南京師范大學(xué)編 （高綱號 0095）
語言學(xué)概論是英語專業(yè)本科段的一門理論課程。該課程通過對英語語言的語音、音位、詞法和句法各系統(tǒng)的分析，介紹普通語言學(xué)的基本理論模式、概念和研究方法。應(yīng)試者通過本課程的自學(xué)，應(yīng)能清楚地解釋語言中的重要概念、初步地懂得語言的研究方法，并能運用所學(xué)的理論知識，分析有關(guān)的英語語言現(xiàn)象。
一、 考試內(nèi)容
Chapter One Introduction
1. Differences between general linguistics and descriptive linguistics.
2. The nature of language（s）
System/symbolic/vocal/arbitrary/creative/changeable/double-structured
3. Scientific method in linguistics
Common biases/the process of rule-construction
4. The goal of linguistics
Model/competence/explicitness/generativeness
5. The sub-brancuistics
Phonetics/phonology/morphology/syntax/semantics
6. Saussure： the father of linguistics
three major distinctions： synchronic/diachronic； paradigmatic/cyntagmatic； langue/parole
Chapter Two Phonetics
1. The sub-branches of phouetics aritculatory/acoustic/auditory
2. The names of speech organs： Figure 1，p.17
3. International Phonetic Alphabet
Relationship between spelling and sound in English/advantages of IPA
4. Classification of the English consonants
（1）the position of the soft palate：nasal/oral；
（2）the presence or the absence of vocal-cord vibration； voiceless/voiced；
（3）thep lace of articulation：bilabials/labiodentals/dentals/alveolars/post-alveolars/alveopalatals/palatals/velars/glottals；
（4）the manner of articulation；
stops/fricatives/affricates/liquids/glides
5.Classification fo the English vowels
（1）the state of the velum：oral/nasal；
（2）the position of the tongue：high-mid-low/front/central/back
（3）lip rounding：rounded/unrounded
（6）diphthongs/triphthongs
（7）Phonetic features
consonantal/vocalic/continuant/voiced/aspirated/nasal/anterior/coronal
Chapter Three Phonology
1.Importaet concepts
phoneme/phone/allophone：minimal pair/minimal set
2.Identifying phonemes
（1）environment/distribution/contrastive distribution/complementary distribution/free variation
（2）principles；contrastive distribution-separate phonemes； free variation——phonetic variants； complementary distribution+phonetically similar——phonetic variants.
（3）procedures； Figure 13，p.36
3.Sequential constraints
4.Distinctive features
5.Suprasegemental features；
stress/tone and intonation/juncture
Chapter Four Morphology
1.morpheme/morph/allomorph
2.Classifications of morphemes；
（1）root/affiz；free/bound；lexical/functional
（2）prefixes/suffixes/infixes
（3）inflectional/derivational
3.Identifying morphemes
（1）cutting sound sequences into morphs； comparison；
（2）grouping morphs into morphemes； semanti-cally indentical+complementary distribution——separate morphemes
（3）empty morph/zero morph
4.Morphemic analysis
（1）Immediate Constituent Analysis（JC analysis）；
ultimate constituents/immediate constituents/constituents；
（2）principles of IC analysis；
meaningful relationship/morphological rules
5.Word-formation processes
（1）main processes； affixation/conversion/compounding；
（2）minor processes； blending/clipping/acronymy/back-formation
Chapter Five Syntax（Ⅰ）
1.Three types of syntactic relations；
sequential（syntagmatic）/substitutional （paradigmatic）/hierarchical
2.Identifying syntactic categories；
morphological and distributional features
3.Labeled IC analysis；
phrase marker/node； labeled brackets； complete/partial phrase marker
Chapter Six Syntax（Ⅱ）
1.Phrase structure rules（PS rules）/transformational rules （T-rules）；
deep structure/surface structure
2.The PS rules for the sentences， noun phrases， verb phrases and auxiliary phrases
Chapter Seven Syntax（Ⅲ）
1.Three kinds of operations performed by T-rules；optional/compulsory transformations.
2.The structure of a T-rule； The structural description （SD）/the structural change（SC）
3.T-rules； T-affix/T-Passive/T-Agent-deletion/T-Negation/T-Do-insertion/T-Yes/No question/
T-Reflexivization/T-Imperative
4.Ordering of transformations
二、考試形式
本課程只進(jìn)行筆試，試卷以英語命題，以英語答卷。試卷由兩大部分組成；理論部分和應(yīng)用部分可能有采用的形式如下：
1.Theory-oriented questions
1.Fill in the blanks
e.g.English phonetics has three sub-branches_______，_______，_______.
2.Multiple-choice questions
e.g.Morpheme is defined as
（a）a meaningful unit
（b）a minimal unit
（c）a minimal meaningful grammatical unit
（d）a minimal meaningful unit
3.go If two or more sounds can occur in the
same environment，they are said to Le in comple-mentary distribution. True False
4.Essay-type questions
e.g.How doesl angue differ from parole according to Saussure‘s view？
11.Practical work
這一部分試題所采取的形式均在每章后面的練習(xí)中出現(xiàn)過，如：
Chapter Two： 6，9，10，12
Chapter Three：2，3，4，5，6，7，8，9，13，14，15
Chapter Four：6，7，8，9，10，11，12，13，14
Chapter Five：1，2，3，4，5，6，8，9
Chapter Six：2，3，4，5，6，7，8，9
Chapter Seven.1，2，3，4，5，6，7
三、教材
An Introduction to English Linguistics 南京師范大學(xué)外文系文秋芳編寫
January 5，1990