復(fù)雜修飾成份例句：The methods that a community devises to perpetuate itself come into being to preserve aspects of the cultural legacy that that community perceives as essential.
譯文：（一個社會設(shè)計出來保存自己的）方法得以形成/來保持（那個社會認(rèn)為是重要的）文化遺產(chǎn)的一些方面/.
大段的插入語或同位語
例句：Moreover, I can feel strong emotions in response to objects of art that are interpretations, rather than representations, of reality.
譯文：而且，我能夠感覺到強(qiáng)烈的感情， [ 這些感情是對（現(xiàn)實的解釋）的藝術(shù)目標(biāo)做出的反應(yīng)而不是對現(xiàn)實的描述的藝術(shù)目標(biāo)做出的反應(yīng) ] .
倒裝
例句：That *** ratio will be favored which maximizes
the number of descendants an individual will have and
hence the number of gene copies transmitted.
譯文：那種 [ 能夠大化（一個個體的后代的）數(shù)目并且因此可以大化（被傳播的）基因的份數(shù)的 ] 性別比率將會是有利的。
難句類型：倒裝 + 省略
例句 1：That *** ratio will be favored [which maximizes the number of descendants （that an individual will have） and hence that *** ratio which maximizes the number of gene copies （transmitted）].
譯文：那種 [ 能夠大化（一個個體所擁有的）后代數(shù)目并且因此可大化（被傳播的）基因的份數(shù)的 ] 性別比率將會是有利的。
難句類型：復(fù)雜 + 倒裝 + 省略
例 2：This is a desire （to throw/over reality/a light） [that never was might give way abruptly to the desire （on the part of what we might consider a novelist – scientist to record/exactly and concretely/the structure and texture of a flower）
譯文：這是一種（照亮現(xiàn)實的）欲望， [ 此欲望從來就不會唐突地取代后面的那種欲望，（后者是我們可以將其理解為一個兼任小說家和科學(xué)家的人想要去/準(zhǔn)確并具體地/記錄下一朵花的結(jié)構(gòu)和紋理的那種意義上的欲望） ] .
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾 + 省略 + 抽象詞
例 3：Hardy's weakness derived/from hisapparent inability （to control the comings and goings of these divergent impulses）/and derived/from his unwillingness （to cultivate and sustain the energetic and risky ones）/.
譯文：哈代的弱點來源/于其明顯的不能夠（控制這些不同沖動的來去）/，同時也來源/于他的不愿意（去培養(yǎng)和維持那些有活力和危險的沖動）/.
復(fù)雜修飾 + 省略 + 抽象詞
例 4：（ Virginia Woolf's provocative ） statement （about her intentions in writing Mrs. Dalloway） has regularly been ignored/by the critics/, since it highlights an aspect {of her literary [that is very different from the traditional picture of the “poetic” novelist （concerned with examining states of reverie and vision and concerned with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness）]}/.
譯文：（ VW 的挑戰(zhàn)性的）（關(guān)于其在寫作 MD 一書時的意圖的）陳述通常/被評論家們/所忽視，/因為此陳述突出了這樣一個方面， { 此方面是其文學(xué)興趣中的 [ 非常不同于傳統(tǒng)的、所謂“詩性的”小說家的情況（這些人關(guān)心的是審視白日夢幻想的狀態(tài)，并關(guān)心去追尋個人意識的曲折歷程） ]}/ .
難句類型：抽象詞、抽象詞組 + 比喻
例 5：/As she put it in The Common Reader/. “ Although It is safe to say that not a single law has been framed or one stone set/upon another/because of anything Chaucer said or wrote/； and yet, as we read him, we are absorbing morality at every pore.”
譯文：/就像她在《致普通讀者》一書中所表達(dá)的那樣/，“盡管可以毫無穎問地說，沒有任何法律被制定出來，也沒有高樓大廈被建立起來/是因為喬叟說了什么或?qū)懥耸裁?；然而，當(dāng)我們讀他的書的時候，我們身上每一個毛孔都吸滿了道德。”
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾 + 插入語 + 專有名詞
例 6：/With the conclusion of a burst of activity/, the lactic acid level is high/in the body fluids/, leaving the large animal/vulnerable to attack/until the acid is reconverted,/via oxidative metabolism/, by the liver/into glucose, [which is then sent （in part） park to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis]//.
譯文：/隨著爆發(fā)出來的運動的結(jié)束/，在體液中/乳酸含量會變得很高，/使得大型動物/處于容易受到攻擊的狀態(tài)/，直到乳酸被/通過有氧新陳代謝的方式// 由肝臟/轉(zhuǎn)化成葡萄糖， [ 葡萄糖接下來又會被（部分地）傳送回肌肉重新合成糖原 ]// .
句型類型：插入語
例 7：Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent, but he shows that the slaves' preference, revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent, was very much for stable monogamy.
譯文：盡管 G 承認(rèn)由于此售出奴隸而造成的強(qiáng)迫分離是經(jīng)常會發(fā)生的，但是他指出奴隸們自己的偏好（此偏好為明顯的在很少出售奴隸的種植園中表現(xiàn)地為明顯），還是很喜歡一夫一妻制。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾 + 插入語
例 8：Guman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged the transmission of – and so was crucial in sustaining – the Black heritage （of folklore, music, and religious expression）/from one generation to another/, [a heritage （that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences）].
譯文：G 令人信服的論證道，黑人家庭的穩(wěn)定性鼓勵了—因此也在后者的保持上起到了重要的作用—（包括民間傳說、音樂及宗教表達(dá)的）黑人遺產(chǎn)/從一代一到另一代的/傳播， [ 這是一個（奴隸們不斷地從其在非洲和美國的經(jīng)歷中塑造出來的）遺產(chǎn) ] .
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾 + 插入語
例 9：This preference for exogamy, Gutman suggests, may have derived/from West African rules （governing marriage）, [which, though they differed from one tribal group to another, all involved some kind of prohibition （against unions with close kin）]/.
譯文：這種對于異族通婚的偏好， G 認(rèn)為，有可能是來源/于（管轄婚姻的）西非的規(guī)定， [ 該規(guī)定盡管從一個部落到另外一個部落各不相同，但都涉及到一些（反對近親結(jié)婚的）禁忌 ]/.
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾 + 插入語 + 抽象詞
例 10：His thesis works/relatively well/when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the United States,/but his definition of racial prejudice [as “racially – based negative prejudgments against a group （generally accepted as a race） in any given region of ethnic competition,”] can be interpreted /as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews in medieval Europe/.
譯文：他的論點/被應(yīng)用于針對美國人的種族歧視時候/，/相對來說較為/管用，但是他的對于種族偏見的定義 [ 即“在任何特定區(qū)域里用基于種族的負(fù)面的先入之見來反對某人群（此人群通常被認(rèn)作一個種族）” ] 能夠被解釋/成也包括對以下民族的敵意，比如加州的華人和中世紀(jì)歐洲的*人/.
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾
例 11：Such variations （in size, shape, chemistry, conduction speed, excitation threshold, and the like） （as had been demonstrated in never cells） remained negligible/in significance/for any possible correlation with the manifold dimensions of mental experience/.
譯文：（類似于這些已經(jīng)被在神經(jīng)細(xì)胞中證明的）（在大小、形狀、化學(xué)過程、產(chǎn)生的速度、興奮閾值及其類似的方面上所發(fā)生的）變化，/當(dāng)它們被用來與大腦的體驗以可能的方式聯(lián)系起來的時候/，它們在重要性上/仍然是微不足道的。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾 + 倒裝
例 12：It was possible to demonstrate/by other methods/refined structural differences （among neuron types）； however, proof was lacking [that the quality （of the impulse） or its condition was influenced/by these differences/, （which seemed instead to influenced the developmental patterning of the neural circuits）].
譯文：有可能/通過其他方法/來證明（神經(jīng)元種類間的）細(xì)微的結(jié)構(gòu)差異；可是，這樣的證據(jù)是缺乏的， [ 即（神經(jīng)沖動的）性質(zhì)或狀態(tài)是/受這些差異/所影響的，（而這些差異看起來卻能影響神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的發(fā)育模式） ] .
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾 + 雙重否定
例 13：Although qualitative variance （among nerve energies） was never rigidly disproved, but the doctrine was generally abandoned/in favor of the opposing view, （namely, that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as “common currency” throughout the nervous system）/.
譯文：盡管（在神經(jīng)能量上存在著）質(zhì)的不同這一點從來都沒有在嚴(yán)格的意義上被反對過，但是以上教條通常被拋棄掉，/而轉(zhuǎn)向相反的觀點，（即：神經(jīng)沖動從根本上本質(zhì)相同，而且被當(dāng)作“一種普通流” 在整個神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中傳播）/.
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾 + 插入語
例 14：Although Other experiments revealed slight variations （in the size, number, arrangement, and interconnection of the nerve cells）, but/as far as psychoneural correlations were concerned/, the obvious similarities （of these sensory fields to each other） seemed much more remarkable/than any of the minute differences/.
譯文：盡管其他實驗顯示（在神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的大小、數(shù)量、排列和相互連接上）有一些小的差異，但是/就心理——神經(jīng)的關(guān)系而言/，（這些感官區(qū)域彼此間的）明顯的相似性看起來遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)要/比其微小的差異/更為令人注目。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾 + 插入語 + 省略
例 15：Although some experiments show that,/as an object becomes familiar,/its internal representation becomes more holistic and that the recognition process correspondingly becomes more parallel, but the weight of evidence seems to support the serial hypothesis,/at least for objects （that are not simple and familiar）/.
譯文：雖然有些實驗顯示/當(dāng)一個物體變得熟悉的時候，/它在內(nèi)心中的形象變得更為完整，而且對它的辨認(rèn)過程也變得更加并行，但是證據(jù)的天平似乎更傾斜于支持（那個辨認(rèn)過程是一）系列的假說，/至少對（那些不是特別簡單的或熟悉的）物體來說/.
難句類型：倒裝
例 16：/In large part as a consequence of the feminist movement,/historians have focused a great deal of attention/in recent years/on determining/more accurately/the status of woman in various periods.
譯文：/很大程度上作為婦女運動的一個結(jié)果/，歷史學(xué)家們/近年來/把大量的注意力集中于/更為準(zhǔn)確地/確定婦女們在不同時期的地位上面。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾 + 插入語 + 抽象詞
例 17：/If one begins by examining why ancients refer to Amazons/, it become clear that ancient Greek descriptions （of such societies） were meant not/so much/to represent observed historical fact – real American societies – but rather to offer “moral lessons”/on the supposed outcome （of women's rule in their own society）/.
譯文：/如果我們先來研究一下為什么古人會提到亞馬遜人/， 下面的一點就變得清晰了，那就是古希臘（對于這種社會）的描述不是/太多的/被用來表達(dá)觀察到的歷史事實 — 真正的亞馬遜社會的——而是為了/對于（婦女在其社會中的統(tǒng)治的）預(yù)期后果/提供一種“道德教導(dǎo)”。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾 + 插入語 + 省略
例 18：Thus, for instance, it may come as a shock/to mathematicians/to learn that the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom, but it is only an approximation [to a somewhat more correct equation （taking account of spin, magnetic dipole, and relativistic effects）]； and that this corrected equation is itself only an imperfect approximation （to an infinite set of quantum field – theoretical equations）.
譯文：所以，我們可以舉一個例子，/對于數(shù)學(xué)家們而言/， 得知以下的兩種情況會令他們震驚不已； 1. 氫原子的薛定鄂方程并不是對這種原子的一個精確的、正確的描述，而它只是 [ 對于一個在某種程度上更為正確的方程式的 ] 一個近似值，（該更為正確的方程式描述自選、磁雙偶極子以及相對論效應(yīng)的）。 2. 后面所說的這個更為正確的方程式自己也僅是（對于無限序列的量子場論方程式的）一個不完美的近似值。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾
例 19：The physicist rightly dreads precise argument, since an argument （that is convincing/long if it is precise/） loses all its force/if the assumptions （on which it is based） are slightly changed,/whereas an argument （that is convincing though imprecise） may well be stable/under small perturbations （of its underlying assumptions）./
譯文：物理學(xué)家正確地不敢做精確的論證，因為一個（/只有當(dāng)它是精確的時候/才令人信服的/論證），/（如果作為它的基礎(chǔ)的）假設(shè)發(fā)生了一點點變化/就失去了其全部說服力；而（一個盡管不很精確但是卻令人信服的）論證，/（當(dāng)作為它的基礎(chǔ)的假設(shè)）稍有波動時，/仍有可能是穩(wěn)定的。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾
例 20：However,/as they gained cohesion/, the Bluestockings came to regard themselves/as a women's group/and came to possess a sense of female solidarity {lacking in the salonnieres, [who remained isolated from one another by the primacy （that each salonniere held in her own salon.）]}
譯文：然而，/隨著她們獲得凝聚力/，“藍(lán)襪女”們開始把自己視/為一個婦女的團(tuán)體/， 并抱有一個女性團(tuán)體的意識； { 此種意識是“沙龍女”們所缺乏的， [ 她們?nèi)匀槐舜酥g互不來往，這是由于（每個“沙龍女”在自己沙龍女中的）老大地位造成的。 ]}
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾 + 插入語 + 省略
例 21：/As my own studies have advanced,/I have been increasingly impressed/with the functional similarities （between insect societies and vertebrate societies）/and less so （less so = I have been increasingly less impressed 的省略形式 ）/with the structural differences （that seem, at first glance, to constitute such an immense gulf between them.）/
譯文：/隨著我自己的研究不斷進(jìn)步，/我越來越留下深刻的印象/于后面兩者之間的功能上的相似性，（這兩者是昆蟲社會和脊椎動物的社會之間）；并且就越來越感覺不/到它們之間的結(jié)構(gòu)上的差異，（此差異乍看上去似乎構(gòu)成了二者之間的巨大的鴻溝。）
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾
例 22：Although fiction assuredly springs/ from political circumstances/, but its authors react （to those circumstances）/in ways other than ideological,/and talking about novels and stories/primarily as instruments of ideology/ circumvents much of the fictional enterprise.
譯文：盡管小說確實都是來自/于政治氛圍之下的/，但是其作者（對這些環(huán)境的）反應(yīng)/卻與意識形態(tài)無關(guān)/，而且/主要以意識形態(tài)為工具來/討論小說和故事，則在很大程度上限制（或陷害）了小說事業(yè)。
難句類型：插入語
例 23：Is this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to gorge, a different kind of aesthetic？
譯文：這到底是欠缺，還是作者想要按照一種不同的美學(xué)來創(chuàng)作，抑或是試圖創(chuàng)造一種不同的美學(xué)呢？
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾
例 24：/In addition/, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer's Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism： does this technique provide a counterpoint {to the prevalent theme [that portrays the fate （against which Black heroes are pitted）], （a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression）}？
譯文：/不但如此/，有些黑人小說（比如 JT 的《甘蔗》的風(fēng)格接近于表現(xiàn)主義或超現(xiàn)實主義；）這種技巧是否 { 為流行的主題 } 提供了一個和諧的對應(yīng)呢？這種主題刻畫了（黑人主人公與之相抗?fàn)幍模┟\，（這是一個通常用更為自然主義的表現(xiàn)手法所表達(dá)的主題）。
難句類型：倒裝
例 25：Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels,/bringing to our attention/in the process/some fascinating and little-known works （like James Weldon Johnson's Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man）/.
譯文：《黑人小說》考查了很廣泛的范圍內(nèi)的小說，/把一些很迷人的、但鮮為人知的作品（比如 J.W.J 的《一個曾經(jīng)是有色人種的人的自傳》/在此過程中/帶到了我們視野之中/.）
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾 + 插入語
例 26：Although these molecules allow radiation at visible wavelengths, where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated,/to pass though,/but they absorb some of the longer-wavelength, infrared emissions （radiated from the Earth's surface,） （radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into space.）
譯文：盡管這些分子允許（大多數(shù)太陽能集中于此的）可見光波長的輻射通過，可是它們卻吸收了（從地球表面反射出來的）更長波長的紅外線輻射，（如果沒有二氧化碳分子這種輻射將會被傳送回太空）。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾 + 省略
例 27：The role （that those anthropologists ascribe to evolution） is not the role of dictating the details of human behavior but is one role of imposing constraints [ — ways if feeling, thinking, and acting （that “come naturally” in archetypal situations in any culture）].
譯文：（那些人類學(xué)家們歸納諸進(jìn)化的）角色不是規(guī)定人類行為的細(xì)節(jié)，而是一個施加給人類以限制 [ 即感情、思想和行為（這些在任何文化的原始狀態(tài)中都會自然而然的行為） ] 的角色。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾 + 抽象詞
例 28：Which of the following most probably provides an appropriate analogy/from human morphology /for the （“details” versus “constraints”） distinction （made in the passage/in relation to human behavior/）？
譯文：以下那一個選項有可能為（文章中所談到的/與人類行為有關(guān)的/）（“人類進(jìn)行的細(xì)節(jié)”相對“人類所受限制”）之間的差異/從人類形態(tài)的角度上/提供了一個合適的類比？
難句類型：插入語
例 29：A low number of algal cells/in the presence of a high number of grazers/suggested, but did not prove, that the grazers had removed most of the algae.
譯文：/在食草動物的數(shù)量很大時/卻僅有少量的水藻細(xì)胞這一點暗示著（但卻不能證明）是食草動物除去了大多數(shù)水藻。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾 + 插入語
例 30：/Perhaps/ the fact {that many of these studies considered/ only /algae [of a size （that could be collected/in a net/）]（net phytoplankton）}, a practice [that overlooked the smaller phytoplankton （nannoplankton） （that we now know grazers are most likely to feed on）], led /to a de – emphasis of the role of grazers in subsequent research/.
譯文：/可能/這樣一個事實， { 那就是很多這樣的初的研究/只考慮了 [ （那些能夠/用網(wǎng)/撈起來的）尺寸的 ] 水藻（ n p ）， 這樣一個 [ 忽視了更小的浮游植物（ nn p ） ] 的做法，導(dǎo)/致了在接下來的研究中對于捕食者的作用的貶低/.
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾
例 31：Studies （by Hargrave and Geen） estimated natural community grazing rates/by measuring feeding rates of individual zooplankton species in the laboratory/and then/by computing community grazing rates for field conditions/ using the known population density of grazers.//
譯文：（ Hg 和 G 所做的研究）估計了自然群體的捕食速率，/是通過首先測量了實驗室中的浮游動物品種的個體的捕食速率/，然后// 再用已知的捕食者的種群密度/計算出其野外的群體捕食速率。/
難句類型：插入語
例 32：/In the periods of peak zooplankton abundance, that is, in the late spring and in the summer, /Haney recorded maximum daily community grazing rates, for nutrient-poor lakes and bog lakes, respectively, of 6.6 percent and 114 percent of daily phytoplankton production.
譯文：/在浮游動物多的季節(jié)，也就是在晚春和夏天， /H 記錄下了高的群體捕食速率，對于貧養(yǎng)湖和沼澤湖來講，各自是 6.6% 和 114% 的浮游植物的日產(chǎn)量。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾 + 插入語 + 省略
例 33：The hydrologic cycle, a major topic in this science, is the complete cycle of phenomena （through which water passes）, /beginning as atmospheric water vapor, passing into liquid and solid form as precipitation, thence passing along and entering into the ground surface, and finally again returning to the form of atmospheric water vapor by means of evaporation and transpiration/.
譯文：水文循環(huán)，水利科學(xué)中的主要課題，是一個（水需要經(jīng)歷的）完整的循環(huán)過程，循環(huán)在開始時作為大氣中的水蒸氣，再進(jìn)入液體和固體狀態(tài)作為降雨或降雪，然后流過并進(jìn)入地表，并終通過蒸發(fā)和氣化作用重返氣態(tài)的水蒸氣的形式。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾 + 倒裝
例 34：Only /when a system possesses （natural or artificial） boundaries [that associate the water （within it） with hydrologic cycle] /may the entire system properly be termed hydrogeology.
譯文：只有當(dāng)一個系統(tǒng)擁有（自然的或人工形成的）邊界 [ 來把（邊界中的）水與水文循環(huán)聯(lián)系起來的時候 ] ，才有可能把整個的系統(tǒng)恰當(dāng)?shù)胤Q為水與水文地質(zhì)學(xué)相關(guān)。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾
例 35：The historian Frederick J. Turner wrote/in the 1980s/that the agrarian discontent （that had been developing steadily in the United States since about 1870） had been precipitated/by the closing of the internal frontier – [that is, the depletion of available new land （needed for further expansion of the American farming system）]/.
譯文：歷史學(xué)家 FJT/在十九世紀(jì)九十年代/寫道，（自從 1870 年開始就在美國持續(xù)發(fā)展的）農(nóng)民的不滿是被內(nèi)部邊疆的消失所加劇的， [ 而內(nèi)部邊疆的消失即指（所需進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)展美國農(nóng)業(yè)系統(tǒng)的）可資利用的新土地的枯竭 ] .
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾 + 插入語
例 36：/In the early 1950；s/ historians [who studied preindustrial Europe （which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800）] began,/for the first time in large numbers/, to investigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent [（who comprised the political and social elite： the kings, generals, judges, nobles, bishops, and local magnates）（who had hitherto usually filled history books）].
譯文：/在二十世紀(jì)五十年代的早期，/[ 研究歐洲工業(yè)化以前的（我們在此把這個時間段模糊定位于公元 1300 年至 1800 年）歷史學(xué)家們開始/第以大量的數(shù)據(jù)/來調(diào)查那些在占工業(yè)化以前的歐洲人口 2% 到 3% 的包括政治和社會精英以外的人口， [ 而那 2% 到 3% 的精英們（是到目前為止一直充斥著歷史教科書的）（國王、將軍、貴族、主教以及地方上的達(dá)官顯貴們） ] .
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾 + 插入語
例 37：Historians （such as Le Roy Ladurie） have used the documents/to extract case histories,/[which have illuminated the attitudes of different social groups （these attitudes include, but are not confined to, attitudes toward crime and the law） and have revealed how the authorities administered justice].
譯文：（像 LRL 這樣的）歷史學(xué)家使用這些記錄/來提取出個案史/，（這些個案史說明了不同社會團(tuán)體的態(tài)度（這些態(tài)度說明了，但是又不局限于，對犯罪和法律的態(tài)度），并且也說明當(dāng)權(quán)者是怎樣管轄司法的）。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾
例 38：It can be inferred/from the passage/that a historian [who wished to compare crime rates （per thousand in a European city） （in one decade of the fifteenth century）/ with crime rates （per thousand in a European city） （in another decade of that century）/] would probably be most aided/ by better information about which of the following/？
譯文：從文章當(dāng)中可以推斷出來，一個 [ 希望比較（十五世紀(jì)以前一個十年的）（某個歐洲城市中的每千人）犯罪率/與（另外一個十年中的）（城市中每千人）犯罪率/的 ] 歷史學(xué)家將會/被以下哪種信息的提高/所好地幫助？
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾 + 插入語
例 39：My point is that its central consciousness – its profound understanding of class and gender as shaping influences on people's lives – owes much to that earlier literary heritage, a heritage that, in general, has not been sufficiently valued by most contemporary literary critics.
譯文：我的觀點是，其中心的意識 — 即其深刻的把階級和性別理解（ understanding ）成（ as ） 對人們的生活起到一個塑造性的影響的作用 — 很大程度上是得益于那個更早的文化遺產(chǎn)，一個總體而言沒有被當(dāng)代的文學(xué)評論家所足夠重視的遺產(chǎn)。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾 + 省略 + 專有名詞 + 固定搭配
例 40：Even the requirement [that biomaterials （processed from these materials） should be nontoxic to host tissue] can be met/by techniques [derived from studying the reactions （of tissue to biomaterials） or derived from studying short – term implants]/.
譯文：即使是這樣的要求， [ 即（從這些材料中加工出來的）生物材料應(yīng)該對受移植者的組織無害 ] ，也能夠/通過 [ 從研究（組織培養(yǎng)對生物材料的）反應(yīng)而來的、或從研究短期移植而來的 ] 技術(shù)/來滿足。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾
例 41：But achieving necessary matches/in physical properties across interfaces between living and nonliving matter/requires knowledge （of which molecules control the bonding of cells to each other – an area that we have not yet explored thoroughly）.
譯文：但是，/想要在活的與無生命的物質(zhì)之間在物理性質(zhì)上/達(dá)到必要的匹配，需要這樣的知識，（那就是到底是什么分子控制細(xì)胞彼此連接——這是一個我們到目前為止尚未透徹研究的領(lǐng)域）。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾 + 插隊入語 + 抽象詞
例 42：Islamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of law – notwithstanding, of course, it has a considerable and inevitable number of coincidences with one or the other of them/as far as subject matter and positive enactment are concerned/- that its study is indispensable in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena.
譯文：伊斯蘭法是一個與其他所有形式的法律都如此之不同的法現(xiàn)象——盡管，當(dāng)然，/從其主體事物和積極的實施的角度來看/，伊斯蘭法與其他的某些法律存在著大量的必然的一致之處——以致于對于它的研究是不可缺少的，這樣才能充分地理解所有可能的法律現(xiàn)象的全部范圍。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾 + 插入語 + 省略 + 專有名詞
例 43：Both Jewish law and canon law more uniform than Islamic law. Though historically there is a discernible break between Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and Jewish law of the Diaspora （the dispersion of Jewish people after the conquest of Israel）, but the spirit （of the legal matter in later parts of the Old Testament） is very close to that of the Talmud, one
譯文：*法和天主教法都比伊斯蘭法更為完整。盡管在歷在古以色列的獨立國家的*法和 D 時期（即以色列在被征服后*人被驅(qū)逐的時期）的*法之間有一個明確的斷裂，但（舊約全書后半部分中的法律事務(wù)的）精確與 T （指*法在 D 時期的主要法典）是極為一致的。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾 + 插入語
例 44：Islam, on the other hand, represented a radical breakaway [from the Arab paganism （that preceded it）]； Islamic law is the result {of an examination, from a religious angle, [of legal subject matter （that was far from uniform）]},/comprising as it did the various components （of the law of pre – Islamic Arabia） and numerous legal elements （taken over from the non – Arab people of the conquered territories）/.
譯文：伊斯蘭，在另一方面，代表著 [ 與（伊斯蘭法以前的）阿拉伯異教的 ] 決然斷裂；伊斯蘭是一種從宗教的角度 { 檢查 } 結(jié)果， { 檢查的對象 [ （是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)談不上統(tǒng)一的）主體事物 ]} ；/它包括了不同的伊斯蘭以前的阿拉伯的法律成分，并包含了（很多從被征服的非阿拉伯地區(qū)那里拿來的）法律因素/.
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾 + 插入語 + 倒裝 + 省略
例 45：One such novel idea is that idea [of inserting/into the chromosomes of plants/discrete genes （that are not a part of the plants' natural constitution）]： specifically, the idea [of inserting/into nonleguminous plants/the genes, if they can be identified and isolated, （that fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitrogen – fixing bacteria）]. Hence, there is the intensified research on legumes.
譯文：一個這樣的全新的想法，是把（非此植物的自然組成部分的）不相關(guān)的基因插入/到植物的染色體中/：具體說來就是這么一個想法：把一些使得豆科植物能夠成為固氮菌的寄主的基因，（如果它們能夠找到并分離出來的話）插入/到非豆科植物的基因中去/. 因此才出現(xiàn)了豆科植物的深入研究。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾
例 46：It is one of nature's great ironies that the availability of nitrogen （in the soil） frequently sets an upper limit/on plant growth/even though the plants' leaves are bathed/in a sea of nitrogen gas/.
譯文：這真是自然界的一個巨大的諷刺；（土壤中的氮的供給之少）經(jīng)常/給植物的生長/設(shè)立一個上限，盡管植物的葉子被沉浸于/氮氣的海洋中/.
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾 + 插入語
例 47：Unless they succeed, the yield gains （of the Green Revolution） will be largely lost/even if the genes （in legumes） （that equip those plants to enter into a symbiosis with nitrogen fixers） are identified and isolated, and/even if the transfer of those gene complexes, once they are found, becomes possible/.
譯文：除非他們（指基因生物學(xué)家）成功，否則/即使（使得豆科植物與固氮菌形成共生關(guān)系的）基因能夠被找到和分離出來，而且即使基因綜合體在被發(fā)現(xiàn)之后的轉(zhuǎn)基因成為可能，/綠色革命所帶來的產(chǎn)量上的獲得將很大程度上被喪失掉。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾 + 插入語 + 抽象詞 + 熟詞僻義
例 48：Its subject （to use Maynard Mack's categories） is “l(fā)ife – as – spectacle,” for readers, diverted/be its various incidents,/observe its hero Odysseus/primarily from without/； the tragic Iliad, however, presents “l(fā)ife – as - experience”： readers are asked to identify/with the mind [of Achilles, （whose motivations render him a not particularly likable hero）]/.
譯文：其主題（如果使用 MM 的分類法）是“把生活作為景象”，對于讀者而言，由于被/其不同的事件/轉(zhuǎn)移了注意力，/主要從外部的角度來/觀察其主人公 O ；然而悲劇 I ， 卻表現(xiàn)了一種“把生活當(dāng)作經(jīng)歷”：讀者們被要求去認(rèn)同/A [ 的內(nèi)心世界，（而 A 的動機(jī)使得他成為一個不是特別有吸引力的主人公） ]/ .
難句類型：倒裝 + 省略
例 49：Most striking/among the many asymmetries evident in an adult flatfish/is eye placement： before maturity one eye migrates, so that in an adult flatfish both eyes are on the same side of the head.
譯文：/在很多的成年比目魚所表現(xiàn)出來的不對稱中/，眼睛的位置是引人注目的：在成熟以前一個眼睛遷移了，以致于在一個成年魚的身上，兩只眼睛都在身體的同一側(cè)。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾 + 省略
例 50：A critique [of the Handlins' interpretation （of why legal slavery did not appear until the 1660's）] suggests that assumptions [about the relation （between slavery and racial prejudice）] should be reexamined, and suggests that explanations {for the different treatment [of Black slaves （in North and South America）] should be expanded}.
譯文：一個 [ 對于 H 的（關(guān)于為何法律上的奴隸制沒有在 17 世紀(jì) 60 年代以前出現(xiàn)的原因）所做解釋的 ] 批評顯示， [ （關(guān)于奴隸制和種族偏見之間的）關(guān)系的 ] 假說應(yīng)當(dāng)被重新檢查，而且顯示出， { 對于 [ （在北美和南美之間的）對黑奴的 ] 不同處理的 } 解釋應(yīng)當(dāng)被擴(kuò)展。
譯文：（一個社會設(shè)計出來保存自己的）方法得以形成/來保持（那個社會認(rèn)為是重要的）文化遺產(chǎn)的一些方面/.
大段的插入語或同位語
例句：Moreover, I can feel strong emotions in response to objects of art that are interpretations, rather than representations, of reality.
譯文：而且，我能夠感覺到強(qiáng)烈的感情， [ 這些感情是對（現(xiàn)實的解釋）的藝術(shù)目標(biāo)做出的反應(yīng)而不是對現(xiàn)實的描述的藝術(shù)目標(biāo)做出的反應(yīng) ] .
倒裝
例句：That *** ratio will be favored which maximizes
the number of descendants an individual will have and
hence the number of gene copies transmitted.
譯文：那種 [ 能夠大化（一個個體的后代的）數(shù)目并且因此可以大化（被傳播的）基因的份數(shù)的 ] 性別比率將會是有利的。
難句類型：倒裝 + 省略
例句 1：That *** ratio will be favored [which maximizes the number of descendants （that an individual will have） and hence that *** ratio which maximizes the number of gene copies （transmitted）].
譯文：那種 [ 能夠大化（一個個體所擁有的）后代數(shù)目并且因此可大化（被傳播的）基因的份數(shù)的 ] 性別比率將會是有利的。
難句類型：復(fù)雜 + 倒裝 + 省略
例 2：This is a desire （to throw/over reality/a light） [that never was might give way abruptly to the desire （on the part of what we might consider a novelist – scientist to record/exactly and concretely/the structure and texture of a flower）
譯文：這是一種（照亮現(xiàn)實的）欲望， [ 此欲望從來就不會唐突地取代后面的那種欲望，（后者是我們可以將其理解為一個兼任小說家和科學(xué)家的人想要去/準(zhǔn)確并具體地/記錄下一朵花的結(jié)構(gòu)和紋理的那種意義上的欲望） ] .
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾 + 省略 + 抽象詞
例 3：Hardy's weakness derived/from hisapparent inability （to control the comings and goings of these divergent impulses）/and derived/from his unwillingness （to cultivate and sustain the energetic and risky ones）/.
譯文：哈代的弱點來源/于其明顯的不能夠（控制這些不同沖動的來去）/，同時也來源/于他的不愿意（去培養(yǎng)和維持那些有活力和危險的沖動）/.
復(fù)雜修飾 + 省略 + 抽象詞
例 4：（ Virginia Woolf's provocative ） statement （about her intentions in writing Mrs. Dalloway） has regularly been ignored/by the critics/, since it highlights an aspect {of her literary [that is very different from the traditional picture of the “poetic” novelist （concerned with examining states of reverie and vision and concerned with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness）]}/.
譯文：（ VW 的挑戰(zhàn)性的）（關(guān)于其在寫作 MD 一書時的意圖的）陳述通常/被評論家們/所忽視，/因為此陳述突出了這樣一個方面， { 此方面是其文學(xué)興趣中的 [ 非常不同于傳統(tǒng)的、所謂“詩性的”小說家的情況（這些人關(guān)心的是審視白日夢幻想的狀態(tài)，并關(guān)心去追尋個人意識的曲折歷程） ]}/ .
難句類型：抽象詞、抽象詞組 + 比喻
例 5：/As she put it in The Common Reader/. “ Although It is safe to say that not a single law has been framed or one stone set/upon another/because of anything Chaucer said or wrote/； and yet, as we read him, we are absorbing morality at every pore.”
譯文：/就像她在《致普通讀者》一書中所表達(dá)的那樣/，“盡管可以毫無穎問地說，沒有任何法律被制定出來，也沒有高樓大廈被建立起來/是因為喬叟說了什么或?qū)懥耸裁?；然而，當(dāng)我們讀他的書的時候，我們身上每一個毛孔都吸滿了道德。”
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾 + 插入語 + 專有名詞
例 6：/With the conclusion of a burst of activity/, the lactic acid level is high/in the body fluids/, leaving the large animal/vulnerable to attack/until the acid is reconverted,/via oxidative metabolism/, by the liver/into glucose, [which is then sent （in part） park to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis]//.
譯文：/隨著爆發(fā)出來的運動的結(jié)束/，在體液中/乳酸含量會變得很高，/使得大型動物/處于容易受到攻擊的狀態(tài)/，直到乳酸被/通過有氧新陳代謝的方式// 由肝臟/轉(zhuǎn)化成葡萄糖， [ 葡萄糖接下來又會被（部分地）傳送回肌肉重新合成糖原 ]// .
句型類型：插入語
例 7：Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent, but he shows that the slaves' preference, revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent, was very much for stable monogamy.
譯文：盡管 G 承認(rèn)由于此售出奴隸而造成的強(qiáng)迫分離是經(jīng)常會發(fā)生的，但是他指出奴隸們自己的偏好（此偏好為明顯的在很少出售奴隸的種植園中表現(xiàn)地為明顯），還是很喜歡一夫一妻制。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾 + 插入語
例 8：Guman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged the transmission of – and so was crucial in sustaining – the Black heritage （of folklore, music, and religious expression）/from one generation to another/, [a heritage （that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences）].
譯文：G 令人信服的論證道，黑人家庭的穩(wěn)定性鼓勵了—因此也在后者的保持上起到了重要的作用—（包括民間傳說、音樂及宗教表達(dá)的）黑人遺產(chǎn)/從一代一到另一代的/傳播， [ 這是一個（奴隸們不斷地從其在非洲和美國的經(jīng)歷中塑造出來的）遺產(chǎn) ] .
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾 + 插入語
例 9：This preference for exogamy, Gutman suggests, may have derived/from West African rules （governing marriage）, [which, though they differed from one tribal group to another, all involved some kind of prohibition （against unions with close kin）]/.
譯文：這種對于異族通婚的偏好， G 認(rèn)為，有可能是來源/于（管轄婚姻的）西非的規(guī)定， [ 該規(guī)定盡管從一個部落到另外一個部落各不相同，但都涉及到一些（反對近親結(jié)婚的）禁忌 ]/.
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾 + 插入語 + 抽象詞
例 10：His thesis works/relatively well/when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the United States,/but his definition of racial prejudice [as “racially – based negative prejudgments against a group （generally accepted as a race） in any given region of ethnic competition,”] can be interpreted /as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews in medieval Europe/.
譯文：他的論點/被應(yīng)用于針對美國人的種族歧視時候/，/相對來說較為/管用，但是他的對于種族偏見的定義 [ 即“在任何特定區(qū)域里用基于種族的負(fù)面的先入之見來反對某人群（此人群通常被認(rèn)作一個種族）” ] 能夠被解釋/成也包括對以下民族的敵意，比如加州的華人和中世紀(jì)歐洲的*人/.
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾
例 11：Such variations （in size, shape, chemistry, conduction speed, excitation threshold, and the like） （as had been demonstrated in never cells） remained negligible/in significance/for any possible correlation with the manifold dimensions of mental experience/.
譯文：（類似于這些已經(jīng)被在神經(jīng)細(xì)胞中證明的）（在大小、形狀、化學(xué)過程、產(chǎn)生的速度、興奮閾值及其類似的方面上所發(fā)生的）變化，/當(dāng)它們被用來與大腦的體驗以可能的方式聯(lián)系起來的時候/，它們在重要性上/仍然是微不足道的。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾 + 倒裝
例 12：It was possible to demonstrate/by other methods/refined structural differences （among neuron types）； however, proof was lacking [that the quality （of the impulse） or its condition was influenced/by these differences/, （which seemed instead to influenced the developmental patterning of the neural circuits）].
譯文：有可能/通過其他方法/來證明（神經(jīng)元種類間的）細(xì)微的結(jié)構(gòu)差異；可是，這樣的證據(jù)是缺乏的， [ 即（神經(jīng)沖動的）性質(zhì)或狀態(tài)是/受這些差異/所影響的，（而這些差異看起來卻能影響神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的發(fā)育模式） ] .
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾 + 雙重否定
例 13：Although qualitative variance （among nerve energies） was never rigidly disproved, but the doctrine was generally abandoned/in favor of the opposing view, （namely, that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as “common currency” throughout the nervous system）/.
譯文：盡管（在神經(jīng)能量上存在著）質(zhì)的不同這一點從來都沒有在嚴(yán)格的意義上被反對過，但是以上教條通常被拋棄掉，/而轉(zhuǎn)向相反的觀點，（即：神經(jīng)沖動從根本上本質(zhì)相同，而且被當(dāng)作“一種普通流” 在整個神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中傳播）/.
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾 + 插入語
例 14：Although Other experiments revealed slight variations （in the size, number, arrangement, and interconnection of the nerve cells）, but/as far as psychoneural correlations were concerned/, the obvious similarities （of these sensory fields to each other） seemed much more remarkable/than any of the minute differences/.
譯文：盡管其他實驗顯示（在神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的大小、數(shù)量、排列和相互連接上）有一些小的差異，但是/就心理——神經(jīng)的關(guān)系而言/，（這些感官區(qū)域彼此間的）明顯的相似性看起來遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)要/比其微小的差異/更為令人注目。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾 + 插入語 + 省略
例 15：Although some experiments show that,/as an object becomes familiar,/its internal representation becomes more holistic and that the recognition process correspondingly becomes more parallel, but the weight of evidence seems to support the serial hypothesis,/at least for objects （that are not simple and familiar）/.
譯文：雖然有些實驗顯示/當(dāng)一個物體變得熟悉的時候，/它在內(nèi)心中的形象變得更為完整，而且對它的辨認(rèn)過程也變得更加并行，但是證據(jù)的天平似乎更傾斜于支持（那個辨認(rèn)過程是一）系列的假說，/至少對（那些不是特別簡單的或熟悉的）物體來說/.
難句類型：倒裝
例 16：/In large part as a consequence of the feminist movement,/historians have focused a great deal of attention/in recent years/on determining/more accurately/the status of woman in various periods.
譯文：/很大程度上作為婦女運動的一個結(jié)果/，歷史學(xué)家們/近年來/把大量的注意力集中于/更為準(zhǔn)確地/確定婦女們在不同時期的地位上面。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾 + 插入語 + 抽象詞
例 17：/If one begins by examining why ancients refer to Amazons/, it become clear that ancient Greek descriptions （of such societies） were meant not/so much/to represent observed historical fact – real American societies – but rather to offer “moral lessons”/on the supposed outcome （of women's rule in their own society）/.
譯文：/如果我們先來研究一下為什么古人會提到亞馬遜人/， 下面的一點就變得清晰了，那就是古希臘（對于這種社會）的描述不是/太多的/被用來表達(dá)觀察到的歷史事實 — 真正的亞馬遜社會的——而是為了/對于（婦女在其社會中的統(tǒng)治的）預(yù)期后果/提供一種“道德教導(dǎo)”。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾 + 插入語 + 省略
例 18：Thus, for instance, it may come as a shock/to mathematicians/to learn that the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom, but it is only an approximation [to a somewhat more correct equation （taking account of spin, magnetic dipole, and relativistic effects）]； and that this corrected equation is itself only an imperfect approximation （to an infinite set of quantum field – theoretical equations）.
譯文：所以，我們可以舉一個例子，/對于數(shù)學(xué)家們而言/， 得知以下的兩種情況會令他們震驚不已； 1. 氫原子的薛定鄂方程并不是對這種原子的一個精確的、正確的描述，而它只是 [ 對于一個在某種程度上更為正確的方程式的 ] 一個近似值，（該更為正確的方程式描述自選、磁雙偶極子以及相對論效應(yīng)的）。 2. 后面所說的這個更為正確的方程式自己也僅是（對于無限序列的量子場論方程式的）一個不完美的近似值。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾
例 19：The physicist rightly dreads precise argument, since an argument （that is convincing/long if it is precise/） loses all its force/if the assumptions （on which it is based） are slightly changed,/whereas an argument （that is convincing though imprecise） may well be stable/under small perturbations （of its underlying assumptions）./
譯文：物理學(xué)家正確地不敢做精確的論證，因為一個（/只有當(dāng)它是精確的時候/才令人信服的/論證），/（如果作為它的基礎(chǔ)的）假設(shè)發(fā)生了一點點變化/就失去了其全部說服力；而（一個盡管不很精確但是卻令人信服的）論證，/（當(dāng)作為它的基礎(chǔ)的假設(shè)）稍有波動時，/仍有可能是穩(wěn)定的。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾
例 20：However,/as they gained cohesion/, the Bluestockings came to regard themselves/as a women's group/and came to possess a sense of female solidarity {lacking in the salonnieres, [who remained isolated from one another by the primacy （that each salonniere held in her own salon.）]}
譯文：然而，/隨著她們獲得凝聚力/，“藍(lán)襪女”們開始把自己視/為一個婦女的團(tuán)體/， 并抱有一個女性團(tuán)體的意識； { 此種意識是“沙龍女”們所缺乏的， [ 她們?nèi)匀槐舜酥g互不來往，這是由于（每個“沙龍女”在自己沙龍女中的）老大地位造成的。 ]}
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾 + 插入語 + 省略
例 21：/As my own studies have advanced,/I have been increasingly impressed/with the functional similarities （between insect societies and vertebrate societies）/and less so （less so = I have been increasingly less impressed 的省略形式 ）/with the structural differences （that seem, at first glance, to constitute such an immense gulf between them.）/
譯文：/隨著我自己的研究不斷進(jìn)步，/我越來越留下深刻的印象/于后面兩者之間的功能上的相似性，（這兩者是昆蟲社會和脊椎動物的社會之間）；并且就越來越感覺不/到它們之間的結(jié)構(gòu)上的差異，（此差異乍看上去似乎構(gòu)成了二者之間的巨大的鴻溝。）
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾
例 22：Although fiction assuredly springs/ from political circumstances/, but its authors react （to those circumstances）/in ways other than ideological,/and talking about novels and stories/primarily as instruments of ideology/ circumvents much of the fictional enterprise.
譯文：盡管小說確實都是來自/于政治氛圍之下的/，但是其作者（對這些環(huán)境的）反應(yīng)/卻與意識形態(tài)無關(guān)/，而且/主要以意識形態(tài)為工具來/討論小說和故事，則在很大程度上限制（或陷害）了小說事業(yè)。
難句類型：插入語
例 23：Is this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to gorge, a different kind of aesthetic？
譯文：這到底是欠缺，還是作者想要按照一種不同的美學(xué)來創(chuàng)作，抑或是試圖創(chuàng)造一種不同的美學(xué)呢？
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾
例 24：/In addition/, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer's Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism： does this technique provide a counterpoint {to the prevalent theme [that portrays the fate （against which Black heroes are pitted）], （a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression）}？
譯文：/不但如此/，有些黑人小說（比如 JT 的《甘蔗》的風(fēng)格接近于表現(xiàn)主義或超現(xiàn)實主義；）這種技巧是否 { 為流行的主題 } 提供了一個和諧的對應(yīng)呢？這種主題刻畫了（黑人主人公與之相抗?fàn)幍模┟\，（這是一個通常用更為自然主義的表現(xiàn)手法所表達(dá)的主題）。
難句類型：倒裝
例 25：Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels,/bringing to our attention/in the process/some fascinating and little-known works （like James Weldon Johnson's Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man）/.
譯文：《黑人小說》考查了很廣泛的范圍內(nèi)的小說，/把一些很迷人的、但鮮為人知的作品（比如 J.W.J 的《一個曾經(jīng)是有色人種的人的自傳》/在此過程中/帶到了我們視野之中/.）
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾 + 插入語
例 26：Although these molecules allow radiation at visible wavelengths, where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated,/to pass though,/but they absorb some of the longer-wavelength, infrared emissions （radiated from the Earth's surface,） （radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into space.）
譯文：盡管這些分子允許（大多數(shù)太陽能集中于此的）可見光波長的輻射通過，可是它們卻吸收了（從地球表面反射出來的）更長波長的紅外線輻射，（如果沒有二氧化碳分子這種輻射將會被傳送回太空）。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾 + 省略
例 27：The role （that those anthropologists ascribe to evolution） is not the role of dictating the details of human behavior but is one role of imposing constraints [ — ways if feeling, thinking, and acting （that “come naturally” in archetypal situations in any culture）].
譯文：（那些人類學(xué)家們歸納諸進(jìn)化的）角色不是規(guī)定人類行為的細(xì)節(jié)，而是一個施加給人類以限制 [ 即感情、思想和行為（這些在任何文化的原始狀態(tài)中都會自然而然的行為） ] 的角色。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾 + 抽象詞
例 28：Which of the following most probably provides an appropriate analogy/from human morphology /for the （“details” versus “constraints”） distinction （made in the passage/in relation to human behavior/）？
譯文：以下那一個選項有可能為（文章中所談到的/與人類行為有關(guān)的/）（“人類進(jìn)行的細(xì)節(jié)”相對“人類所受限制”）之間的差異/從人類形態(tài)的角度上/提供了一個合適的類比？
難句類型：插入語
例 29：A low number of algal cells/in the presence of a high number of grazers/suggested, but did not prove, that the grazers had removed most of the algae.
譯文：/在食草動物的數(shù)量很大時/卻僅有少量的水藻細(xì)胞這一點暗示著（但卻不能證明）是食草動物除去了大多數(shù)水藻。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾 + 插入語
例 30：/Perhaps/ the fact {that many of these studies considered/ only /algae [of a size （that could be collected/in a net/）]（net phytoplankton）}, a practice [that overlooked the smaller phytoplankton （nannoplankton） （that we now know grazers are most likely to feed on）], led /to a de – emphasis of the role of grazers in subsequent research/.
譯文：/可能/這樣一個事實， { 那就是很多這樣的初的研究/只考慮了 [ （那些能夠/用網(wǎng)/撈起來的）尺寸的 ] 水藻（ n p ）， 這樣一個 [ 忽視了更小的浮游植物（ nn p ） ] 的做法，導(dǎo)/致了在接下來的研究中對于捕食者的作用的貶低/.
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾
例 31：Studies （by Hargrave and Geen） estimated natural community grazing rates/by measuring feeding rates of individual zooplankton species in the laboratory/and then/by computing community grazing rates for field conditions/ using the known population density of grazers.//
譯文：（ Hg 和 G 所做的研究）估計了自然群體的捕食速率，/是通過首先測量了實驗室中的浮游動物品種的個體的捕食速率/，然后// 再用已知的捕食者的種群密度/計算出其野外的群體捕食速率。/
難句類型：插入語
例 32：/In the periods of peak zooplankton abundance, that is, in the late spring and in the summer, /Haney recorded maximum daily community grazing rates, for nutrient-poor lakes and bog lakes, respectively, of 6.6 percent and 114 percent of daily phytoplankton production.
譯文：/在浮游動物多的季節(jié)，也就是在晚春和夏天， /H 記錄下了高的群體捕食速率，對于貧養(yǎng)湖和沼澤湖來講，各自是 6.6% 和 114% 的浮游植物的日產(chǎn)量。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾 + 插入語 + 省略
例 33：The hydrologic cycle, a major topic in this science, is the complete cycle of phenomena （through which water passes）, /beginning as atmospheric water vapor, passing into liquid and solid form as precipitation, thence passing along and entering into the ground surface, and finally again returning to the form of atmospheric water vapor by means of evaporation and transpiration/.
譯文：水文循環(huán)，水利科學(xué)中的主要課題，是一個（水需要經(jīng)歷的）完整的循環(huán)過程，循環(huán)在開始時作為大氣中的水蒸氣，再進(jìn)入液體和固體狀態(tài)作為降雨或降雪，然后流過并進(jìn)入地表，并終通過蒸發(fā)和氣化作用重返氣態(tài)的水蒸氣的形式。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾 + 倒裝
例 34：Only /when a system possesses （natural or artificial） boundaries [that associate the water （within it） with hydrologic cycle] /may the entire system properly be termed hydrogeology.
譯文：只有當(dāng)一個系統(tǒng)擁有（自然的或人工形成的）邊界 [ 來把（邊界中的）水與水文循環(huán)聯(lián)系起來的時候 ] ，才有可能把整個的系統(tǒng)恰當(dāng)?shù)胤Q為水與水文地質(zhì)學(xué)相關(guān)。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾
例 35：The historian Frederick J. Turner wrote/in the 1980s/that the agrarian discontent （that had been developing steadily in the United States since about 1870） had been precipitated/by the closing of the internal frontier – [that is, the depletion of available new land （needed for further expansion of the American farming system）]/.
譯文：歷史學(xué)家 FJT/在十九世紀(jì)九十年代/寫道，（自從 1870 年開始就在美國持續(xù)發(fā)展的）農(nóng)民的不滿是被內(nèi)部邊疆的消失所加劇的， [ 而內(nèi)部邊疆的消失即指（所需進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)展美國農(nóng)業(yè)系統(tǒng)的）可資利用的新土地的枯竭 ] .
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾 + 插入語
例 36：/In the early 1950；s/ historians [who studied preindustrial Europe （which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800）] began,/for the first time in large numbers/, to investigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent [（who comprised the political and social elite： the kings, generals, judges, nobles, bishops, and local magnates）（who had hitherto usually filled history books）].
譯文：/在二十世紀(jì)五十年代的早期，/[ 研究歐洲工業(yè)化以前的（我們在此把這個時間段模糊定位于公元 1300 年至 1800 年）歷史學(xué)家們開始/第以大量的數(shù)據(jù)/來調(diào)查那些在占工業(yè)化以前的歐洲人口 2% 到 3% 的包括政治和社會精英以外的人口， [ 而那 2% 到 3% 的精英們（是到目前為止一直充斥著歷史教科書的）（國王、將軍、貴族、主教以及地方上的達(dá)官顯貴們） ] .
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾 + 插入語
例 37：Historians （such as Le Roy Ladurie） have used the documents/to extract case histories,/[which have illuminated the attitudes of different social groups （these attitudes include, but are not confined to, attitudes toward crime and the law） and have revealed how the authorities administered justice].
譯文：（像 LRL 這樣的）歷史學(xué)家使用這些記錄/來提取出個案史/，（這些個案史說明了不同社會團(tuán)體的態(tài)度（這些態(tài)度說明了，但是又不局限于，對犯罪和法律的態(tài)度），并且也說明當(dāng)權(quán)者是怎樣管轄司法的）。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾
例 38：It can be inferred/from the passage/that a historian [who wished to compare crime rates （per thousand in a European city） （in one decade of the fifteenth century）/ with crime rates （per thousand in a European city） （in another decade of that century）/] would probably be most aided/ by better information about which of the following/？
譯文：從文章當(dāng)中可以推斷出來，一個 [ 希望比較（十五世紀(jì)以前一個十年的）（某個歐洲城市中的每千人）犯罪率/與（另外一個十年中的）（城市中每千人）犯罪率/的 ] 歷史學(xué)家將會/被以下哪種信息的提高/所好地幫助？
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾 + 插入語
例 39：My point is that its central consciousness – its profound understanding of class and gender as shaping influences on people's lives – owes much to that earlier literary heritage, a heritage that, in general, has not been sufficiently valued by most contemporary literary critics.
譯文：我的觀點是，其中心的意識 — 即其深刻的把階級和性別理解（ understanding ）成（ as ） 對人們的生活起到一個塑造性的影響的作用 — 很大程度上是得益于那個更早的文化遺產(chǎn)，一個總體而言沒有被當(dāng)代的文學(xué)評論家所足夠重視的遺產(chǎn)。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾 + 省略 + 專有名詞 + 固定搭配
例 40：Even the requirement [that biomaterials （processed from these materials） should be nontoxic to host tissue] can be met/by techniques [derived from studying the reactions （of tissue to biomaterials） or derived from studying short – term implants]/.
譯文：即使是這樣的要求， [ 即（從這些材料中加工出來的）生物材料應(yīng)該對受移植者的組織無害 ] ，也能夠/通過 [ 從研究（組織培養(yǎng)對生物材料的）反應(yīng)而來的、或從研究短期移植而來的 ] 技術(shù)/來滿足。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾
例 41：But achieving necessary matches/in physical properties across interfaces between living and nonliving matter/requires knowledge （of which molecules control the bonding of cells to each other – an area that we have not yet explored thoroughly）.
譯文：但是，/想要在活的與無生命的物質(zhì)之間在物理性質(zhì)上/達(dá)到必要的匹配，需要這樣的知識，（那就是到底是什么分子控制細(xì)胞彼此連接——這是一個我們到目前為止尚未透徹研究的領(lǐng)域）。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾 + 插隊入語 + 抽象詞
例 42：Islamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of law – notwithstanding, of course, it has a considerable and inevitable number of coincidences with one or the other of them/as far as subject matter and positive enactment are concerned/- that its study is indispensable in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena.
譯文：伊斯蘭法是一個與其他所有形式的法律都如此之不同的法現(xiàn)象——盡管，當(dāng)然，/從其主體事物和積極的實施的角度來看/，伊斯蘭法與其他的某些法律存在著大量的必然的一致之處——以致于對于它的研究是不可缺少的，這樣才能充分地理解所有可能的法律現(xiàn)象的全部范圍。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾 + 插入語 + 省略 + 專有名詞
例 43：Both Jewish law and canon law more uniform than Islamic law. Though historically there is a discernible break between Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and Jewish law of the Diaspora （the dispersion of Jewish people after the conquest of Israel）, but the spirit （of the legal matter in later parts of the Old Testament） is very close to that of the Talmud, one
譯文：*法和天主教法都比伊斯蘭法更為完整。盡管在歷在古以色列的獨立國家的*法和 D 時期（即以色列在被征服后*人被驅(qū)逐的時期）的*法之間有一個明確的斷裂，但（舊約全書后半部分中的法律事務(wù)的）精確與 T （指*法在 D 時期的主要法典）是極為一致的。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾 + 插入語
例 44：Islam, on the other hand, represented a radical breakaway [from the Arab paganism （that preceded it）]； Islamic law is the result {of an examination, from a religious angle, [of legal subject matter （that was far from uniform）]},/comprising as it did the various components （of the law of pre – Islamic Arabia） and numerous legal elements （taken over from the non – Arab people of the conquered territories）/.
譯文：伊斯蘭，在另一方面，代表著 [ 與（伊斯蘭法以前的）阿拉伯異教的 ] 決然斷裂；伊斯蘭是一種從宗教的角度 { 檢查 } 結(jié)果， { 檢查的對象 [ （是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)談不上統(tǒng)一的）主體事物 ]} ；/它包括了不同的伊斯蘭以前的阿拉伯的法律成分，并包含了（很多從被征服的非阿拉伯地區(qū)那里拿來的）法律因素/.
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾 + 插入語 + 倒裝 + 省略
例 45：One such novel idea is that idea [of inserting/into the chromosomes of plants/discrete genes （that are not a part of the plants' natural constitution）]： specifically, the idea [of inserting/into nonleguminous plants/the genes, if they can be identified and isolated, （that fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitrogen – fixing bacteria）]. Hence, there is the intensified research on legumes.
譯文：一個這樣的全新的想法，是把（非此植物的自然組成部分的）不相關(guān)的基因插入/到植物的染色體中/：具體說來就是這么一個想法：把一些使得豆科植物能夠成為固氮菌的寄主的基因，（如果它們能夠找到并分離出來的話）插入/到非豆科植物的基因中去/. 因此才出現(xiàn)了豆科植物的深入研究。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾
例 46：It is one of nature's great ironies that the availability of nitrogen （in the soil） frequently sets an upper limit/on plant growth/even though the plants' leaves are bathed/in a sea of nitrogen gas/.
譯文：這真是自然界的一個巨大的諷刺；（土壤中的氮的供給之少）經(jīng)常/給植物的生長/設(shè)立一個上限，盡管植物的葉子被沉浸于/氮氣的海洋中/.
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾 + 插入語
例 47：Unless they succeed, the yield gains （of the Green Revolution） will be largely lost/even if the genes （in legumes） （that equip those plants to enter into a symbiosis with nitrogen fixers） are identified and isolated, and/even if the transfer of those gene complexes, once they are found, becomes possible/.
譯文：除非他們（指基因生物學(xué)家）成功，否則/即使（使得豆科植物與固氮菌形成共生關(guān)系的）基因能夠被找到和分離出來，而且即使基因綜合體在被發(fā)現(xiàn)之后的轉(zhuǎn)基因成為可能，/綠色革命所帶來的產(chǎn)量上的獲得將很大程度上被喪失掉。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾 + 插入語 + 抽象詞 + 熟詞僻義
例 48：Its subject （to use Maynard Mack's categories） is “l(fā)ife – as – spectacle,” for readers, diverted/be its various incidents,/observe its hero Odysseus/primarily from without/； the tragic Iliad, however, presents “l(fā)ife – as - experience”： readers are asked to identify/with the mind [of Achilles, （whose motivations render him a not particularly likable hero）]/.
譯文：其主題（如果使用 MM 的分類法）是“把生活作為景象”，對于讀者而言，由于被/其不同的事件/轉(zhuǎn)移了注意力，/主要從外部的角度來/觀察其主人公 O ；然而悲劇 I ， 卻表現(xiàn)了一種“把生活當(dāng)作經(jīng)歷”：讀者們被要求去認(rèn)同/A [ 的內(nèi)心世界，（而 A 的動機(jī)使得他成為一個不是特別有吸引力的主人公） ]/ .
難句類型：倒裝 + 省略
例 49：Most striking/among the many asymmetries evident in an adult flatfish/is eye placement： before maturity one eye migrates, so that in an adult flatfish both eyes are on the same side of the head.
譯文：/在很多的成年比目魚所表現(xiàn)出來的不對稱中/，眼睛的位置是引人注目的：在成熟以前一個眼睛遷移了，以致于在一個成年魚的身上，兩只眼睛都在身體的同一側(cè)。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾 + 省略
例 50：A critique [of the Handlins' interpretation （of why legal slavery did not appear until the 1660's）] suggests that assumptions [about the relation （between slavery and racial prejudice）] should be reexamined, and suggests that explanations {for the different treatment [of Black slaves （in North and South America）] should be expanded}.
譯文：一個 [ 對于 H 的（關(guān)于為何法律上的奴隸制沒有在 17 世紀(jì) 60 年代以前出現(xiàn)的原因）所做解釋的 ] 批評顯示， [ （關(guān)于奴隸制和種族偏見之間的）關(guān)系的 ] 假說應(yīng)當(dāng)被重新檢查，而且顯示出， { 對于 [ （在北美和南美之間的）對黑奴的 ] 不同處理的 } 解釋應(yīng)當(dāng)被擴(kuò)展。