2011年成人英語輔導(dǎo)講義五

字號:

三、非謂語動詞 不定式(to + V)
    動名詞
    分詞-ing
    分詞-ed
    (一)動詞不定式(to+動詞原形)
    動詞不定式的語法功能可以做除謂語動詞以外的任何句子成分。
    (1)作主語
    不定式或不定式短語作主語時,謂語動詞用第三人稱單數(shù)。如:
    To serve the people well is our duty.
    動詞不定式短語作主語時,往往放在謂語動詞的后面,用引導(dǎo)詞it作形式主語。上述句子也可改為:
    It is our duty to serve the people well.
    類似這樣不定式做主語的句型有:
    It is + n.+ to do
    It takes sb.+ some time + to do
    It is +adj.+ for sb.+ to do
    It is + adj.+ of sb.+ to do
    例如:
    It is our duty to help them.
    It will take you quite a long time to finish it.
    It is easy for us to answer this question.
    It is kind of you to help me.
    注:
    (1)for sb.常用于表示事物的特征特點,表示客觀形式的形容詞,如easy,hard,difficult,interesting,impossible等:
    (2)of sb.的句型一般表示人物的性格,品德,表示主觀感情或態(tài)度的形容詞,如good,kind,nice,clever,foolish,right等。
    (2)作賓語
    We hope to have more opportunities to talk with native speakers.
    注意:
    如果不定式作賓語而又跟有補語,這時,通常要用“it”作形式賓語,而將不定式放到補語后面去。
    例如:
    他們發(fā)現(xiàn)提前把一切都準(zhǔn)備好是不可能的。
    ×They found to get everything ready in advance impossible.
    賓語 賓補
    ×They found to get everything ready in advance is impossible.
    √They found it impossible to get everything ready in.
    賓補 賓語
    advance.
    再看下面的兩個例句:
    I consider it my duty to point out their shortcomings.
    Robert doesn't think it advisable for Mary to be on a diet.
    (3)作定語
    This is the best way to solve the problem.
    注意:
    ①用不定式作定語時,它與它所修飾的詞有時是動賓關(guān)系,所以如果不定式是不及物動詞,其后面應(yīng)跟上必要的介詞。
    例如:
    Mary needs a friend to play with.
    There is nothing to worry about.
    Because air pollution has been greatly reduced,this city is still _____ .
    A.a good place to live
    B.a good place for living in
    C.a good place to be lived in
    D.a good place to live in
    答案:D
    ②不定式作定語,如果與他所修飾的詞是動賓關(guān)系,則不定式后面不能再帶賓語。
    例如:
    ×Here is a letter for you to type it.
    √Here is a letter for you to type.
    ×The smell tells the bees what kind of flowers to look for them.
    √The smell tells the bees what kind of flowers to look for.
    同時要注意:在這類結(jié)構(gòu)中,常用不定式的主動式代替被動式。
    (4)作狀語
    In order to overcome difficulties,we must work hard.
    注意:
    ①不定式能夠修飾作表語或賓語補足語的形容詞,在句中作狀語,這時不定式不能再帶賓語。
    例如:
    √The water is unfit to drink.
    ×The water is unfit to drink it.
    √They found Mr.Jones' lecture hard to understand.
    ×They found Mr.Jones' lecture hard to understand it.
    同時要注意:在這類結(jié)構(gòu)中,常用不定式的主動式代替被動式。
    ②作狀語的不定式的邏輯主語必須與句子主語一致。
    例如:
    ×To save money,the bus was taken instead of plane.
    √To save money,we took the bus instead of plane.
    讓我們看一道2005年11月份的三級試題:
    To succeed in a scientific experiment,______.
    A.one needs being patient person.
    B.patience is to need.
    C.one needs to be patient.
    D.patience is what needed.
    答案:C
    2、不定式的邏輯主語
    如要表明不定式或不定式的動作發(fā)出者(即邏輯主語),就要在不定式前用for+名詞(或代詞的賓格)。如:
    Is the road wide enough for two cars to pass?
    The conference is too important for you to miss.
    3、不定式的時態(tài)和語態(tài)
    不定式有一般、完成、進(jìn)行等幾種常用的形式,也有主動和被動語態(tài)的區(qū)別。以study為例:
    主動/被動一般式to study;to be studied
    進(jìn)行式to be studying
    完成式to have studied;to have been studied
    (1)不定式的時態(tài)
    不定式的一般式(to do)所表示的動作與謂語動詞所表示的動作是同時發(fā)生,或是在其后發(fā)生的。如:
    Thousands of young people are learning to ski.
    不定式的進(jìn)行式(to be doing)所表示的動作與謂語動詞的動作是同時進(jìn)行的,而且是正在進(jìn)行的。如:
    They seemed to be getting along quite well.
    不定式的完成進(jìn)行時(to have done)表示限于謂語動詞之前發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài),to have + V-ed 表示動作,to have been 表示狀態(tài)。如:
    She seems to have finished her work.
    不定式的完成進(jìn)行時表示動作在謂語動詞之前發(fā)生,而且一直進(jìn)行著。如:
    She was happy to have been staying with her aunt.
    (2)不定式的語態(tài)
    每個不定式都有其邏輯主語,如果邏輯主語是動作的發(fā)出者,不定式用主動式,如果其邏輯主語是動作的承受者,不定式用被動式。如:
    The doctor recommended him to air the room.
    醫(yī)生建議他打掃房間。
    The doctor recommended the room to be aired.
    醫(yī)生建議打掃房間。
    考試重點:使用不帶to的不定式的幾種情況
    (1)在口語中,以why開頭的簡單問句中。例如:
    Why do it that way?
    Why not go out for a walk?
    (2)某些使役動詞,如make,let,have等后面跟動詞不定時作賓語補足語時,用省略to的不定式。如:
    Let him do it.讓他做吧。
    I would have you know that I am ill.我想要你知道我病了。
    (3)表示生理感覺的動詞后接不定時作賓語補足語時,不定式不帶to這類詞有:
    feel 覺得  observe 注意到,看到  hear聽到
    watch注視  listen to聽  perceive察覺,感知
    notice注意  see看見  look at看
    注意:
    表示 “感覺”的動詞,既可以用不帶to 的不定式作賓語補足語,又可以用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補足語,但兩者有含義上的差別。現(xiàn)在分詞作這些動詞的賓語補足語,表示動作的進(jìn)行,以不帶to的不定式作這些動詞的賓語補足語,表示動作的完成。
    例如:
    I heard her playing the violin.
    我聽到她在拉小提琴。
    I don't see the ball break the window.
    我沒有看到球砸壞玻璃。
    注意:
    上述使役動詞與感覺動詞轉(zhuǎn)換為被動結(jié)構(gòu)時,其后的不定式需帶to,如:
    He was seen to come.
    The boy was made to go to bed early.
    (4)在do nothing/anything/everything but(except)結(jié)構(gòu)中。例如:
    Last night I did nothing but watch TV.
    昨天晚上,除了看電視,我什么也沒干。
    但是,如果謂語動詞不是“do nothing,anything,everything”,那么but(except)所跟的不定式則仍須帶to。
    The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking.
    醫(yī)生除了讓他戒煙,其它什么都沒有說。
    There was nothing for them to do but remain silent.
    除了保持沉默以外,他們沒有別的辦法。
    記憶口訣:
    前面有do,后面省to,前面無do,后面帶to。
    (5)下面這些詞組是不定式的習(xí)慣用法,只能用省to的不定式形式。
    can not help but do(不得不)
    can not but do(不得不)
    cannot choose but do(只能)
    have no choice but do (只能)
    had better do()
    would rather do(寧愿)
    例如:
    When I consider how talented he is as a painter,I cannot help but believe that the public will appreciate his gift.
    不定式練習(xí)
    翻譯下列句子:
    走路去那里十分鐘就到了。(考查不定式做主語的句型)
    下一步做什么還沒定。(考查疑問詞+不定式的用法)
    我們不可能趕上第一班車。(考查不定式做主語)
    學(xué)英語的學(xué)生必須有本好字典。(考查不定式做主語,同時考察不定式的邏輯主語)
    他是我們班說英語的人。(考查不定式作定語)
    他說話太快,我們跟不上。(考查too…to…結(jié)構(gòu),不定式作狀語)
    大廳足夠大,能容納一百人。(考查enough…to…結(jié)構(gòu),不定式作狀語)
    起床后媽媽會提醒我洗臉。(考查不定式作賓補)
    為了不讓我們失望,你必須遵守你的諾言。(考查不定式作狀語)