotional outpouring. But judging form recent studies of crying behavior, links between illness and crying and the chemical composition of tears , both those responses to tears are often inappropriate and may even be counterproductive.
……省略。
33.“Counterproductive”(Para,1) very probably means“________”.
A) having no effect at all
B) leading to tension
C) producing disastrous impact
D) harmful to health
注意！選項中程度極端的（如夸大后果的），通常是錯誤選項。
34. What does the author say about crying?
A) It is a pointless physiological response to the environment.
B) It must have a role to play in man’s survival.
C) It is meant to get attention and assistance.
D) It usually produces the desired effect.
開放性題目，如多項細(xì)節(jié)題，往往要多次快速定位。
Passage III.
As machines go, the car is not terribly noisy, nor terribly polluting, nor terribly dangerous; and on all those dimensions it has become better as the century has grown older. The main problem is its prevalence, and the social costs that ensue from the use by everyone of something that would be fairly harmless if, say, only the rich were to use it. It is a price we pay for equality.
Before becoming too gloomy, it is worth recalling why the car has been arguably the most successful and popular product of the whole of the past 100 years—and remains so. The story begins with the environmental improvement it brought in the 1900s. In New York city in 1900, according to the Car Culture, a 1975 book by J. Flink, a historian, horses deposited 2.5 million pounds of manure(糞)and 60,000 gallons of urine (尿) every day. Every year, the city authorities had to remove an average of 15,000 dead horses from the streets. It made cars smell of roses.
……省去三段。
26. As is given in the first paragraph, the reason why the car has become a problem is that ________. (定位后深入挖掘，難點為長句分析) 抓主干; 順藤摸瓜; 理清亂麻。
A) poor people can’t afford it
B) it is too expensive to maintain
C) too many people are using it
D) it causes too many road accidents
27. According to the passage, the car started to gain popularity because ________. 段落歸納
A) it didn’t break down as easily as a horse 無中生有，雖然符合邏輯常識，常識錯位
B) it had a comparatively pleasant odor 比喻用法的字面意思通常是干擾項
C) it caused less pollution than horses
D) it brightened up the gloomy streets 借用原文原詞考驗細(xì)心程度
Passage IV
Our culture has caused most Americans to assume not only that our language is universal but that the gestures we use are understood by everyone. We do not realize that waving good-bye is the way to summon a person from the Philippines to one's side, or that in Italy and some Latin-American countries, curling the finger to oneself is a sign of farewell.
Those private citizens who sent packages to our troops occupying Germany after World War II and marked them GIFT to escape duty payments did not bother to find out that "Gift" means poison in German. Moreover, we like to think of ourselves as friendly, yet we prefer to be at least 3 feet or an arm's length away from others. Latins and Middle Easterners like to come closer and touch, which makes Americans uncomfortable.
Our linguistic (語言上的) and cultural blindness and the casualness with which we take notice of the developed tastes, gestures, customs and languages of other countries, are losing us friends, business and respect in the world.
Even here in the United States, we make few concessions to the needs of foreign visitors. There are no information signs in four languages on our public buildings or monuments; we do not have multilingual (多語言的)guided tours. Very few restaurant menus have translations, and multilingual waiters, bank clerks and policemen are rare. Our transportation systems have maps in English only and often we ourselves have difficulty understanding them.
When we go abroad, we tend to cluster in hotels and restaurants where English is spoken. The attitudes and information we pick up are conditioned by those natives - usually the richer - who speak English. Our business dealings, as well as the nation's diplomacy, are conducted through interpreters.
For many years, America and Americans could get by with cultural blindness and linguistic ignorance.After all ,America was the most powerful country of the free world, the distributor of needed funds and goods.
But all that is past. American dollars no longer buy all good things, and we are slowly beginning to realize that our proper role in the world is changing. A 1979 Harris poll reported that 55 percent of Americans want this country to play a more significant role in world affairs; we want to have a hand in the important decisions of the next century, even though it may not always be the upper hand.
21.It can be inferred that Americans being approached too closely by Middle Easterners would most probably .
A) stand still B) jump aside C) step forward D) draw back
22.The author gives many examples to criticize Americans for their .
A) cultural self-centeredness B) casual manners
C) indifference towards foreign visitors D) arrogance towards other cultures
23.In countries other than their own most Americans .
A) are isolated by the local people B) are not well informed due to the language barrier
C) tend to get along well with the natives D) need interpreters in hotels and restaurants
24.According to the author, Americans' cultural blindness and linguistic ignorance will .
A) affect their image in the new era B) cut themselves off from the outside world
C) limit their role in world affairs D) weaken the position of the US dollar
25.The author's intention in writing this article is to make Americans realize that .
A) it is dangerous to ignore their foreign friends
B) it is important to maintain their leading role in world affairs
C) it is necessary to use several languages in public places
D) it is time to get acquainted with other cultures