41. But achieving necessary matches in physical properties across interfaces between living andnonliving matter requires knowledge of which molecules control the bonding of cells to each other—an area that we have not yet explored thoroughly. (4)
但是，要想沿著原生和非原生物質(zhì)之間的界面獲取生理特性的必要匹配，需要某種知識(shí)，即什么樣的分子控制著細(xì)胞彼此間的結(jié)合——而對(duì)這一領(lǐng)域，我們尚未進(jìn)行充分的探索。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾
解釋：本句這樣的復(fù)雜修飾和插入語(yǔ)的作用差不多;主語(yǔ)achieving necessary matches之后的修飾成分in physical properties across interfaces between living and nonliving matter把主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)requires分開。值得注意的是修飾賓主的of which molecules 中的which在此不是定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞，而是一個(gè)形容詞，意思是哪個(gè)。
意群訓(xùn)練：But achieving necessary matches in physical properties across interfaces between living andnonliving matter requires knowledge of which molecules control the bonding of cells to each other—an area that we have not yet explored thoroughly.
42. Islamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of law—notwithstanding，of course，a considerable and inevitable number of coincidences with one or the other of them as far as subject matter and positive enactments are concerned—that its study is indispensable in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena. (5)
伊斯蘭法是一種如此不同于所有其它法律形式的現(xiàn)象——毋庸置疑，盡管就其主要內(nèi)容和有積極意義的法規(guī)而言，與其它法律形式中的這種或那種形式存在著相當(dāng)數(shù)量的且不可避免的巧合相似之處——以致于對(duì)它進(jìn)行研究便顯得不可或缺，以便充分理解有可能存在的法律現(xiàn)象的全部范圍。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)、抽象詞
解釋：這是一個(gè)被GRE考生尊稱為No.題三大難文章之一的伊斯蘭法中的臭名昭著的句子。本句插入語(yǔ)前后都不難，關(guān)鍵是如何對(duì)待這段插入語(yǔ)。
首先，插入語(yǔ)很長(zhǎng)，在原文中有四行。筆者在前面不只一次提醒讀者，三行心目的插入語(yǔ)必須跳過(guò)，看懂前后的內(nèi)容再回頭來(lái)看插入語(yǔ)。插入語(yǔ)難懂的第一個(gè)原因是其中混有大量的抽象詞和法律術(shù)語(yǔ);還有一個(gè)重要原因，那就是它其實(shí)不是一個(gè)完整的句子。把插入語(yǔ)中所有的修飾成分扒光，只剩下一個(gè)單詞：coinsidences，而主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)it has則被作者省略。
不管從哪個(gè)角度上來(lái)看，這句話中的那個(gè)插入語(yǔ)都極像是ETS布下的一個(gè)陷阱：首先，插入語(yǔ)的內(nèi)容對(duì)理解文章毫無(wú)作用;其次，考試中對(duì)插入語(yǔ)也出題;第三，其實(shí)這句話中的插入語(yǔ)根本不必讀。也可以根據(jù)插入語(yǔ)前后的內(nèi)容用合理化原則的取非讀法猜出其意思。插入語(yǔ)前后的內(nèi)容是伊斯蘭法與其他法律不同，插入部分以notwithstanding開關(guān)，又有of course,可見插入部分一定是讓步證據(jù)，因此可以對(duì)前后的內(nèi)容取非，猜出插入部分一定是在說(shuō)伊斯蘭法與其他法律有相同之處。
句末的in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena中，包含一個(gè)倒裝;正常語(yǔ)序的appreciate the full range of possible legal phenomena adequately中的副詞adequately被提到appreciate的賓語(yǔ)之前。
Islamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of law-notwithstanding, of course, a considerable and inevitable number of coincidences with one or the other of them as far as subject matter and positive enactment are concerned-that its study is indispensable in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena.
43. (Both Jewish law and canon law are more uniform than Islamic law.)Though historically there is a discernible break between Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora (the dispersion of Jewish people after the conquest of Israel)， the spirit of the legal matter in later parts of the Old Testament is very close to that of the Talmud， one of the primary codifications of Jewish law in the Diaspora. (5)
盡管從歷史角度來(lái)看，在古代以色列作為獨(dú)立主權(quán)國(guó)家的*教法與大流散時(shí)期(Diaspora，即以色列被征服后古代*人被巴比倫人逐出故土)的*教法之間存在著一個(gè)明晰可辨的斷裂，然則，《舊約全書》(Old Testament)后半部分中法律內(nèi)容的精神與《*教法典》(Talmud)極為一脈相承，而所謂的《*教法典》，是指大流散時(shí)期*教法的主要典籍輯錄之一。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)、省略、專有名詞
解釋：本句與上一句同來(lái)自于同一篇文章，本文的主題是伊斯蘭法，但作者反復(fù)用*法來(lái)嚇唬讀者，同樣ETS也未就此句話出題。
這句話難讀是因?yàn)閮蓚€(gè)原因：第一、作者在between Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora一句中的and之后省略了Jewish law,使人看到of the Diaspora ancient Israel and of the Diaspora一句中的and之后省略了jewish law，使人看到of the Diaspora時(shí)搞不清楚在什么與什么之間;第二個(gè)難懂的原因，是文中出現(xiàn)了大量的專有名詞、法律術(shù)語(yǔ)和歷史背景。其實(shí)讀者除了Israel 和Jewish兩個(gè)單詞有必要也有可能認(rèn)識(shí)之外，其他單詞既不需要了解也無(wú)法了解，像什么Diaspora(大流散時(shí)期)、Old Testament(舊約全書)、Talmud(*教法典)等奇怪名詞，在非宗教國(guó)家的考生的大腦中，一點(diǎn)概念都沒(méi)有，更不要說(shuō)其英語(yǔ)的表達(dá)了。那么ETS的出題者在閱讀文章中搞出這種東西來(lái)，不是有意違背公平出題原則之嫌了嗎?
其實(shí)出題者也并沒(méi)有要求讀者把這些內(nèi)容搞清，只需知道前面那句話是一個(gè)判斷句，說(shuō)*法和伊斯蘭法一致，后面這句話是對(duì)上面一句話的解釋，因此肯定也在說(shuō)它一致。再看第二句話的結(jié)構(gòu)，上來(lái)就是一個(gè)用though表示的讓步語(yǔ)氣，我們可以看出在一個(gè)break between，那么逗號(hào)后就應(yīng)該是省略了but的轉(zhuǎn)折語(yǔ)氣，該說(shuō)沒(méi)有break between，果然我們看到了very close to 的字樣。我們也知道，既有讓步又有轉(zhuǎn)折時(shí)，作者強(qiáng)調(diào)轉(zhuǎn)折之后的內(nèi)容。所以這句話仍是在說(shuō)*法一致。
043 Both Jewish law and canon law are more uniform than Islamic law(這是作者加的便于理解的話). Though historically there is a discernible break between Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora(the dispersion of Jewish people after the conquest of Israel), the spirit of the legal matter in later parts of the Old Testament is very close to that of the Talmud, one of the primary codifications of Jewish law in the Diaspora.
44. Islam，on the other hand，represented a radical breakaway from the Arab paganism that preceded it;Islamic law is the result of an examination, from a religious angle，(examination)of legal subject matter that was far from uniform，comprising as it did the various components of the laws of pre-Islamic Arabia and numerous legal elements taken over from the non-Arab peoples of the conquered territories. (4)
另一方面，伊斯蘭教則代表著與此前存在的阿拉伯異教(Arab paganism)的一種根本上的決裂;伊斯蘭法是從宗教的角度，對(duì)各種雜亂無(wú)章、絕無(wú)共同點(diǎn)的法律內(nèi)容進(jìn)行考察所致的結(jié)果，而這些法律內(nèi)容實(shí)際上是由前伊斯蘭阿拉伯國(guó)家(Pre-Islamic Arabia)法律的不盡相同的組成部分以及由從被征服的土地上非阿拉伯民族借鑒過(guò)來(lái)的無(wú)數(shù)法律因素所構(gòu)成。 (as it did )實(shí)際上是一句插入語(yǔ)。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)
解釋：這句話是接著上面的那句話寫下來(lái)的，是在說(shuō)伊斯蘭法的不一致。句中有三個(gè)插入語(yǔ)，都起到了一定的干擾作用。第一個(gè)是on the other hand，隔開了主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)。第二個(gè)是from a religious angle，分開了examination of ，第三個(gè)as it did， 根本就是句廢話，分?jǐn)嗔藙?dòng)詞comprise 和動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)the various components。
意群訓(xùn)練：Islam, on the other hand, represented a radical breakaway from the Arab paganism that preceded it; Islamic law is the result of an examination, from a religious angle, of legal subject matter that was far from uniform, comprising as it did the various components of the laws of pre-Islamic Arabia and numberous legal elements taken over from the non-Arab peoples of the conquered territories.
45. One such novel idea is that (idea) of inserting into the chromosomes of plants discrete genes that are not a part of the plants’ natural constitution：specifically，the idea of inserting intononleguminous plants the genes，if they can be identified and isolated，that fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Hence，(there is ) the intensified research on legumes. (5)，此句能夠熟讀，更好的是背誦下來(lái)。(復(fù)雜修飾+插入+省略+倒裝)
這其中的一個(gè)新穎思想就是，在植物的染色體(chromosome)內(nèi)注入并非是該植物自然構(gòu)造一個(gè)部分的那些不相關(guān)聯(lián)的因基：具體而言，這一思想是，在非豆科植物內(nèi)注入這樣一些基因，倘若這些基因可被辨識(shí)出來(lái)并被分離開來(lái)，而這些基因業(yè)已使豆科植物宜于充當(dāng)那些具備固氮作用的細(xì)菌的寄主。由此，對(duì)豆科植物的研究日趨深入。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)、倒裝、省略
解釋：本句的難度以倒裝為主，復(fù)雜為輔;然而二者相互借力，難度更大，而且本句中有兩個(gè)省略，就更令讀者頭痛。
句子一開始的One such novel idea is that of 之中的that of, 是that idea of 的省略形式。此外容易理解，后面開始變難。Inserting into the chromosomes of plants discrete genes(that are not a part of the plants' natureal consttution)看上去不舒服的原因，是作者在此用了一個(gè)便裝;正常語(yǔ)序應(yīng)該是：inserting discrete genes(that are not a part of the plants' natureal constitution) into the chromosomes of plants， 即把非此植物的genes插入到該植物中。之所以倒裝，是因?yàn)閐iscrete genes加上復(fù)雜修飾的成分以后太長(zhǎng)之故。同樣，后面的the idea of inserting into nonleguminous plants the genes, if they can be identifyied and isolated, that fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitrogen-fixing bacteria一句，正常的語(yǔ)序也是the idea of inserting the genes, if they can be identifyied and isolated, that fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitro-fixing bacteria into nonleguminous plants,即把便利豆科植物成為固氮菌的寄主的基因(如果它們能夠被找到并分離出來(lái)的話)插入到非豆科植物的基因中去。這一回。Genes之后不但有定語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)雜修飾，而且在genes和that從句之間還有一個(gè)不短的插入語(yǔ)，增加了閱讀難度。
最后的一句話，Hence, the intensified research on legumes, 其實(shí)也不是一句話，只是一個(gè)詞：research。作者省略了there is ，其實(shí)引處即便看不清語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)，作者的意思還是可以懂的。因此，筆者在前面強(qiáng)調(diào)的“如果可以看懂意思，不必去分析語(yǔ)法”，在實(shí)戰(zhàn)的應(yīng)用中有其意義;GRE和GMAT中很多表達(dá)其實(shí)不嚴(yán)格遵守語(yǔ)法，或者有考生不懂的語(yǔ)法，讀者處心積慮地研究它們，不但沒(méi)有實(shí)戰(zhàn)意義，而且還令讀者徒增煩惱。
本句是GRE和GMAT考試中集各種語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象之大成者，包括了幾乎所有的難句類型，希望讀者一定把這句話讀熟;有心者能把它背熟，一定對(duì)提高你的閱讀能力有好處。
意群訓(xùn)練：One such novel idea is that (idea) of inserting into the chromosomes of plants discrete genes that are not a part of the plants’ natural constitution：specifically，the idea of inserting into nonleguminous plants the genes，if they can be identified and isolated，that fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Hence，(there is ) the intensified research on legumes.
46. It is one of nature’s great ironies that the availability of nitrogen in the soil frequently sets an upper limit on plant growth even though the plants’ leaves are bathed in a sea of nitrogen gas.(3+)下述情形真可謂是自然界的一個(gè)莫大諷刺：土壤中所能獲得的氮肥量往往對(duì)植物的生長(zhǎng)構(gòu)成了一個(gè)上限，雖然植物的葉子被沐浴在一片氮?dú)獾暮Ｑ笾小?BR> 難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾
解釋：It是形式主語(yǔ)，其真正的內(nèi)容是that之后的由even though連接的兩個(gè)句子。其實(shí)本句的真正難度倒不在于句子的結(jié)構(gòu)，而是對(duì)于其意思的理解：尤其是文科同學(xué)，可能缺乏必要的背景知識(shí)，就更不容易讀懂。句中的set an upper limit on plant growth直譯為”給植物的生成設(shè)立一個(gè)上限”，其真正的意思是“限制了植物的生長(zhǎng)”;因此the availability of nitrogen in the soil frequently sets an upper limit on plant growth之中的availability一定指的是氮的供給之少。整句話的意思是，土壤中的氮植物能夠利用，卻太少;而空氣中雖有大量的氮，植物卻不能利用，這豈不是自然界開的一個(gè)大玩笑。
It is one of nature’s great ironies that the availability of nitrogen in the soil frequently sets an upper limit on plant growth even though the plants’ leaves are bathed in a sea of nitrogen gas.
47. Unless they succeed，the yield gains of the Green Revolution will be largely lost even if the genes in legumes that equip those plants to enter into a symbiosis with nitrogen fixers are identified and isolated，and even if the transfer of those gene complexes，once they are found， becomes possible. (4)
除非他們能取得成功，不然的話，綠色革命的產(chǎn)量收益將在很大程度上損失殆盡，即使豆科植物中使這些植物有條件進(jìn)入到與固氮細(xì)菌共生關(guān)系的基因可被辨識(shí)出來(lái)和分離開來(lái)的話，且即使這些基因綜合體(gene complex)，一旦被發(fā)現(xiàn)之后，其移植得以成為可能的話。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)
解釋：主句比較簡(jiǎn)單，而后面跟著的由and連接的兩個(gè)表示讓步的條件狀語(yǔ)從句就相對(duì)復(fù)雜，第一個(gè)從句是用一個(gè)修飾主語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)從句that equip those plants to enter into a symbiosis with nitrogen fixers把主謂隔開;第二個(gè)從句則運(yùn)用了插入語(yǔ)once they are found把主謂隔開。
意群訓(xùn)練：Unless they succeed，the yield gains of the Green Revolution will be largely lost even if the genes in legumes that equip those plants to enter into a symbiosis with nitrogen fixers are identified and isolated，and even if the transfer of those gene complexes，once they are found， becomes possible.
48. Its subject(to use Maynard Mack’s categories)is "life-as-spectacle，" for readers，diverted by its various incidents，observe its hero Odysseus primarily from without;the tragic Iliad，however，presents "life-as-experience"：readers are asked to identify with the mind ofAchilles，whose motivations render him a not particularly likable hero. (5)
其主題〔若借鑒梅納德。邁克(Maynard Mack)的兩個(gè)分類范疇的話〕是“人生作為外部景象”，因?yàn)樽x者的注意力被作品那形形色色的事件所分散，主要是從外部來(lái)觀察其主人公奧德修斯(Odyssus)的;然而，富于悲劇色彩的《伊利亞特》所表現(xiàn)的則是“人生作為內(nèi)心體驗(yàn)”：讀者被要求與阿基琉斯(Achilles)的心靈產(chǎn)生共鳴，而其行為動(dòng)機(jī)卻致使他變作一個(gè)并非特別惹人喜愛的主人公。 (從分號(hào)后的語(yǔ)句推理出前面的意思)
注：hero:主人公;without:外部;likable:有吸引力的
難句類型;復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)、抽象詞、熟詞僻義
請(qǐng)思考：如果看不懂分號(hào)前的without的意思，是否可以用合理化原則根據(jù)分號(hào)后的那句話推理出其意思?
解釋：本句中盡管也存在一些復(fù)雜修飾和插入的內(nèi)容，但是本句話之所以難懂，與其說(shuō)是因?yàn)檫@些東西的影響，倒不如說(shuō)是因?yàn)橛迷~的抽象和語(yǔ)義的難以理解。作為一篇文學(xué)評(píng)論型的文章，文章中充斥著一些很抽象的詞匯;本句話中就有subject/category/spectacle/divert/incident/hero/primarily/without/present/identify/motivation/particularly/likable等。背過(guò)這些單詞的中文釋義，并不意味著在閱讀中能夠清楚地理解其真正含義。對(duì)于抽象詞的訓(xùn)練方法，請(qǐng)參見附錄中<閱讀抽象詞提速法>。這里僅解釋幾個(gè)對(duì)于這句話最重要的單詞：
hero:在此不是指英雄，在文學(xué)評(píng)論型的文章當(dāng)中，此單詞的意思是主人公。
Without:在此處是一個(gè)熟詞僻義，意思是外部，等于outside。
Likable:不可望文生義，它不是像什么東西的意思，而是有吸引力的意思，其同義詞有pleasant或attractive.
本句中，對(duì)于理解全句起到影響的，就是能否正確理解without這個(gè)單詞，然而問(wèn)題在于，如果不認(rèn)識(shí)without的熟詞僻義，是否可用合理化原則根據(jù)分號(hào)后的那句話推理出其意思?根據(jù)緊跟著分別的however，我們可以推斷出分號(hào)前后的兩句話所說(shuō)的內(nèi)容截然相反，因此可以從I戲劇的描述中推出，without的意思應(yīng)該是不去認(rèn)同其主人公的內(nèi)心世界。
意群訓(xùn)練：Its subject(to use Maynard Mack’s categories)is "life-as-spectacle，" for readers，diverted by its various incidents，observe its hero Odysseus primarily from without;the tragic Iliad，however，presents "life-as-experience"：readers are asked to identify with the mind ofAchilles，whose motivations render him a not particularly likable hero.
49. Most striking among the many asymmetries evident in an adult flatfish is eye placement： before maturity one eye migrates，so that in an adult flatfish both eyes are on the same side of the head. (3+)
在一條成年比目魚身上顯著存在的諸多不對(duì)稱(asymmetry)特征中，最為吸人注目的是眼睛的擺位：在成年之前，一只眼睛發(fā)生移動(dòng)，因此在成年比目魚身上，兩只眼睛均位于頭部的同一側(cè)面。
難句類型：倒裝、省略
解釋：本句的倒裝本質(zhì)上與我們?cè)缇偷囊环N倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)是一樣的，即形容詞放在句首時(shí)，主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)倒裝。本句的主干的正常語(yǔ)序應(yīng)該是：Eye placement is most striking;倒裝后成了Most striking is eye placement。但是這種倒裝在GRE考試中出現(xiàn)，又有了新的特色，被提到句首的Most striking被長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的狀語(yǔ)among the many asymmetries evident in an adult flatfish與后面的主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)分開，造成閱讀困難。
意群訓(xùn)練：Most striking among the many asymmetries evident in an adult flatfish is eye placement： before maturity one eye migrates，so that in an adult flatfish both eyes are on the same side of the head.
50. A critique of Handlin’s interpretation of why legal slavery did not appear until the 1660’s suggests that assumptions about the relation between slavery and racial prejudice should be reexamined , and that explanations for the different treatment of Black slaves in North and South America should be expanded .(4)
一個(gè)對(duì)于H的關(guān)于為何法律上的奴隸制沒(méi)有在17世紀(jì)60年代以前出現(xiàn)的原因所作解釋的批評(píng)顯示，關(guān)于奴隸制和種族偏見之間的關(guān)系的假說(shuō)應(yīng)當(dāng)重新檢查，而且顯示出，對(duì)于在北美和南美之間的對(duì)黑怒的不同處理的解釋應(yīng)當(dāng)被擴(kuò)展。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、省略
解釋：句子的主干清楚：A critique suggests that…, and suggests that…。但是因?yàn)榫渥拥慕Y(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜、修飾成分多，再加上后面的and 之后的suggests被省略，所以句子的結(jié)構(gòu)很難被讀出來(lái)的。
本句的suggest不再是暗示，而是顯示、說(shuō)明的意思，其同義詞有point,indicate,imply。本句的兩個(gè)suggest之后的賓語(yǔ)從句都根據(jù)語(yǔ)法要求使用了虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
意群訓(xùn)練：A critique of Handlin’s interpretation of why legal slavery did not appear until the 1660’s suggests that assumptions about the relation between slavery and racial prejudice should be reexamined , and that explanations for the different treatment of Black slaves in North and South America should be expanded .
但是，要想沿著原生和非原生物質(zhì)之間的界面獲取生理特性的必要匹配，需要某種知識(shí)，即什么樣的分子控制著細(xì)胞彼此間的結(jié)合——而對(duì)這一領(lǐng)域，我們尚未進(jìn)行充分的探索。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾
解釋：本句這樣的復(fù)雜修飾和插入語(yǔ)的作用差不多;主語(yǔ)achieving necessary matches之后的修飾成分in physical properties across interfaces between living and nonliving matter把主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)requires分開。值得注意的是修飾賓主的of which molecules 中的which在此不是定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞，而是一個(gè)形容詞，意思是哪個(gè)。
意群訓(xùn)練：But achieving necessary matches in physical properties across interfaces between living andnonliving matter requires knowledge of which molecules control the bonding of cells to each other—an area that we have not yet explored thoroughly.
42. Islamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of law—notwithstanding，of course，a considerable and inevitable number of coincidences with one or the other of them as far as subject matter and positive enactments are concerned—that its study is indispensable in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena. (5)
伊斯蘭法是一種如此不同于所有其它法律形式的現(xiàn)象——毋庸置疑，盡管就其主要內(nèi)容和有積極意義的法規(guī)而言，與其它法律形式中的這種或那種形式存在著相當(dāng)數(shù)量的且不可避免的巧合相似之處——以致于對(duì)它進(jìn)行研究便顯得不可或缺，以便充分理解有可能存在的法律現(xiàn)象的全部范圍。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)、抽象詞
解釋：這是一個(gè)被GRE考生尊稱為No.題三大難文章之一的伊斯蘭法中的臭名昭著的句子。本句插入語(yǔ)前后都不難，關(guān)鍵是如何對(duì)待這段插入語(yǔ)。
首先，插入語(yǔ)很長(zhǎng)，在原文中有四行。筆者在前面不只一次提醒讀者，三行心目的插入語(yǔ)必須跳過(guò)，看懂前后的內(nèi)容再回頭來(lái)看插入語(yǔ)。插入語(yǔ)難懂的第一個(gè)原因是其中混有大量的抽象詞和法律術(shù)語(yǔ);還有一個(gè)重要原因，那就是它其實(shí)不是一個(gè)完整的句子。把插入語(yǔ)中所有的修飾成分扒光，只剩下一個(gè)單詞：coinsidences，而主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)it has則被作者省略。
不管從哪個(gè)角度上來(lái)看，這句話中的那個(gè)插入語(yǔ)都極像是ETS布下的一個(gè)陷阱：首先，插入語(yǔ)的內(nèi)容對(duì)理解文章毫無(wú)作用;其次，考試中對(duì)插入語(yǔ)也出題;第三，其實(shí)這句話中的插入語(yǔ)根本不必讀。也可以根據(jù)插入語(yǔ)前后的內(nèi)容用合理化原則的取非讀法猜出其意思。插入語(yǔ)前后的內(nèi)容是伊斯蘭法與其他法律不同，插入部分以notwithstanding開關(guān)，又有of course,可見插入部分一定是讓步證據(jù)，因此可以對(duì)前后的內(nèi)容取非，猜出插入部分一定是在說(shuō)伊斯蘭法與其他法律有相同之處。
句末的in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena中，包含一個(gè)倒裝;正常語(yǔ)序的appreciate the full range of possible legal phenomena adequately中的副詞adequately被提到appreciate的賓語(yǔ)之前。
Islamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of law-notwithstanding, of course, a considerable and inevitable number of coincidences with one or the other of them as far as subject matter and positive enactment are concerned-that its study is indispensable in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena.
43. (Both Jewish law and canon law are more uniform than Islamic law.)Though historically there is a discernible break between Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora (the dispersion of Jewish people after the conquest of Israel)， the spirit of the legal matter in later parts of the Old Testament is very close to that of the Talmud， one of the primary codifications of Jewish law in the Diaspora. (5)
盡管從歷史角度來(lái)看，在古代以色列作為獨(dú)立主權(quán)國(guó)家的*教法與大流散時(shí)期(Diaspora，即以色列被征服后古代*人被巴比倫人逐出故土)的*教法之間存在著一個(gè)明晰可辨的斷裂，然則，《舊約全書》(Old Testament)后半部分中法律內(nèi)容的精神與《*教法典》(Talmud)極為一脈相承，而所謂的《*教法典》，是指大流散時(shí)期*教法的主要典籍輯錄之一。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)、省略、專有名詞
解釋：本句與上一句同來(lái)自于同一篇文章，本文的主題是伊斯蘭法，但作者反復(fù)用*法來(lái)嚇唬讀者，同樣ETS也未就此句話出題。
這句話難讀是因?yàn)閮蓚€(gè)原因：第一、作者在between Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora一句中的and之后省略了Jewish law,使人看到of the Diaspora ancient Israel and of the Diaspora一句中的and之后省略了jewish law，使人看到of the Diaspora時(shí)搞不清楚在什么與什么之間;第二個(gè)難懂的原因，是文中出現(xiàn)了大量的專有名詞、法律術(shù)語(yǔ)和歷史背景。其實(shí)讀者除了Israel 和Jewish兩個(gè)單詞有必要也有可能認(rèn)識(shí)之外，其他單詞既不需要了解也無(wú)法了解，像什么Diaspora(大流散時(shí)期)、Old Testament(舊約全書)、Talmud(*教法典)等奇怪名詞，在非宗教國(guó)家的考生的大腦中，一點(diǎn)概念都沒(méi)有，更不要說(shuō)其英語(yǔ)的表達(dá)了。那么ETS的出題者在閱讀文章中搞出這種東西來(lái)，不是有意違背公平出題原則之嫌了嗎?
其實(shí)出題者也并沒(méi)有要求讀者把這些內(nèi)容搞清，只需知道前面那句話是一個(gè)判斷句，說(shuō)*法和伊斯蘭法一致，后面這句話是對(duì)上面一句話的解釋，因此肯定也在說(shuō)它一致。再看第二句話的結(jié)構(gòu)，上來(lái)就是一個(gè)用though表示的讓步語(yǔ)氣，我們可以看出在一個(gè)break between，那么逗號(hào)后就應(yīng)該是省略了but的轉(zhuǎn)折語(yǔ)氣，該說(shuō)沒(méi)有break between，果然我們看到了very close to 的字樣。我們也知道，既有讓步又有轉(zhuǎn)折時(shí)，作者強(qiáng)調(diào)轉(zhuǎn)折之后的內(nèi)容。所以這句話仍是在說(shuō)*法一致。
043 Both Jewish law and canon law are more uniform than Islamic law(這是作者加的便于理解的話). Though historically there is a discernible break between Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora(the dispersion of Jewish people after the conquest of Israel), the spirit of the legal matter in later parts of the Old Testament is very close to that of the Talmud, one of the primary codifications of Jewish law in the Diaspora.
44. Islam，on the other hand，represented a radical breakaway from the Arab paganism that preceded it;Islamic law is the result of an examination, from a religious angle，(examination)of legal subject matter that was far from uniform，comprising as it did the various components of the laws of pre-Islamic Arabia and numerous legal elements taken over from the non-Arab peoples of the conquered territories. (4)
另一方面，伊斯蘭教則代表著與此前存在的阿拉伯異教(Arab paganism)的一種根本上的決裂;伊斯蘭法是從宗教的角度，對(duì)各種雜亂無(wú)章、絕無(wú)共同點(diǎn)的法律內(nèi)容進(jìn)行考察所致的結(jié)果，而這些法律內(nèi)容實(shí)際上是由前伊斯蘭阿拉伯國(guó)家(Pre-Islamic Arabia)法律的不盡相同的組成部分以及由從被征服的土地上非阿拉伯民族借鑒過(guò)來(lái)的無(wú)數(shù)法律因素所構(gòu)成。 (as it did )實(shí)際上是一句插入語(yǔ)。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)
解釋：這句話是接著上面的那句話寫下來(lái)的，是在說(shuō)伊斯蘭法的不一致。句中有三個(gè)插入語(yǔ)，都起到了一定的干擾作用。第一個(gè)是on the other hand，隔開了主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)。第二個(gè)是from a religious angle，分開了examination of ，第三個(gè)as it did， 根本就是句廢話，分?jǐn)嗔藙?dòng)詞comprise 和動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)the various components。
意群訓(xùn)練：Islam, on the other hand, represented a radical breakaway from the Arab paganism that preceded it; Islamic law is the result of an examination, from a religious angle, of legal subject matter that was far from uniform, comprising as it did the various components of the laws of pre-Islamic Arabia and numberous legal elements taken over from the non-Arab peoples of the conquered territories.
45. One such novel idea is that (idea) of inserting into the chromosomes of plants discrete genes that are not a part of the plants’ natural constitution：specifically，the idea of inserting intononleguminous plants the genes，if they can be identified and isolated，that fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Hence，(there is ) the intensified research on legumes. (5)，此句能夠熟讀，更好的是背誦下來(lái)。(復(fù)雜修飾+插入+省略+倒裝)
這其中的一個(gè)新穎思想就是，在植物的染色體(chromosome)內(nèi)注入并非是該植物自然構(gòu)造一個(gè)部分的那些不相關(guān)聯(lián)的因基：具體而言，這一思想是，在非豆科植物內(nèi)注入這樣一些基因，倘若這些基因可被辨識(shí)出來(lái)并被分離開來(lái)，而這些基因業(yè)已使豆科植物宜于充當(dāng)那些具備固氮作用的細(xì)菌的寄主。由此，對(duì)豆科植物的研究日趨深入。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)、倒裝、省略
解釋：本句的難度以倒裝為主，復(fù)雜為輔;然而二者相互借力，難度更大，而且本句中有兩個(gè)省略，就更令讀者頭痛。
句子一開始的One such novel idea is that of 之中的that of, 是that idea of 的省略形式。此外容易理解，后面開始變難。Inserting into the chromosomes of plants discrete genes(that are not a part of the plants' natureal consttution)看上去不舒服的原因，是作者在此用了一個(gè)便裝;正常語(yǔ)序應(yīng)該是：inserting discrete genes(that are not a part of the plants' natureal constitution) into the chromosomes of plants， 即把非此植物的genes插入到該植物中。之所以倒裝，是因?yàn)閐iscrete genes加上復(fù)雜修飾的成分以后太長(zhǎng)之故。同樣，后面的the idea of inserting into nonleguminous plants the genes, if they can be identifyied and isolated, that fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitrogen-fixing bacteria一句，正常的語(yǔ)序也是the idea of inserting the genes, if they can be identifyied and isolated, that fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitro-fixing bacteria into nonleguminous plants,即把便利豆科植物成為固氮菌的寄主的基因(如果它們能夠被找到并分離出來(lái)的話)插入到非豆科植物的基因中去。這一回。Genes之后不但有定語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)雜修飾，而且在genes和that從句之間還有一個(gè)不短的插入語(yǔ)，增加了閱讀難度。
最后的一句話，Hence, the intensified research on legumes, 其實(shí)也不是一句話，只是一個(gè)詞：research。作者省略了there is ，其實(shí)引處即便看不清語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)，作者的意思還是可以懂的。因此，筆者在前面強(qiáng)調(diào)的“如果可以看懂意思，不必去分析語(yǔ)法”，在實(shí)戰(zhàn)的應(yīng)用中有其意義;GRE和GMAT中很多表達(dá)其實(shí)不嚴(yán)格遵守語(yǔ)法，或者有考生不懂的語(yǔ)法，讀者處心積慮地研究它們，不但沒(méi)有實(shí)戰(zhàn)意義，而且還令讀者徒增煩惱。
本句是GRE和GMAT考試中集各種語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象之大成者，包括了幾乎所有的難句類型，希望讀者一定把這句話讀熟;有心者能把它背熟，一定對(duì)提高你的閱讀能力有好處。
意群訓(xùn)練：One such novel idea is that (idea) of inserting into the chromosomes of plants discrete genes that are not a part of the plants’ natural constitution：specifically，the idea of inserting into nonleguminous plants the genes，if they can be identified and isolated，that fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Hence，(there is ) the intensified research on legumes.
46. It is one of nature’s great ironies that the availability of nitrogen in the soil frequently sets an upper limit on plant growth even though the plants’ leaves are bathed in a sea of nitrogen gas.(3+)下述情形真可謂是自然界的一個(gè)莫大諷刺：土壤中所能獲得的氮肥量往往對(duì)植物的生長(zhǎng)構(gòu)成了一個(gè)上限，雖然植物的葉子被沐浴在一片氮?dú)獾暮Ｑ笾小?BR> 難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾
解釋：It是形式主語(yǔ)，其真正的內(nèi)容是that之后的由even though連接的兩個(gè)句子。其實(shí)本句的真正難度倒不在于句子的結(jié)構(gòu)，而是對(duì)于其意思的理解：尤其是文科同學(xué)，可能缺乏必要的背景知識(shí)，就更不容易讀懂。句中的set an upper limit on plant growth直譯為”給植物的生成設(shè)立一個(gè)上限”，其真正的意思是“限制了植物的生長(zhǎng)”;因此the availability of nitrogen in the soil frequently sets an upper limit on plant growth之中的availability一定指的是氮的供給之少。整句話的意思是，土壤中的氮植物能夠利用，卻太少;而空氣中雖有大量的氮，植物卻不能利用，這豈不是自然界開的一個(gè)大玩笑。
It is one of nature’s great ironies that the availability of nitrogen in the soil frequently sets an upper limit on plant growth even though the plants’ leaves are bathed in a sea of nitrogen gas.
47. Unless they succeed，the yield gains of the Green Revolution will be largely lost even if the genes in legumes that equip those plants to enter into a symbiosis with nitrogen fixers are identified and isolated，and even if the transfer of those gene complexes，once they are found， becomes possible. (4)
除非他們能取得成功，不然的話，綠色革命的產(chǎn)量收益將在很大程度上損失殆盡，即使豆科植物中使這些植物有條件進(jìn)入到與固氮細(xì)菌共生關(guān)系的基因可被辨識(shí)出來(lái)和分離開來(lái)的話，且即使這些基因綜合體(gene complex)，一旦被發(fā)現(xiàn)之后，其移植得以成為可能的話。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)
解釋：主句比較簡(jiǎn)單，而后面跟著的由and連接的兩個(gè)表示讓步的條件狀語(yǔ)從句就相對(duì)復(fù)雜，第一個(gè)從句是用一個(gè)修飾主語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)從句that equip those plants to enter into a symbiosis with nitrogen fixers把主謂隔開;第二個(gè)從句則運(yùn)用了插入語(yǔ)once they are found把主謂隔開。
意群訓(xùn)練：Unless they succeed，the yield gains of the Green Revolution will be largely lost even if the genes in legumes that equip those plants to enter into a symbiosis with nitrogen fixers are identified and isolated，and even if the transfer of those gene complexes，once they are found， becomes possible.
48. Its subject(to use Maynard Mack’s categories)is "life-as-spectacle，" for readers，diverted by its various incidents，observe its hero Odysseus primarily from without;the tragic Iliad，however，presents "life-as-experience"：readers are asked to identify with the mind ofAchilles，whose motivations render him a not particularly likable hero. (5)
其主題〔若借鑒梅納德。邁克(Maynard Mack)的兩個(gè)分類范疇的話〕是“人生作為外部景象”，因?yàn)樽x者的注意力被作品那形形色色的事件所分散，主要是從外部來(lái)觀察其主人公奧德修斯(Odyssus)的;然而，富于悲劇色彩的《伊利亞特》所表現(xiàn)的則是“人生作為內(nèi)心體驗(yàn)”：讀者被要求與阿基琉斯(Achilles)的心靈產(chǎn)生共鳴，而其行為動(dòng)機(jī)卻致使他變作一個(gè)并非特別惹人喜愛的主人公。 (從分號(hào)后的語(yǔ)句推理出前面的意思)
注：hero:主人公;without:外部;likable:有吸引力的
難句類型;復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)、抽象詞、熟詞僻義
請(qǐng)思考：如果看不懂分號(hào)前的without的意思，是否可以用合理化原則根據(jù)分號(hào)后的那句話推理出其意思?
解釋：本句中盡管也存在一些復(fù)雜修飾和插入的內(nèi)容，但是本句話之所以難懂，與其說(shuō)是因?yàn)檫@些東西的影響，倒不如說(shuō)是因?yàn)橛迷~的抽象和語(yǔ)義的難以理解。作為一篇文學(xué)評(píng)論型的文章，文章中充斥著一些很抽象的詞匯;本句話中就有subject/category/spectacle/divert/incident/hero/primarily/without/present/identify/motivation/particularly/likable等。背過(guò)這些單詞的中文釋義，并不意味著在閱讀中能夠清楚地理解其真正含義。對(duì)于抽象詞的訓(xùn)練方法，請(qǐng)參見附錄中<閱讀抽象詞提速法>。這里僅解釋幾個(gè)對(duì)于這句話最重要的單詞：
hero:在此不是指英雄，在文學(xué)評(píng)論型的文章當(dāng)中，此單詞的意思是主人公。
Without:在此處是一個(gè)熟詞僻義，意思是外部，等于outside。
Likable:不可望文生義，它不是像什么東西的意思，而是有吸引力的意思，其同義詞有pleasant或attractive.
本句中，對(duì)于理解全句起到影響的，就是能否正確理解without這個(gè)單詞，然而問(wèn)題在于，如果不認(rèn)識(shí)without的熟詞僻義，是否可用合理化原則根據(jù)分號(hào)后的那句話推理出其意思?根據(jù)緊跟著分別的however，我們可以推斷出分號(hào)前后的兩句話所說(shuō)的內(nèi)容截然相反，因此可以從I戲劇的描述中推出，without的意思應(yīng)該是不去認(rèn)同其主人公的內(nèi)心世界。
意群訓(xùn)練：Its subject(to use Maynard Mack’s categories)is "life-as-spectacle，" for readers，diverted by its various incidents，observe its hero Odysseus primarily from without;the tragic Iliad，however，presents "life-as-experience"：readers are asked to identify with the mind ofAchilles，whose motivations render him a not particularly likable hero.
49. Most striking among the many asymmetries evident in an adult flatfish is eye placement： before maturity one eye migrates，so that in an adult flatfish both eyes are on the same side of the head. (3+)
在一條成年比目魚身上顯著存在的諸多不對(duì)稱(asymmetry)特征中，最為吸人注目的是眼睛的擺位：在成年之前，一只眼睛發(fā)生移動(dòng)，因此在成年比目魚身上，兩只眼睛均位于頭部的同一側(cè)面。
難句類型：倒裝、省略
解釋：本句的倒裝本質(zhì)上與我們?cè)缇偷囊环N倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)是一樣的，即形容詞放在句首時(shí)，主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)倒裝。本句的主干的正常語(yǔ)序應(yīng)該是：Eye placement is most striking;倒裝后成了Most striking is eye placement。但是這種倒裝在GRE考試中出現(xiàn)，又有了新的特色，被提到句首的Most striking被長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的狀語(yǔ)among the many asymmetries evident in an adult flatfish與后面的主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)分開，造成閱讀困難。
意群訓(xùn)練：Most striking among the many asymmetries evident in an adult flatfish is eye placement： before maturity one eye migrates，so that in an adult flatfish both eyes are on the same side of the head.
50. A critique of Handlin’s interpretation of why legal slavery did not appear until the 1660’s suggests that assumptions about the relation between slavery and racial prejudice should be reexamined , and that explanations for the different treatment of Black slaves in North and South America should be expanded .(4)
一個(gè)對(duì)于H的關(guān)于為何法律上的奴隸制沒(méi)有在17世紀(jì)60年代以前出現(xiàn)的原因所作解釋的批評(píng)顯示，關(guān)于奴隸制和種族偏見之間的關(guān)系的假說(shuō)應(yīng)當(dāng)重新檢查，而且顯示出，對(duì)于在北美和南美之間的對(duì)黑怒的不同處理的解釋應(yīng)當(dāng)被擴(kuò)展。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、省略
解釋：句子的主干清楚：A critique suggests that…, and suggests that…。但是因?yàn)榫渥拥慕Y(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜、修飾成分多，再加上后面的and 之后的suggests被省略，所以句子的結(jié)構(gòu)很難被讀出來(lái)的。
本句的suggest不再是暗示，而是顯示、說(shuō)明的意思，其同義詞有point,indicate,imply。本句的兩個(gè)suggest之后的賓語(yǔ)從句都根據(jù)語(yǔ)法要求使用了虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
意群訓(xùn)練：A critique of Handlin’s interpretation of why legal slavery did not appear until the 1660’s suggests that assumptions about the relation between slavery and racial prejudice should be reexamined , and that explanations for the different treatment of Black slaves in North and South America should be expanded .