1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí):(1)表示已經(jīng)預(yù)先計(jì)劃或安排好的肯定將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作.主要用于be, come, go, start, begin, 1eave, return, end, stop, open, take place等瞬間動(dòng)詞.句中常有表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。(2)在時(shí)間、條件、方式、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中.表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作。如: The match takes place next Monday. / I will not go shopping, if it rains.
2. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí): (1)表示最近按計(jì)劃或安排要做的事,往往有表示未來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ). 能夠這樣用的動(dòng)詞有: arrive, come, leave, return, start, work, play, have等.(2) 與always, constantly, continually, forever等詞連用,表示反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或持續(xù)存在出狀態(tài),往往帶有說(shuō)話人的感情色彩。(3)在時(shí)間、條件從句中表示將來(lái)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。如:We are leaving on Friday. / He is constantly leaving his things about. 他老是亂扔?xùn)|西./ Don’t interrupt him if he is reading.
3. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí): 1)將來(lái)完成用法: 用于時(shí)間、條件狀語(yǔ)從句中,說(shuō)明將來(lái)某時(shí)刻以前動(dòng)作完成的情況。2)用在固定結(jié)構(gòu)中:往往是在定語(yǔ)從句中。3) ① "must + 完成式”表示過(guò)去必定發(fā)生過(guò)的事情,是對(duì)發(fā)生在過(guò)去的一種行為的推測(cè)。② “should (或ought to) + 完成式”表示一個(gè)應(yīng)該在過(guò)去做,而沒有做的動(dòng)作,它往往帶有埋怨和后悔的情緒。如: 1) I’ll go with you as soon as I have finished my work. / It’s (will be) the first time I have been there.
注:?、俦硎舅查g行為動(dòng)詞come, join, finish, marry, return等不能和表示延續(xù)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用, 只能用系動(dòng)詞加表語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)代替。如: He has been back for over a week. (不能用has come back) / I have been in the army for three years. (不能用have joined) ② since "自從…"以來(lái)；for表示時(shí)間,從過(guò)去開始延續(xù)至今,它們都是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的典型信號(hào)詞。③ 句子中有表示過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間副詞(如yesterday, last week, in 1990, ago)時(shí),不能使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)要用過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)。
4. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí): 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示動(dòng)作從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間開始,一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,可能還要繼續(xù)下去,通常與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。如: All the morning, for hours, since this morning… / They have been watching television for two hours. / He has been writing letters since this morning.
5. 過(guò)去完成時(shí):
1) 過(guò)去完成時(shí),表示在過(guò)去某—時(shí)刻或動(dòng)作以前已經(jīng)完成廠的動(dòng)作.即”過(guò)去的過(guò)去”.常用的信號(hào)詞有by(到……時(shí)候?yàn)橹?, before等介詞短語(yǔ)或用unless, when, after, once, as soon as等連詞引起的表示到過(guò)去某—時(shí)間為止的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)來(lái)表示.
2) 過(guò)去完成時(shí)常用在"no sooner…than”,和”hardly…when (before)”等句型的主句中,從句中常用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如: By the end of last year, I had worked in this college for ten years. / No sooner had he finished his performance than the audience began to cheer. (＝He had no sooner…than…) (他剛表演完觀眾就喝采)
6.其它要注意的時(shí)態(tài)
1) be going to口語(yǔ)中常用,表示最近打箅要做的事情; 根據(jù)某種跡象表明可能要發(fā)生的事情。如:What are you going to do this evening? / Look at the cloud. It is going to rain.
2) 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí),多見于主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)足一般過(guò)去時(shí)的賓語(yǔ)從句中。如:He said that he would get married soon.
3) 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)主要用法之一是描述一件事發(fā)生的背景,往往在一個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的過(guò)程中,突然發(fā)生第二個(gè)戲劇性的動(dòng)作.第二個(gè)戲劇性動(dòng)作為一般過(guò)去時(shí),由when或while引出,意為”此時(shí)”。有二種句型: My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. / Tom slipped into the house when no one was looking. / Someone knocked at the door while I was taking a shower. / Just as I was opening the door, the telephone rang.
4) 如果兩個(gè)動(dòng)作都引人注目且同時(shí)發(fā)生,并沒有一個(gè)比另一個(gè)更形象,更主要時(shí),那么兩個(gè)動(dòng)作都可以用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。如：My husband was reading while I was cooking.
7. 有些動(dòng)詞以主動(dòng)形式出現(xiàn),卻有被動(dòng)含義。 如：The knife cuts well. / Nylon underwear washes easily. 尼龍內(nèi)衣容易洗 / The novels written by the young man sell well. 那個(gè)年青人寫的小說(shuō)銷路好 / This ball-pen writes in four colours. 這支園珠筆可以寫出四種顏色 / The note reads as follows”…”. 字條上寫著:”……”
8. 短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中,介詞或副詞不可省略。如：More schools and hospitals will be set up in the near future. / The old woman has been operated on. (這位老婦人已經(jīng)動(dòng)過(guò)了手術(shù)) / The purse was picked up and handed to the police.
此外,固定搭配 “動(dòng)詞 + 名詞 + 介詞” 習(xí)語(yǔ)中,介詞也不能省掉。 Time must be made good use of./ Less clever children should not be made fun of.
2. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí): (1)表示最近按計(jì)劃或安排要做的事,往往有表示未來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ). 能夠這樣用的動(dòng)詞有: arrive, come, leave, return, start, work, play, have等.(2) 與always, constantly, continually, forever等詞連用,表示反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或持續(xù)存在出狀態(tài),往往帶有說(shuō)話人的感情色彩。(3)在時(shí)間、條件從句中表示將來(lái)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。如:We are leaving on Friday. / He is constantly leaving his things about. 他老是亂扔?xùn)|西./ Don’t interrupt him if he is reading.
3. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí): 1)將來(lái)完成用法: 用于時(shí)間、條件狀語(yǔ)從句中,說(shuō)明將來(lái)某時(shí)刻以前動(dòng)作完成的情況。2)用在固定結(jié)構(gòu)中:往往是在定語(yǔ)從句中。3) ① "must + 完成式”表示過(guò)去必定發(fā)生過(guò)的事情,是對(duì)發(fā)生在過(guò)去的一種行為的推測(cè)。② “should (或ought to) + 完成式”表示一個(gè)應(yīng)該在過(guò)去做,而沒有做的動(dòng)作,它往往帶有埋怨和后悔的情緒。如: 1) I’ll go with you as soon as I have finished my work. / It’s (will be) the first time I have been there.
注:?、俦硎舅查g行為動(dòng)詞come, join, finish, marry, return等不能和表示延續(xù)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用, 只能用系動(dòng)詞加表語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)代替。如: He has been back for over a week. (不能用has come back) / I have been in the army for three years. (不能用have joined) ② since "自從…"以來(lái)；for表示時(shí)間,從過(guò)去開始延續(xù)至今,它們都是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的典型信號(hào)詞。③ 句子中有表示過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間副詞(如yesterday, last week, in 1990, ago)時(shí),不能使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)要用過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)。
4. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí): 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示動(dòng)作從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間開始,一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,可能還要繼續(xù)下去,通常與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。如: All the morning, for hours, since this morning… / They have been watching television for two hours. / He has been writing letters since this morning.
5. 過(guò)去完成時(shí):
1) 過(guò)去完成時(shí),表示在過(guò)去某—時(shí)刻或動(dòng)作以前已經(jīng)完成廠的動(dòng)作.即”過(guò)去的過(guò)去”.常用的信號(hào)詞有by(到……時(shí)候?yàn)橹?, before等介詞短語(yǔ)或用unless, when, after, once, as soon as等連詞引起的表示到過(guò)去某—時(shí)間為止的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)來(lái)表示.
2) 過(guò)去完成時(shí)常用在"no sooner…than”,和”hardly…when (before)”等句型的主句中,從句中常用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如: By the end of last year, I had worked in this college for ten years. / No sooner had he finished his performance than the audience began to cheer. (＝He had no sooner…than…) (他剛表演完觀眾就喝采)
6.其它要注意的時(shí)態(tài)
1) be going to口語(yǔ)中常用,表示最近打箅要做的事情; 根據(jù)某種跡象表明可能要發(fā)生的事情。如:What are you going to do this evening? / Look at the cloud. It is going to rain.
2) 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí),多見于主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)足一般過(guò)去時(shí)的賓語(yǔ)從句中。如:He said that he would get married soon.
3) 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)主要用法之一是描述一件事發(fā)生的背景,往往在一個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的過(guò)程中,突然發(fā)生第二個(gè)戲劇性的動(dòng)作.第二個(gè)戲劇性動(dòng)作為一般過(guò)去時(shí),由when或while引出,意為”此時(shí)”。有二種句型: My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. / Tom slipped into the house when no one was looking. / Someone knocked at the door while I was taking a shower. / Just as I was opening the door, the telephone rang.
4) 如果兩個(gè)動(dòng)作都引人注目且同時(shí)發(fā)生,并沒有一個(gè)比另一個(gè)更形象,更主要時(shí),那么兩個(gè)動(dòng)作都可以用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。如：My husband was reading while I was cooking.
7. 有些動(dòng)詞以主動(dòng)形式出現(xiàn),卻有被動(dòng)含義。 如：The knife cuts well. / Nylon underwear washes easily. 尼龍內(nèi)衣容易洗 / The novels written by the young man sell well. 那個(gè)年青人寫的小說(shuō)銷路好 / This ball-pen writes in four colours. 這支園珠筆可以寫出四種顏色 / The note reads as follows”…”. 字條上寫著:”……”
8. 短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中,介詞或副詞不可省略。如：More schools and hospitals will be set up in the near future. / The old woman has been operated on. (這位老婦人已經(jīng)動(dòng)過(guò)了手術(shù)) / The purse was picked up and handed to the police.
此外,固定搭配 “動(dòng)詞 + 名詞 + 介詞” 習(xí)語(yǔ)中,介詞也不能省掉。 Time must be made good use of./ Less clever children should not be made fun of.