英文藥品說明書的寫法2

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第五節(jié) 禁忌癥
    本項中最常用的英語表示法是Contraindications,也有用Restrictions on Use(用藥限制)的。
    一、本項中涉及到禁用(或慎用)某些藥物的患者或某種特殊情況,例如:
    1、孕婦、妊娠期或哺乳期,幼童等:
    pregnant woman 孕婦
    lactation 哺乳期
    in pregnancy 妊娠期
    children under …years of age …歲以下兒童
    the first trimester (3 months) of pregnancy 妊娠期的最初三個月
    2、患有某些疾病或過敏的患者,如:
    allergic (hypersensitive) to… 對…過敏的
    allergic (anaphylactic) reaction 過敏反應(yīng)
    allegy (hypersensitivity) to… 對…過敏
    patients with… (who…) 患有…的患者
    二、本項中常出現(xiàn)一些疾病名稱,例如:
    cardiac failure 心力衰竭
    hypertension 高血壓
    cardiac (renal) insufficiency 心(腎)功能不全
    severe hypotension 嚴(yán)重低血壓
    impairment of kidney (renal function) 腎功能損傷
    diabetes 糖尿病
    liver (hepatic) damage 肝損傷
    severe anemia 嚴(yán)重貧血
    三、常見句型
    1) 省略句型,只列出禁忌對象或疾病名稱等。
    例1. Pregnacy, allergy to methotrexate, functional disorders of liver and kidneys, diseases of the haematopoietic system (bone marrow hypoplasia, leucopenia, thrombocy - to penia, anaemia), intectious diseases, ulcers of the oral cavity and the gastrointestinal tract, recent operation wounds.
    孕期,對氨甲葉酸過敏,肝、腎功能障礙,血液系統(tǒng)疾?。ü撬铏C能減退、白細(xì)胞及血小板減少、貧血),傳染病,口腔及胃潰瘍,近期術(shù)后傷口等忌用。
    例2. Hypersensitivity to quinoiones, severerenal insufficiency.
    對喹喏酮類過敏,嚴(yán)重腎功能不全。
    2) 完整的句子或段落。其中常用的結(jié)構(gòu)有:
    contraindications are… 禁忌癥是…
    be contraindicated in (for) … 對…禁忌
    should not be used (employed) in … 不得用于…
    It is advisable to avoid the use of … 建議不用于…
    must not be administered (given) to… 對…不得用藥
    should be used with caution 慎用
    be not recommended for… 不用于…
    none reported 未見報道
    not known 不清楚
    還可能有一些其他的結(jié)構(gòu)。
    例3. Cetazolin sodium is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to cephalosporin group of antibiotics.
    先鋒5號禁用于已知對頭孢菌素類抗生素過敏的患者。
    例4. It is advisable to avoid the use of Aramine with cyclo-propane or halothane anesthesia, unless clinical circumstances demand such use.
    如果不是臨床需要,建議本品不要與環(huán)丙烷或氟溴氯乙烷麻醉劑合用。
    例5. Do not take Benemid if prior administration resulted in hypersensitivity Benemid is not recommended for persons with known disorders of the blood or uric acid kidney stones. Do not give Benemid to children under two years of age.
    若以前使用丙磺舒曾引起過敏反應(yīng),則應(yīng)禁用。已知有血液疾患及尿酸性腎結(jié)石的患者建議不要使用本品,二歲以下兒童不得服用。
    例6. Phenothiazine compounds should not be used in patients receiving large doses of hypnotics, and should be used, with caution in patients with a history of convulssive disorders, since grand mal convulsions have been known to occur.
    接受大劑量安眠藥的患者不應(yīng)使用吩噻嗪化合物,對有驚厥病史的患者應(yīng)慎用,因為已知有發(fā)生過癲癇大發(fā)作。
    例7. Ursosan should not be given to patients suffering from fulminant hepatitis and bile duct obstruction.
    暴發(fā)性肝炎及膽管阻塞患者禁用熊去氧膽酸。
    例8. This product is contraindicated in those patients who have shown hypersensitivity to it unless, in the opinion of the physician, the condition requiring treatment is life threatening and amenable only to amphotencin B therapy.
    除非根據(jù)醫(yī)生的意見,認(rèn)為需要治療的患者的病情危及生命,并且只有兩性霉素治療才可能使其有所改善之外,對本品過敏的患者禁用本品。
    例9. Children under 5 years of age should not be treated with Antistine.
    5歲以下兒童禁用敵胺。
    例10. The use of Alexan in nursing mothers is not recommended.
    哺乳期婦女不用愛力生。
    例11. Pregnancy: Coumadin is contraindicated in women who are or may become pregnat because the drug basses through the placental barrier and may cause fatal hemorrhage to the felus in utero.
    妊娠期禁用:香豆定禁用于孕婦,或可能已懷孕的婦女,因為本品可能穿過胎盤屏障,引起子宮內(nèi)胚胎致命的出血。
    四、在 Restrictions on use 的項目中有時還有小標(biāo)題
    Contraindications 禁忌癥
    Precautions (Note) 注意事項
    Warning 警告
    Pregnancy and Lactation 妊娠與哺乳
    第六節(jié) 用量與用法
    本項最常用的英語表示法有:
    Dosage and Administration 用(劑)量與用法
    Route of Administration 給藥途徑(用法)
    Administration 用法
    Direction for Use 用法
    Method of (for) Administration 用法
    Application and Dosage 用法與用(劑)量
    Mode of Application 用法
    Dosage 用(劑)量
    How to Use 用法
    Posology 劑量學(xué)
    還可能有其他的表示方法。
    本項也是閱讀的重點,讀者必須正確理解本項內(nèi)容中的給藥對象、給藥方式、劑量及劑量單位、給藥時間等。
    1、常用表示劑量的術(shù)語
    average dose 平均劑量 minimal (minimum) dose 最小有效量
    daily dose 日劑量(一日量) multiple dose 多劑量
    divided dose 分次劑量 overdose (overdose) 過量
    fatal (lethal) dose 致死量 single dose 一次劑量
    indicated dose 有效蠐量 standard dose 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(合適)劑量
    initial (beginning, starting) dose 首次量 suggested (recommended) dose 推薦劑量
    maintenance dose 維持量 therapeutic dose 治療劑量
    maximum dose 劑量(極量) usual (normal) dose 常用劑量
    2、常用的劑量單位表示法
    g=gram 克 l=liter (litre) 升
    mg=milligram 毫克 ml=milliliter 毫升
    kg=kilogram 千克 c.c. 毫升
    mcg=microgram 微克 I.U.=international unit 國際單位
    ug 微克 body weight 體重
    per square meter of body surface 每平方米體表面積
    3、每次給藥次數(shù)的表示方法
    daily (per day, a day, every day ) 每日
    every …h(huán)ours 每隔…小時
    intervats of … 每隔…
    once (twice) daily (a day) 每日一(二)次
    every other day 每隔一日
    three times a day (daily) 每日三次
    three times a week 每周三次
    once (twice) a week (weekly) 每周一(二)次
    Divided into … doses 分…次
    in two or three divided doses 分為二或三次(個劑量)
    例1 Unless other wise prescribed by the physician, the average daily dose is 1 capsule 3 times daily.
    如果醫(yī)生不另開處方,平均日劑量為每日3次、每次1個膠襄。
    例2 The suggested dose is 10 to 15 mg per kg dody weight daily in 3-4 divided doses orally, taken with meets.
    日劑量每公斤體重10-15mg,分3-4次口服,與食物共服。
    例3 The initial dosage recommended is 1/2 tablet of Madopa 250 three times daily.
    開始劑量為每日3次,每次半片美多巴250。
    例4 Children: The usual dose is 50 to 100 mg/kg/day total, given in four equally divided and spaced doses.
    兒童:常用總劑量為每日50-100mg/kg體重,均分為四等份,等間隔給藥。
    例5 The recommended starting dose is 20mg given as a single daily dose.
    推薦的首劑量為每20mg,一次服用。
    4、給藥對象:最常見的用詞有
    adolescents 青少年 intant(s) 幼兒
    adult(s) 成年人 male 男性
    baby (babies) 嬰兒 newborn baby (babies) 新生兒
    children (child) 兒童 patient(s) 患者,病人
    debilitated patients 體弱患者 pediatric 兒科的
    elderly patient(s) 老年患者 pregnant women 孕婦
    female 女性 senile patient(s) 老年患者(病人)
    5、給藥方式的表示法:多用副詞成或介詞短語表示,例如:
    intra-arterially 靜脈內(nèi)給藥 by mouth (OS) 口服
    intragluteally 臀肌內(nèi)給藥 by phleboclysis 靜脈輸液
    intramuscularly 肌內(nèi)給藥 by intramuscular (IM) injection 肌肉注射
    intraperitoneally 腹(膜)腔內(nèi)給藥 by intravenous (IV) injection 靜脈注射
    intrapleurally 胸(膜)腔內(nèi)給藥 by the intra-articatar administration 關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)給藥
    intrathecally 鞘內(nèi)給藥 by the intramuscular administration (route) 肌內(nèi)給藥
    intravenously 靜脈內(nèi)給藥 by the intranasal route 鼻內(nèi)給藥
    locally 局部給藥 orally 口服給藥
    parenterally 腸道外給藥 by the intraperitoneal administration 腹(膜)腔內(nèi)給藥
    subconjuntivally 結(jié)膜下給藥 by the intravenous infusion (perfusion) 靜脈輸注
    subcutaneously 皮下給藥 sublingually 舌下給藥
    submucously 粘膜下給藥 by the intrathecal administration 鞘內(nèi)給藥
    by aerosol 噴霧給藥 by the subligual administration 舌下給藥
    by drip phleboclysis 點滴靜脈輸液 per rectum 直腸給藥
    by enema 灌腸 per vaginum 陰道給藥
    by lumbar 腰椎給藥 pro recto 直腸給藥
    此外還有許多其他的表示法,不一一列舉。
    6、表示“投藥”的常用動詞
    administer (或be administered、give、be given、indicate、be indicated) 給藥、投藥
    use (或be used 、employ、be employed) 用藥
    recommend (be recommended、suggest、be suggested) 推薦給藥
    7、表示不同的用藥方式的動詞:
    take 服用 inhale 吸入 apply to 用于、涂于、敷于
    spray 噴霧 inject 注射 swallow 吞服
    例6 …the recommended single dose is 1 ampoule, given subcutaneously, intramuscularly or intravenously.
    建議一次劑量為1安瓶,皮下、肌肉或靜脈注射給藥。
    例7 I.M injections should be administered in the amount of 25-50mg daily per kilo of body weight, subdivided into injections every 6-8-12 hours.
    肌肉注射:每日每公斤體重給藥25-50mg,每6-8-12小時一次。
    例8 For adults give intramuscular injection of 400 to 600 mg per day in 2-3 divided doses. For intants give intramuscular injection of 10-20mg/kg per day in two divided doses.
    成年人:肌肉注射,每日400-600mg,分2-3次注射;嬰兒:肌肉注射,每日10-20mg/kg體重,分2次注射。
    例9 The tablets (or the syrup) are to be taken during or after a meal with a little liquid.
    片劑(或糖漿)應(yīng)于食間或飯后用少量液體送服。
    例10 Apply the Nitro-Dur system firmly to the skin surface. The Nitro-Dur system may be applied to any convenient skin area, a recommended side of application is the arm or chest.
    把護(hù)心貼片緊貼在皮膚表面,護(hù)心貼片可貼在任何方便的皮膚區(qū)域,是貼在手臂或胸部。
    例11 In general 1 to 3 metered doses should should be inhaled or sprayed onto or under the tongue at the every oneset of anginal pain.
    一般應(yīng)在心絞痛開始發(fā)作時就吸入,或向舌上或舌下噴入1-3個規(guī)定的劑量。
    8、其它的短語或句型,例如:
    according to 根據(jù) be adjusted 調(diào)整 depend on 依據(jù) adapt to 適合,修改
    on the basis of 在…基礎(chǔ)上 vary from…to… 變化范圍由…至…,因…而異
    range from … to … 變化范圍由…至…
    it is advisable to (it is recommended to、it is suggested to ) 建議…
    例子很多,不一一列舉。
    例12 Dosage should be adapted to patients individually, on the basis of periodic tests of glycosuria and blood sugar.
    在周期性檢驗?zāi)蛱呛脱堑幕A(chǔ)上,調(diào)整劑量,使之適用于不同的患者。
    例13 It si advisable to initiate therapy with massive doses: 3x2 tablets daily after meals over 2-4 days.
    建議開始治療時采用大劑量,每日劑量為3x2片,飯后服用,持續(xù)2-4日。
    例14 In severs chronic cases, treatment is started with daily 1 to 2 ampoules of Bilocid and continused with one ampoule every other day, injected slowly by the intravenous route.
    治療嚴(yán)重的慢性疾病時,治療從每日1-2支利膽素注射劑開始,繼續(xù)治療時每隔一日1安瓶緩慢靜脈注射。
    例15 The number of injections required may vary from from patient to patient.
    所需注射次數(shù)因患者而異。
    例16 The dosage of Glutril must be adjusted by the doctor according to the individual metabolic state.
    格路特利的劑量需由醫(yī)生根據(jù)每個患者的代謝狀況調(diào)整。
    例17 In such instance, it is recommended that the dose be reduced.
    在這種情況下,建議減少劑量。
    例18 The maintenance dosage is determined by response of the patient.
    維持劑量視患者對藥物的反應(yīng)而定。
    從上述例句可見,本項中英語的普通詞匯較多,只要有一定的英語基礎(chǔ)均可讀懂,專業(yè)詞匯多為醫(yī)學(xué)詞匯,可從英漢醫(yī)學(xué)詞典中查出。
    第七節(jié) 不良反應(yīng)
    不良反應(yīng)這一項中包括藥物的副作用、癥狀及體征、毒性作用及耐受力、過敏反應(yīng)、停藥等?,F(xiàn)分述如下:
    1.“不良反應(yīng)”的常用的英語表示法有:
    Adverse Reaction(s)不良反應(yīng) Unwanted(Untoward) Reaction(s)不良反應(yīng)
    2“副作用”的常用的英語表示法有:
    Side-effect(s) 副作用 Unwanted(Undesirable) Effects 副作用
    Side Reaction(s) 副作用 By-effects 副作用
    3.常見的霉副反應(yīng)的癥狀及體征的詞語很多,但記住下列詞語很有必要:
    allergic (hypersensitive,anaphylactic)reaction(s) 過敏反應(yīng)
    allergy(hypersensitivity) 過敏 dizzziness 眩暈
    gastrointestinal tract 胃腸道 fever 發(fā)熱
    local reaction(s) 局部反應(yīng) flush 潮紅
    skin reaction(s)皮膚反應(yīng) headache 頭痛
    symptom(s)癥狀 nausea 惡心
    systematic 全身的 pruritus 瘙癢
    anorexia 厭食 rash 皮疹
    blood count 白細(xì)胞計數(shù) spasm 痙攣
    blood pressure 血壓 thirst 口渴
    coma 昏迷 tiredness 疲倦
    diarrhea 腹瀉 vomiting 嘔吐
    4.“霉性”、“耐受性”的英語表示法:
    toxicity 毒性
    tolerance(tolerability) 耐受力,耐藥性
    tolerate(toleration) 耐受
    5.“停藥”的英語表示法舉例:
    abandon 停藥
    discontinue(discontinuance,discontinuation) 停藥,中斷(治療)
    cease(cessation)(stop)停藥(停止治療)
    don't use 勿使用(停藥)
    suspend 停藥
    terminate 停止,結(jié)束
    withdraw(be withdrawn,withdrawal)停藥
    6.其他一些常見的基本詞匯及短語:
    acute 急性的 control(be controlled)控制
    chronic 慢性的 diminish(reduce,reduction)減少
    common 常見的 disappear 消失
    irreversible 不可逆的 encounter 遇到,見到
    mild 輕微的 give rise to 產(chǎn)生
    normal 正常的 include 包括
    rare(ly)罕見的(地) lead to 導(dǎo)致
    reverside 可逆的 manifest 表明,顯示
    severe 嚴(yán)重的 observe(be observed)(被)觀察到
    temporary 暫時的 produce 產(chǎn)生
    transient 一過性的,短暫的 react to 對……反應(yīng)
    appear(develop,happen,occur)出現(xiàn)(產(chǎn)生)
    result from 由……引起 be reported (被)報道
    result in 導(dǎo)致 cause (be caused by) (由……)引起
    treat(treatment) 治療
    special care(caution)should be exercised 特別小心(注意)
    例1 Ciprofloxactin is generally well tolerated. The most frequently reported adverse reactions are: nausea, diarrhaea, vomiting, dyspepsia, abdomina pain, headache, restlessness, rash, dizziness and pruritus.
    環(huán)丙沙星一般耐受良好。最常報道的副作用有:惡心、腹瀉、嘔吐、消化不良、腹痛、頭痛、不安、皮疹、頭暈及瘙癢。
    例2 Side-effects are rare with slow-K, as any excess potassium is rapidly excreted in the urine.
    施樂凱的副作用根罕見,因為任何過量的鉀都迅速由尿排出。
    例3 At the recommended dosage side-effects e.g. venous irritatiion or hypersensitivity reactions (cutaneous and mucous reactions) are only observed in isolated cases.
    用推薦劑量治療時,僅見個別的靜脈刺激或過敏反應(yīng)(皮膚及粘膜反應(yīng))病例。
    例4 When adverse reactions occur, they are usually reversible and disappear when the hormone is discontinued.
    當(dāng)不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生時,它們往往是可逆的,停用激素后副作用即消失。
    例5 The most serious side-effect is damage to the bone marrow. Because of this, the white blood cell count should be controlled often enough druing the treatment.
    最嚴(yán)重的副作用是骨髓損害,因此在治療期間,要經(jīng)常監(jiān)測白細(xì)胞計數(shù)。
    例6 These unwanted effects usually disappear spontaneously after 7-14 days or following a temporary reduction in the dosage.
    這些副作用通常在7-14日之后,或者暫時降低劑量便自行消失。
    例7 With high dosage continuous infusion (more than 200mg/m2/day) over 5 to 7 days, the gastrointestinal complications are more pronounced and can on occasion lead to ileus. All side effects are reversible after cessation of therapy.
    大劑量連續(xù)輸注超過 5~7日(超過 200mg/m2/日),胃腸道并發(fā)癥更為明顯,偶爾可導(dǎo)致腸梗阻。停藥后副作用皆可逆轉(zhuǎn)。
    例 8 In some patients nausea, dizziness,and vomiting may occur in the first days of treatment but the treatment need not be discontinued for that. In rare cases a decrease of blood pressure may appear for which a blood pressure check-up is recommended in out-patients before the treatment is initiated. If side-effects persist, lower doses should be administered.
    服用本品的頭幾天,有些病人可能會出現(xiàn)惡心、頭暈和嘔吐,但不必停藥。偶有血壓下降的病例,為此,在治療開始前建議對門診患者檢測血壓。若副作用持續(xù)不消失,應(yīng)減少服用劑量。
    例9 Major adverse reactions (much less common than the minor adverse reactions) include inhibition of myelopoiesis, drug fever and hepatitis.
    較重的不良反應(yīng)(遠(yuǎn)不及輕度不良反應(yīng)常見)包括抑制骨髓細(xì)胞生成,藥物熱及肝炎。
    例10 Side-effects: Loss of appetite and nausea occur in most cases, sometimes with vomiting. These symptoms are usually confined to the first few days of treatment and then tend to disappear.
    副作用:多數(shù)病例出現(xiàn)食欲減退、惡心,有時嘔吐。這些癥狀通常發(fā)生在治療的最初幾天,以后逐漸消失。