一、真題文章（2000年）
Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community. Under modem conditions， this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. Furthermore， it is obvious that the strength of a country's economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry， and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example， they may encourage research in various ways， including the setting up of their own research centers； they may alter the structure of education， or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited ； or they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science， economics and industry. In any case， all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds.
Owing to the remarkable development in mass communications， people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas， while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time， the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past. For example， in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed-was spread over nearly a century， whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned. Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements-themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors， governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect.
二、譯文
世界各國的政府都認為：人民的福利主要依賴于本國經(jīng)濟實力和社會財富。在現(xiàn)代條件下，這需要不同程度的中央調(diào)控措施，從而也就需要獲得諸如經(jīng)濟學和運籌學等領域?qū)＜业膮f(xié)助。再者，顯而易見的是一個國家的經(jīng)濟實力與其工農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)效率密切相關，而效率的提高則有賴于各種科學人員的努力。這也就意味著政府必須對這些產(chǎn)業(yè)部門進行越來越多的干預，以便提高生產(chǎn)率，確保發(fā)揮效益。例如，政府可以利用各種方法鼓勵研究工作，包括建立自己的研究中心；政府還可以改變教育結(jié)構(gòu)或?qū)逃M行干預，以便減少自然資源的浪費，開發(fā)至今尚未利用的資源；政府還可以在日益增多的跨國科學、經(jīng)濟和工業(yè)項目中直接進行合作。無論如何，一切干預都離不開科技咨詢和各種科技人才。
由于大眾通訊的顯著發(fā)展，所有人都不斷感到有新的需求，并不斷接觸到新的習俗和思想，而出于上述原因，各國政府不得不經(jīng)常推行進一步的革新措施。同時，與過去相比，社會變革在全球范圍內(nèi)的正常速度已大大加快。例如，在先期實現(xiàn)工業(yè)化的歐洲國家里，其工業(yè)進程以及隨之而來的各種深刻的社會結(jié)構(gòu)變革持續(xù)了大約一個世紀，而如今一個發(fā)展中國家在10年左右的時間內(nèi)就可以完成同樣的過程。所有這些都給社會內(nèi)部帶來了巨大的壓力和不安，給相關政府部門造成了嚴重的問題。人口猛增或大量人口流動（現(xiàn)代交通工具使這種流動比較容易）造成的種種問題也會對社會造成新的壓力。綜合以上所有因素，各國政府越來越依賴于生物學家和社會學家規(guī)劃合適的項目，并將其付諸實踐。三、 考研核心詞匯
welfare / 5welfZE / n. 福利， 安寧， 幸福， 福利事業(yè) adj. 福利的
[例] public welfare funds 公共福利基金
[同義] advantage ， behalf ， benefit ， comfort， good ，interest ， prosperity
[反義] misery / 5mizEri / n. 痛苦， 苦惱， 悲慘， 不幸， 窮困
[派生] welfarism / wel5fZErizm / n. 社會福利國家主義， 社會福利制度， 福利費
centralize / 5sentrElaiz / vt. 1集聚， 集中2施行中央集權 vi. 集中于中央
[例] centralize the administration of the gold mines 統(tǒng)一管理所有金礦
[派生] centralized / 5sentrElaizd / adj. 集中的， 中央集權的
furthermore / f\：TE5mC：（r） / adv. 此外， 而且
[例] "The house is too small， and furthermore， it's too far from the office."
"這座房子太小，而且離辦公地點也太遠。"
[同義] again， also， besides ，by the same token， in addition， likewise ，similarly
compel / kEm5pel / vt. 強迫， 迫使
[例] The rain compelled us to stay indoors. 雨迫使我們待在家里。
[同義] force， make ，require
[反義] free / fri： / adj. 1自由的2大方的， 免費的， 免稅的3豐富的4空閑的vt. 釋放， 使自由 adv. 自由地， 免費
[派生] compelling / kEm5peliN / adj. 強制的， 強迫的， 引人注目的
[固定搭配] compel sb. to do sth. 強迫某人做某事；be compelled to （do） 不得不（做）
wastage / 5weistidV / n. 1消耗量， 損耗2廢物
[例] factory wastage 工廠廢物
[派生] waste / weist / n. 1廢物2浪費；損耗， 消耗 3荒地
adj. 廢棄的， 荒蕪的， 多余的vt.浪費， 消耗， 使荒蕪
vi. 1被浪費， 揮霍錢財2變消瘦；被損耗
tap / tAp / n. 1輕打2活栓；水龍頭vt. 1輕打， 輕敲， 敲打出2開發(fā)， 分接3使流出4選擇 vi. 1輕叩， 輕拍2輕聲走 n. <美>（用復數(shù)）熄燈號
[例] She tapped him on the shoulder. 她輕輕拍了拍他的肩膀。
[同義] faucet ，pat， rap ，spigot
hitherto / 7hiTE5tu： / adv. 迄今， 至今
[例] The weather， which had hitherto been sunny and mild， suddenly turned cold.迄今一直晴朗溫暖的天氣突然變冷了
[同義] till now ， up to now ， so far
[反義] henceforth / hens5fC：W / adv. 自此以后， 今后
intervention / 7intE（：）5venFEn / n. 干涉
[例] armed intervention 武裝干涉
[同義] infringement ，interference， intrusion
[派生] interventionist / IntE5venFEnIst / n. 干涉主義者 adj. 干涉主義的
innovation / 7inEu5veiFEn / n. 改革， 創(chuàng)新
[例] The innovation of air travel during this century has made the world seem smaller. 本世紀發(fā)明的空中飛行似乎使世界變小了。
[派生] innovative / `InEJveItIv / adj. 創(chuàng)新的， 革新（主義）的
innovate /5inEuveit / vi. 改革， 創(chuàng)新
industrialize / in5dQstriElaiz / vt. 使工業(yè)化 vi. 工業(yè)化
[例] "Today， because of industrialization， a typical family will be required to move even more often than now， so families will be even smaller."
"今天，由于工業(yè)化，要求一般的家庭比現(xiàn)在移動更加頻繁，所以家庭會更小。"
[派生] industrialized / In`dQstrIElaIzd / adj. 工業(yè)化的
nowadays / 5nauEdeiz / adv. 現(xiàn)今， 現(xiàn)在
[例] Nowadays people travel by plane. 如今人們乘飛機旅行。
[同義] now ， today
[派生] nowadays / 5nauEdei / adj. 現(xiàn)在的， 當前的四、 強化練習
1. The World Bank Country Director also expressed his hope that China's government will take more effective measures to handle these challenges， in order to improve the________ of people in China.
A. meditation B. welfare C. simulation D. model
2. Secondly， by human nature we are motivated to pursue those activities in which we excel. To _______ scholars to focus only on certain areas would be to force many to waste their true talents.
A. mount B. reduce C. compel D. modify
3. Dr Vidal Pelaez， head of the obstetrics （產(chǎn)科學） and gynaecology （婦科醫(yī)學） department at the hospital， said： "Mother and child are in perfect health. Medical_______ lasted 30 minutes with no complications whatsoever."
A. monotony B. performance C. perfection D. intervention
4. As competition gets tougher and markets more challenging， _______ in management practice has become an imperative for businesses around the world.
A. innovation B. proclamation C. procession D. prone
5. In a_______ unthinkable step， PADPA is now considering bringing a case against the police for violating its right to demonstrate and for illegal imprisonment.
A. proof B. intricate C. hitherto D. irrespective
答案： BCDAC
Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community. Under modem conditions， this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. Furthermore， it is obvious that the strength of a country's economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry， and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example， they may encourage research in various ways， including the setting up of their own research centers； they may alter the structure of education， or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited ； or they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science， economics and industry. In any case， all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds.
Owing to the remarkable development in mass communications， people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas， while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time， the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past. For example， in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed-was spread over nearly a century， whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned. Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements-themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors， governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect.
二、譯文
世界各國的政府都認為：人民的福利主要依賴于本國經(jīng)濟實力和社會財富。在現(xiàn)代條件下，這需要不同程度的中央調(diào)控措施，從而也就需要獲得諸如經(jīng)濟學和運籌學等領域?qū)＜业膮f(xié)助。再者，顯而易見的是一個國家的經(jīng)濟實力與其工農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)效率密切相關，而效率的提高則有賴于各種科學人員的努力。這也就意味著政府必須對這些產(chǎn)業(yè)部門進行越來越多的干預，以便提高生產(chǎn)率，確保發(fā)揮效益。例如，政府可以利用各種方法鼓勵研究工作，包括建立自己的研究中心；政府還可以改變教育結(jié)構(gòu)或?qū)逃M行干預，以便減少自然資源的浪費，開發(fā)至今尚未利用的資源；政府還可以在日益增多的跨國科學、經(jīng)濟和工業(yè)項目中直接進行合作。無論如何，一切干預都離不開科技咨詢和各種科技人才。
由于大眾通訊的顯著發(fā)展，所有人都不斷感到有新的需求，并不斷接觸到新的習俗和思想，而出于上述原因，各國政府不得不經(jīng)常推行進一步的革新措施。同時，與過去相比，社會變革在全球范圍內(nèi)的正常速度已大大加快。例如，在先期實現(xiàn)工業(yè)化的歐洲國家里，其工業(yè)進程以及隨之而來的各種深刻的社會結(jié)構(gòu)變革持續(xù)了大約一個世紀，而如今一個發(fā)展中國家在10年左右的時間內(nèi)就可以完成同樣的過程。所有這些都給社會內(nèi)部帶來了巨大的壓力和不安，給相關政府部門造成了嚴重的問題。人口猛增或大量人口流動（現(xiàn)代交通工具使這種流動比較容易）造成的種種問題也會對社會造成新的壓力。綜合以上所有因素，各國政府越來越依賴于生物學家和社會學家規(guī)劃合適的項目，并將其付諸實踐。三、 考研核心詞匯
welfare / 5welfZE / n. 福利， 安寧， 幸福， 福利事業(yè) adj. 福利的
[例] public welfare funds 公共福利基金
[同義] advantage ， behalf ， benefit ， comfort， good ，interest ， prosperity
[反義] misery / 5mizEri / n. 痛苦， 苦惱， 悲慘， 不幸， 窮困
[派生] welfarism / wel5fZErizm / n. 社會福利國家主義， 社會福利制度， 福利費
centralize / 5sentrElaiz / vt. 1集聚， 集中2施行中央集權 vi. 集中于中央
[例] centralize the administration of the gold mines 統(tǒng)一管理所有金礦
[派生] centralized / 5sentrElaizd / adj. 集中的， 中央集權的
furthermore / f\：TE5mC：（r） / adv. 此外， 而且
[例] "The house is too small， and furthermore， it's too far from the office."
"這座房子太小，而且離辦公地點也太遠。"
[同義] again， also， besides ，by the same token， in addition， likewise ，similarly
compel / kEm5pel / vt. 強迫， 迫使
[例] The rain compelled us to stay indoors. 雨迫使我們待在家里。
[同義] force， make ，require
[反義] free / fri： / adj. 1自由的2大方的， 免費的， 免稅的3豐富的4空閑的vt. 釋放， 使自由 adv. 自由地， 免費
[派生] compelling / kEm5peliN / adj. 強制的， 強迫的， 引人注目的
[固定搭配] compel sb. to do sth. 強迫某人做某事；be compelled to （do） 不得不（做）
wastage / 5weistidV / n. 1消耗量， 損耗2廢物
[例] factory wastage 工廠廢物
[派生] waste / weist / n. 1廢物2浪費；損耗， 消耗 3荒地
adj. 廢棄的， 荒蕪的， 多余的vt.浪費， 消耗， 使荒蕪
vi. 1被浪費， 揮霍錢財2變消瘦；被損耗
tap / tAp / n. 1輕打2活栓；水龍頭vt. 1輕打， 輕敲， 敲打出2開發(fā)， 分接3使流出4選擇 vi. 1輕叩， 輕拍2輕聲走 n. <美>（用復數(shù)）熄燈號
[例] She tapped him on the shoulder. 她輕輕拍了拍他的肩膀。
[同義] faucet ，pat， rap ，spigot
hitherto / 7hiTE5tu： / adv. 迄今， 至今
[例] The weather， which had hitherto been sunny and mild， suddenly turned cold.迄今一直晴朗溫暖的天氣突然變冷了
[同義] till now ， up to now ， so far
[反義] henceforth / hens5fC：W / adv. 自此以后， 今后
intervention / 7intE（：）5venFEn / n. 干涉
[例] armed intervention 武裝干涉
[同義] infringement ，interference， intrusion
[派生] interventionist / IntE5venFEnIst / n. 干涉主義者 adj. 干涉主義的
innovation / 7inEu5veiFEn / n. 改革， 創(chuàng)新
[例] The innovation of air travel during this century has made the world seem smaller. 本世紀發(fā)明的空中飛行似乎使世界變小了。
[派生] innovative / `InEJveItIv / adj. 創(chuàng)新的， 革新（主義）的
innovate /5inEuveit / vi. 改革， 創(chuàng)新
industrialize / in5dQstriElaiz / vt. 使工業(yè)化 vi. 工業(yè)化
[例] "Today， because of industrialization， a typical family will be required to move even more often than now， so families will be even smaller."
"今天，由于工業(yè)化，要求一般的家庭比現(xiàn)在移動更加頻繁，所以家庭會更小。"
[派生] industrialized / In`dQstrIElaIzd / adj. 工業(yè)化的
nowadays / 5nauEdeiz / adv. 現(xiàn)今， 現(xiàn)在
[例] Nowadays people travel by plane. 如今人們乘飛機旅行。
[同義] now ， today
[派生] nowadays / 5nauEdei / adj. 現(xiàn)在的， 當前的四、 強化練習
1. The World Bank Country Director also expressed his hope that China's government will take more effective measures to handle these challenges， in order to improve the________ of people in China.
A. meditation B. welfare C. simulation D. model
2. Secondly， by human nature we are motivated to pursue those activities in which we excel. To _______ scholars to focus only on certain areas would be to force many to waste their true talents.
A. mount B. reduce C. compel D. modify
3. Dr Vidal Pelaez， head of the obstetrics （產(chǎn)科學） and gynaecology （婦科醫(yī)學） department at the hospital， said： "Mother and child are in perfect health. Medical_______ lasted 30 minutes with no complications whatsoever."
A. monotony B. performance C. perfection D. intervention
4. As competition gets tougher and markets more challenging， _______ in management practice has become an imperative for businesses around the world.
A. innovation B. proclamation C. procession D. prone
5. In a_______ unthinkable step， PADPA is now considering bringing a case against the police for violating its right to demonstrate and for illegal imprisonment.
A. proof B. intricate C. hitherto D. irrespective
答案： BCDAC