第二節(jié)閱讀理解應(yīng)試技巧
一、教學(xué)大綱對(duì)閱讀能力的具體要求來(lái)源：www.examda.com
(一) 理解主題和中心思想
［分析］要求考生能夠把握所讀材料的中心論題或作者想要通過(guò)事實(shí)傳達(dá)的觀點(diǎn)。在測(cè)試中表現(xiàn)為主旨題。
（二） 辨認(rèn)主題展開(kāi)的重要細(xì)節(jié)
［分析］要求考生能夠識(shí)別支持主題的重要事實(shí)、例證。在測(cè)試中表現(xiàn)為情節(jié)題。來(lái)源：www.examda.com
(三) 區(qū)分事實(shí)和看法
［分析］要求考生能夠區(qū)別文章中哪些是作者用于支持或反駁某種看法的客觀事實(shí)、論據(jù)，哪些是作者個(gè)人的觀點(diǎn)、看法，不能混為一談。
（四） 進(jìn)行推論
［分析］這是難度較大的一種閱讀技能，要求考生推測(cè)出文章中某一部分隱含的、沒(méi)有直接陳述的含義。在測(cè)試中表現(xiàn)為推論題。
（五） 作結(jié)論
［分析］要求考生根據(jù)作者陳述或議論的傾向性，得出合乎邏輯的結(jié)論。而所得出的結(jié)論應(yīng)與文章事實(shí)暗示的邏輯相一致。它考的是綜合概括能力，在測(cè)試中表現(xiàn)為結(jié)論題。
(六) 略讀以獲取閱讀材料大意
［分析］要求考生在閱讀中能夠使用快讀這一技巧，通過(guò)瀏覽獲得材料的主要意義。
（七） 快速查找特定信息
［分析］這也是閱讀當(dāng)中提高效率的一種快速閱讀技巧，要求考生能夠“掃描”，找出與問(wèn)題有關(guān)的事實(shí)、數(shù)據(jù)等。
(八) 猜測(cè)生詞的詞義
［分析］要求能通過(guò)上下文的各種線索或構(gòu)詞法猜測(cè)某個(gè)詞或短語(yǔ)在文章中合乎上下文的意義，而非詞典中的任一義項(xiàng)。在測(cè)試中表現(xiàn)為“語(yǔ)義題”。
(九) 理解句內(nèi)關(guān)系
［分析］這是把握語(yǔ)篇水平閱讀的最重要的技能。它不僅要求考生能夠理解單句的意義，而且要能夠?qū)⒕渑c句聯(lián)系起來(lái)，理解句際的意義關(guān)系和邏輯關(guān)系，分清段落中意義的層次。句際的關(guān)系具體表現(xiàn)為：因果關(guān)系、轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系、遞進(jìn)關(guān)系、并列關(guān)系、比較和對(duì)照關(guān)系，以及定義概括與分類、舉例說(shuō)明關(guān)系等。
(十) 利用參閱技能
［分析］要求能在閱讀中利用大、小標(biāo)題，印刷格式、符號(hào)、注釋、圖表、目錄等。
二、閱讀策略
閱讀的方式多種多樣，根據(jù)閱讀目的和閱讀材料的不同，讀者應(yīng)采用不同的讀法。它可以是以一般的速度通篇看過(guò)每一句話的通讀，也可以是出于學(xué)習(xí)目的仔細(xì)研讀。但是，在實(shí)際的閱讀活動(dòng)中，尤其是在閱讀測(cè)試中，我們不必要、也不可能只通過(guò)這兩種閱讀方式完成閱讀任務(wù)。下面將要介紹的查閱和略讀以及各種處理閱讀中障礙的技巧就是閱讀者必須掌握和應(yīng)用的。
(一) 查讀
查讀是一種選擇性的閱讀。當(dāng)我們需要尋找某個(gè)具體事實(shí)或信息時(shí)，我們不必通覽全文，而只需直接查找出所需要的東西。正如我們翻詞典查找某一詞條一樣。這種閱讀技巧就是查讀。查讀的特點(diǎn)是帶著問(wèn)題去尋找答案，讀者可以運(yùn)用這種技巧迅速查找某個(gè)問(wèn)題的出處，然后細(xì)讀該部分。
(二) 略讀
略讀是另一種選擇性閱讀。它與通讀不同的是跳過(guò)一些無(wú)關(guān)緊要的細(xì)節(jié)，而非一句不漏地讀。略讀與查閱也有所不同：查閱是查找某個(gè)具體的事實(shí)，而略讀則是粗略地瀏覽全文，略去枝節(jié)，抓住文章的主干和大意。在解答涉及文章主旨的整體性問(wèn)題時(shí)，讀者可運(yùn)用這一技巧。
(三) 猜詞
在閱讀中，我們不可避免地會(huì)遇到一些生詞，有時(shí)，我們可以查詞典，但在許多情況下，我們可以通過(guò)上下文來(lái)猜測(cè)出生詞的意義。在閱讀測(cè)試中，我們則只能通過(guò)猜測(cè)來(lái)解決。猜詞的線索有以下幾種：
線索之一：定義、重述、舉例。
有時(shí)，作者覺(jué)得某個(gè)詞對(duì)讀者來(lái)說(shuō)不太熟悉，或?yàn)榱耸鼓硞€(gè)概念更加明確、具體，往往會(huì)用定義、重述、舉例的方式緊接著做出某種解釋。
［例１］Stereotype, the pictures we carry in our heads, can lead to discrimination and prejudice. (定義)來(lái)源：www.examda.com
［例２］If spelling becomes the only focal point of his teachers interest, clearly a bright child will be likely to “play safe”. He will tend to write only words within his spelling range, choosing to avoid adventurous language. (重述)
［例3］The disparity between poverty and wealth can be seen in some of the major capitals of the world today, including Washington, where slums sit just blocks away from neighborhoods of expensive townhouses. (舉例)
在許多情況下，作者以更為明確的語(yǔ)言信號(hào)表明他是在定義、重述或舉例，如“refer to, that is, for example”等詞。有了這些信號(hào)詞，讀者就能更容易地識(shí)別這類詞匯線索。
線索之二：通過(guò)上下文相關(guān)信息猜詞。
在更多的情況下，讀者必須綜合生詞上下文有關(guān)的信息來(lái)揣測(cè)該生詞的含義。請(qǐng)看下面的例子：
［例１］Living at home, says Knighton, a school teacher, continues to give her security and moral support. Her mother agreed, “Its ridiculous for the kids to pay all that money for rent. It makes sense for kids to stay at home.” But sharing the family home requires adjustments for all. There are the hassles over bathrooms, telephones and privacy. Some families, however,manage the delicate balancing act.
“hassles”在這里是個(gè)不熟悉的詞， 但通過(guò)上下文已知信息“孩子們都住在家里需要互相調(diào)適”以及后面的轉(zhuǎn)折語(yǔ)義，可猜出該生詞意為“爭(zhēng)吵”之意。
［例2］Suppose you had awakened this morning totally unable to remember anything — all your other faculties working properly, but memory entirely gone.
即使你不認(rèn)識(shí)“faculties”這個(gè)詞，但根據(jù)上文“假設(shè)你早晨醒來(lái)什么都不記得了”，下文“你記憶完全消失”可推測(cè)出這里的“faculties”應(yīng)指的是與“記憶”能力并列的人的其他“感官能力”。
線索之三：通過(guò)對(duì)照反比關(guān)系猜詞。
［例１］Survival rates have increased, while the need for deforming surgery has been minimized.
［例2］It is well known that when an individual joins a group he tends to accept the groups standards of behavior and thinking.... It would be a mistake to think that only particularly docile people are chosen to take part in experiment of this type. Usually highly independent people are used and this, of course, makes the results even more disturbing.
通過(guò)閱讀，讀者可以發(fā)現(xiàn)例①、②中劃線的生詞分別與上文和下文中的斜體詞和詞組在語(yǔ)義上呈反義和對(duì)照關(guān)系。例①中，與increase相對(duì)，minimize應(yīng)理解為“減少”。同樣，例②中生詞docile與下文independent相對(duì)，可猜出docile的意思可能是“不獨(dú)立的，順從的”。
線索之四：通過(guò)常識(shí)經(jīng)驗(yàn)猜詞。
［例１］He failed to clear the height of 2 meters in the high jump competition.來(lái)源：www.examda.com
［例2］The taxi driver opened the trunk and put the passengers large suitcase in it.
憑常識(shí)可猜出上例中：“clear”和“trunk”分別意為“躍過(guò)”和“行李箱”。
線索之五：通過(guò)詞的前綴、后綴和詞根猜詞。
除了根據(jù)上下文的信息線索猜測(cè)生詞詞義之外，我們還可以通過(guò)詞匯本身的一些“線索”猜測(cè)詞義。這個(gè)“線索”就是構(gòu)詞法。通過(guò)了解一些英語(yǔ)構(gòu)詞的規(guī)律，掌握常用的前綴、后綴對(duì)閱讀中猜測(cè)生詞的詞義大有幫助。
例如：前綴co表示“together”之義，進(jìn)而我們可猜測(cè)coexist和cooperate分別為“共存”，“合作”之義，詞根cred為“believe”之義，進(jìn)而我們可猜出“incredible”為“難以置信”之義。
(四) 預(yù)測(cè)
(1) 識(shí)別信號(hào)詞，預(yù)測(cè)下文
閱讀的過(guò)程其實(shí)就是追尋作者的思路、理解文章內(nèi)容的過(guò)程。只有抓住了作者的思路，理解文章上下文及各個(gè)部分的關(guān)系，才能對(duì)文章有正確和準(zhǔn)確的理解。信號(hào)詞就是表明作者思路的發(fā)展、延伸的一些連詞及起連詞作用的詞或詞組。利用信號(hào)詞，我們可以預(yù)測(cè)下文可能出現(xiàn)的大致內(nèi)容及傾向，并證實(shí)我們對(duì)已讀過(guò)的上文的理解。同時(shí)，信號(hào)詞還可以幫助我們識(shí)別哪些是新的重要的信息，哪些是次要的信息；從而決定哪些內(nèi)容該細(xì)讀，哪些可匆匆掃過(guò)。因此，掌握和識(shí)別這類信號(hào)詞可提高我們的閱讀速度和理解能力。例如：
The cause of the decline of North Africa is popularly attributed to climatic changes, the theory being that the area became hotter and drier and the people were forced to abandon a thriving civilization. However, some geologists, after carefully weighing the evidence, have challenged the conclusion that the climate has changed in any important way since Roman times. Although climatological factors may also have contributed, it was man who destroyed the balance of nature responsible for maintaining soil fertility and moisture.
上文開(kāi)頭第一句說(shuō)許多人把北非衰落的原因歸咎于氣候的變化，認(rèn)為變得干燥、炎熱的氣候迫使人們放棄了正處于文明興旺的這一地區(qū)。接著，作者用了一個(gè)“However”，這一信號(hào)詞預(yù)示著下文意義將有轉(zhuǎn)折，即可能有人持不同的意見(jiàn)。緊讀下面一句，讀者的預(yù)測(cè)得到證實(shí)，即并非氣候變化使然，因?yàn)槟抢锏臍夂虿⑽窗l(fā)生過(guò)重大變化。后面出現(xiàn)“Although”這一信號(hào)詞，表明將在態(tài)度和意義上做出“讓步”并亮出觀點(diǎn)或結(jié)論。通過(guò)識(shí)別這兩個(gè)信號(hào)詞，我們可以準(zhǔn)確地把握文章的思路，分清和理順句子間的邏輯關(guān)系，更好地理解全篇的內(nèi)容。
信號(hào)詞可分為以下幾類：
表示下文與前文類似
similarly in the same wayonce again
表示將有轉(zhuǎn)折和相反的情況
but whereas however
even so thoughalthough
neverthelessunlike yet
nonetheless stillin spite of this
on the other handfor all that on the contrary
contrary to in contrast
表示舉例或說(shuō)明
for examplefor instance similarly
specifically in generalin particular
that is
表示時(shí)間關(guān)系
aftersoonwhen
beforeafterwardat last
meanwhileby that timeshortly after
after thatearlierlater
whilefrom then onthen
表示原因與結(jié)果的關(guān)系
as a resultsoand that is why
consequentlysincebecause
in consequencethusaccordingly
thereforefor this reasonas
表示遞進(jìn)、附加
furthermoreagainin fact
moreoverbesidesin addition
and indeedwhats more
表示預(yù)期的發(fā)展
to be suresurelyof course
naturally
表示對(duì)上文的強(qiáng)化
indeedin factas a matter of fact
表示總結(jié)和結(jié)論來(lái)源：www.examda.com
in a wordin conclusionfinally
in shortin briefall in all
in summary
表示次序
first, second etc.finally
(2) 利用語(yǔ)言信號(hào)進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)
在許多情況下，思路的延展并不借助于具體的“信號(hào)詞”，而是通過(guò)句子本身的含義來(lái)預(yù)示的。這就要求我們?cè)陂喿x過(guò)程中思維更加積極主動(dòng)，識(shí)別句子內(nèi)涵所透露出來(lái)的信號(hào)，預(yù)測(cè)文章思路的走向。例：
Many mammals live through the winter by hibernating(冬眠). There is a nice problem of definition here.(由此可預(yù)期下文將涉及冬眠的定義) Most experts now agree that a mammal can be said to hibernate only if body temperature drops greatly and its whole metabolism — including respiration and heart rate — is much reduced.
三、實(shí)考對(duì)策
(一) 閱讀文章模式分析及閱讀策略
Argumentation(論說(shuō)文類)
模式之一：駁論
a 介紹一種對(duì)某一問(wèn)題的流行看法
b 提出疑問(wèn)或直接表明不同觀點(diǎn)
c 用事實(shí)、細(xì)節(jié)說(shuō)明，支持自己的論點(diǎn)
Not content with its doubtful claim to produce cheap food for our own population, the factory farming industry also argues that “hungry nations are benefiting from advances made by the poultry(家禽) industry”， in fact, rather than helping the fight against malnutrition(營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良) in “hungry nations”, the spread of factory farming has, inevitably aggravated the problem.
Large scale intensive meat and poultry production is a waste of food resources. This is because more protein has to be fed to animals in the form of vegetable matter than can ever be recovered in the form of meat. Much of the food value is lost in the animals process of digestion and cell replacement. Neither, in the case of chicken, can one eat feathers, blood, feet or head. In all, only about 44% of the live animal fits to be eaten as meat.
This means one has to feed approximately 9-10 times as much food value to the animal than one can consume from the carcass. As a system for feeding the hungry, the effects can prove disastrous. At times of crisis grain is the food of life.
Nevertheless, the huge increase in poultry production throughout Asia and Africa continues. Normally British or US firms are involved. For instance, an American based multinational company has this year announced its involvement in projects in several African countries. Britains largest suppliers chickens, Ross Breeders, are also involved in projects all over the world.來(lái)源：www.examda.com
Because such trade is good for exports, Western governments encourge it. In 1979, a firm in Bangladesh called Phoenix Poultry received a grant to set up a unit of 6,000 chickens and 18,000 laying hens. This almost doubled the number of poultry kept in the country all at once.
But Bangladesh lacks capital, energy and food and has large numbers of unemployed. Such chickenraising demands capital for building and machinery, extensive use of energy resources for automation, and involves feeding chickens with potential faminerelief protein food. At present, one of Bangladeshs main imports is food grains, because the country is unable to grow enough food to feed its population. On what then can they possibly feed the chicken?
本篇談?wù)摰氖怯嘘P(guān)家禽的工廠化養(yǎng)殖問(wèn)題。首先，作者引出從事家禽工廠化養(yǎng)殖的人對(duì)家禽養(yǎng)殖業(yè)的態(tài)度，認(rèn)為“食品緊張的國(guó)家從家禽養(yǎng)殖業(yè)的進(jìn)步上獲益甚多”。接著作者對(duì)此觀點(diǎn)提出了反駁，認(rèn)為“工廠化養(yǎng)殖加劇了食品緊張的國(guó)家的營(yíng)養(yǎng)不足問(wèn)題”。然后，作者以論據(jù)證明其理由。
模式之二：立論(正面論證)
a． 引入一種觀點(diǎn)
b． 用事實(shí)或他人的意見(jiàn)證實(shí)
Now custom has not been commonly regarded as a subject of any great importance. The inner workings of our own brains we feel to be uniquely worthy of investigation, but custom, we have a way of thinking is behavior at its most commonplace. As a matter of fact, it is the other way around. Traditional custom, taken the world over, is a mass of detailed behavior more astonishing than what any one person can ever evolve in individual actions. Yet that is a rather trivial aspect of the matter. The fact of firstrate importance is the predominant role that custom plays in experience and in belief and the very great varieties it may manifest.
No man ever looks at the world with pristine(未受外界影響的)eyes. He sees it edited by a definite set of customs and institutions and ways of thinking. Even in his philosophical probings he cannot go behind these stereotypes(固定的模式)； his very concepts of the true and the false will still have reference to his particular traditional customs. John Dewey has said in all seriousness that the part played by custom in shaping the behavior of the individual as over against any way in which he can affect traditional custom, is as the proportion of the total vocabulary of his mother tongue over against those words of his own baby talk that are taken up into the language of his family. When one seriously studies social orders that have had the opportunity to develop independently, the figure(比喻)becomes no more than an exact and matteroffact observation. The life history of the individual is first and foremost an adjustment to the patterns and standards traditionally handed down in his community. From the moment of his birth the customs into which he is born shape his experience and behavior. By the time he can talk, he is the little creature of his culture, and by the time he is grown and able to take part in its activities, its habits are his habits, its beliefs his beliefs, its impossibilities his impossibilities.
本篇談?wù)擄L(fēng)俗研究的重要性。首先作者介紹了目前流行的一般觀點(diǎn)，認(rèn)為風(fēng)俗研究不重要。而作者觀點(diǎn)正好相反，風(fēng)俗在人們的經(jīng)驗(yàn)及信仰中起著重要的作用。然后，作者對(duì)其觀點(diǎn)作了論證。
一、教學(xué)大綱對(duì)閱讀能力的具體要求來(lái)源：www.examda.com
(一) 理解主題和中心思想
［分析］要求考生能夠把握所讀材料的中心論題或作者想要通過(guò)事實(shí)傳達(dá)的觀點(diǎn)。在測(cè)試中表現(xiàn)為主旨題。
（二） 辨認(rèn)主題展開(kāi)的重要細(xì)節(jié)
［分析］要求考生能夠識(shí)別支持主題的重要事實(shí)、例證。在測(cè)試中表現(xiàn)為情節(jié)題。來(lái)源：www.examda.com
(三) 區(qū)分事實(shí)和看法
［分析］要求考生能夠區(qū)別文章中哪些是作者用于支持或反駁某種看法的客觀事實(shí)、論據(jù)，哪些是作者個(gè)人的觀點(diǎn)、看法，不能混為一談。
（四） 進(jìn)行推論
［分析］這是難度較大的一種閱讀技能，要求考生推測(cè)出文章中某一部分隱含的、沒(méi)有直接陳述的含義。在測(cè)試中表現(xiàn)為推論題。
（五） 作結(jié)論
［分析］要求考生根據(jù)作者陳述或議論的傾向性，得出合乎邏輯的結(jié)論。而所得出的結(jié)論應(yīng)與文章事實(shí)暗示的邏輯相一致。它考的是綜合概括能力，在測(cè)試中表現(xiàn)為結(jié)論題。
(六) 略讀以獲取閱讀材料大意
［分析］要求考生在閱讀中能夠使用快讀這一技巧，通過(guò)瀏覽獲得材料的主要意義。
（七） 快速查找特定信息
［分析］這也是閱讀當(dāng)中提高效率的一種快速閱讀技巧，要求考生能夠“掃描”，找出與問(wèn)題有關(guān)的事實(shí)、數(shù)據(jù)等。
(八) 猜測(cè)生詞的詞義
［分析］要求能通過(guò)上下文的各種線索或構(gòu)詞法猜測(cè)某個(gè)詞或短語(yǔ)在文章中合乎上下文的意義，而非詞典中的任一義項(xiàng)。在測(cè)試中表現(xiàn)為“語(yǔ)義題”。
(九) 理解句內(nèi)關(guān)系
［分析］這是把握語(yǔ)篇水平閱讀的最重要的技能。它不僅要求考生能夠理解單句的意義，而且要能夠?qū)⒕渑c句聯(lián)系起來(lái)，理解句際的意義關(guān)系和邏輯關(guān)系，分清段落中意義的層次。句際的關(guān)系具體表現(xiàn)為：因果關(guān)系、轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系、遞進(jìn)關(guān)系、并列關(guān)系、比較和對(duì)照關(guān)系，以及定義概括與分類、舉例說(shuō)明關(guān)系等。
(十) 利用參閱技能
［分析］要求能在閱讀中利用大、小標(biāo)題，印刷格式、符號(hào)、注釋、圖表、目錄等。
二、閱讀策略
閱讀的方式多種多樣，根據(jù)閱讀目的和閱讀材料的不同，讀者應(yīng)采用不同的讀法。它可以是以一般的速度通篇看過(guò)每一句話的通讀，也可以是出于學(xué)習(xí)目的仔細(xì)研讀。但是，在實(shí)際的閱讀活動(dòng)中，尤其是在閱讀測(cè)試中，我們不必要、也不可能只通過(guò)這兩種閱讀方式完成閱讀任務(wù)。下面將要介紹的查閱和略讀以及各種處理閱讀中障礙的技巧就是閱讀者必須掌握和應(yīng)用的。
(一) 查讀
查讀是一種選擇性的閱讀。當(dāng)我們需要尋找某個(gè)具體事實(shí)或信息時(shí)，我們不必通覽全文，而只需直接查找出所需要的東西。正如我們翻詞典查找某一詞條一樣。這種閱讀技巧就是查讀。查讀的特點(diǎn)是帶著問(wèn)題去尋找答案，讀者可以運(yùn)用這種技巧迅速查找某個(gè)問(wèn)題的出處，然后細(xì)讀該部分。
(二) 略讀
略讀是另一種選擇性閱讀。它與通讀不同的是跳過(guò)一些無(wú)關(guān)緊要的細(xì)節(jié)，而非一句不漏地讀。略讀與查閱也有所不同：查閱是查找某個(gè)具體的事實(shí)，而略讀則是粗略地瀏覽全文，略去枝節(jié)，抓住文章的主干和大意。在解答涉及文章主旨的整體性問(wèn)題時(shí)，讀者可運(yùn)用這一技巧。
(三) 猜詞
在閱讀中，我們不可避免地會(huì)遇到一些生詞，有時(shí)，我們可以查詞典，但在許多情況下，我們可以通過(guò)上下文來(lái)猜測(cè)出生詞的意義。在閱讀測(cè)試中，我們則只能通過(guò)猜測(cè)來(lái)解決。猜詞的線索有以下幾種：
線索之一：定義、重述、舉例。
有時(shí)，作者覺(jué)得某個(gè)詞對(duì)讀者來(lái)說(shuō)不太熟悉，或?yàn)榱耸鼓硞€(gè)概念更加明確、具體，往往會(huì)用定義、重述、舉例的方式緊接著做出某種解釋。
［例１］Stereotype, the pictures we carry in our heads, can lead to discrimination and prejudice. (定義)來(lái)源：www.examda.com
［例２］If spelling becomes the only focal point of his teachers interest, clearly a bright child will be likely to “play safe”. He will tend to write only words within his spelling range, choosing to avoid adventurous language. (重述)
［例3］The disparity between poverty and wealth can be seen in some of the major capitals of the world today, including Washington, where slums sit just blocks away from neighborhoods of expensive townhouses. (舉例)
在許多情況下，作者以更為明確的語(yǔ)言信號(hào)表明他是在定義、重述或舉例，如“refer to, that is, for example”等詞。有了這些信號(hào)詞，讀者就能更容易地識(shí)別這類詞匯線索。
線索之二：通過(guò)上下文相關(guān)信息猜詞。
在更多的情況下，讀者必須綜合生詞上下文有關(guān)的信息來(lái)揣測(cè)該生詞的含義。請(qǐng)看下面的例子：
［例１］Living at home, says Knighton, a school teacher, continues to give her security and moral support. Her mother agreed, “Its ridiculous for the kids to pay all that money for rent. It makes sense for kids to stay at home.” But sharing the family home requires adjustments for all. There are the hassles over bathrooms, telephones and privacy. Some families, however,manage the delicate balancing act.
“hassles”在這里是個(gè)不熟悉的詞， 但通過(guò)上下文已知信息“孩子們都住在家里需要互相調(diào)適”以及后面的轉(zhuǎn)折語(yǔ)義，可猜出該生詞意為“爭(zhēng)吵”之意。
［例2］Suppose you had awakened this morning totally unable to remember anything — all your other faculties working properly, but memory entirely gone.
即使你不認(rèn)識(shí)“faculties”這個(gè)詞，但根據(jù)上文“假設(shè)你早晨醒來(lái)什么都不記得了”，下文“你記憶完全消失”可推測(cè)出這里的“faculties”應(yīng)指的是與“記憶”能力并列的人的其他“感官能力”。
線索之三：通過(guò)對(duì)照反比關(guān)系猜詞。
［例１］Survival rates have increased, while the need for deforming surgery has been minimized.
［例2］It is well known that when an individual joins a group he tends to accept the groups standards of behavior and thinking.... It would be a mistake to think that only particularly docile people are chosen to take part in experiment of this type. Usually highly independent people are used and this, of course, makes the results even more disturbing.
通過(guò)閱讀，讀者可以發(fā)現(xiàn)例①、②中劃線的生詞分別與上文和下文中的斜體詞和詞組在語(yǔ)義上呈反義和對(duì)照關(guān)系。例①中，與increase相對(duì)，minimize應(yīng)理解為“減少”。同樣，例②中生詞docile與下文independent相對(duì)，可猜出docile的意思可能是“不獨(dú)立的，順從的”。
線索之四：通過(guò)常識(shí)經(jīng)驗(yàn)猜詞。
［例１］He failed to clear the height of 2 meters in the high jump competition.來(lái)源：www.examda.com
［例2］The taxi driver opened the trunk and put the passengers large suitcase in it.
憑常識(shí)可猜出上例中：“clear”和“trunk”分別意為“躍過(guò)”和“行李箱”。
線索之五：通過(guò)詞的前綴、后綴和詞根猜詞。
除了根據(jù)上下文的信息線索猜測(cè)生詞詞義之外，我們還可以通過(guò)詞匯本身的一些“線索”猜測(cè)詞義。這個(gè)“線索”就是構(gòu)詞法。通過(guò)了解一些英語(yǔ)構(gòu)詞的規(guī)律，掌握常用的前綴、后綴對(duì)閱讀中猜測(cè)生詞的詞義大有幫助。
例如：前綴co表示“together”之義，進(jìn)而我們可猜測(cè)coexist和cooperate分別為“共存”，“合作”之義，詞根cred為“believe”之義，進(jìn)而我們可猜出“incredible”為“難以置信”之義。
(四) 預(yù)測(cè)
(1) 識(shí)別信號(hào)詞，預(yù)測(cè)下文
閱讀的過(guò)程其實(shí)就是追尋作者的思路、理解文章內(nèi)容的過(guò)程。只有抓住了作者的思路，理解文章上下文及各個(gè)部分的關(guān)系，才能對(duì)文章有正確和準(zhǔn)確的理解。信號(hào)詞就是表明作者思路的發(fā)展、延伸的一些連詞及起連詞作用的詞或詞組。利用信號(hào)詞，我們可以預(yù)測(cè)下文可能出現(xiàn)的大致內(nèi)容及傾向，并證實(shí)我們對(duì)已讀過(guò)的上文的理解。同時(shí)，信號(hào)詞還可以幫助我們識(shí)別哪些是新的重要的信息，哪些是次要的信息；從而決定哪些內(nèi)容該細(xì)讀，哪些可匆匆掃過(guò)。因此，掌握和識(shí)別這類信號(hào)詞可提高我們的閱讀速度和理解能力。例如：
The cause of the decline of North Africa is popularly attributed to climatic changes, the theory being that the area became hotter and drier and the people were forced to abandon a thriving civilization. However, some geologists, after carefully weighing the evidence, have challenged the conclusion that the climate has changed in any important way since Roman times. Although climatological factors may also have contributed, it was man who destroyed the balance of nature responsible for maintaining soil fertility and moisture.
上文開(kāi)頭第一句說(shuō)許多人把北非衰落的原因歸咎于氣候的變化，認(rèn)為變得干燥、炎熱的氣候迫使人們放棄了正處于文明興旺的這一地區(qū)。接著，作者用了一個(gè)“However”，這一信號(hào)詞預(yù)示著下文意義將有轉(zhuǎn)折，即可能有人持不同的意見(jiàn)。緊讀下面一句，讀者的預(yù)測(cè)得到證實(shí)，即并非氣候變化使然，因?yàn)槟抢锏臍夂虿⑽窗l(fā)生過(guò)重大變化。后面出現(xiàn)“Although”這一信號(hào)詞，表明將在態(tài)度和意義上做出“讓步”并亮出觀點(diǎn)或結(jié)論。通過(guò)識(shí)別這兩個(gè)信號(hào)詞，我們可以準(zhǔn)確地把握文章的思路，分清和理順句子間的邏輯關(guān)系，更好地理解全篇的內(nèi)容。
信號(hào)詞可分為以下幾類：
表示下文與前文類似
similarly in the same wayonce again
表示將有轉(zhuǎn)折和相反的情況
but whereas however
even so thoughalthough
neverthelessunlike yet
nonetheless stillin spite of this
on the other handfor all that on the contrary
contrary to in contrast
表示舉例或說(shuō)明
for examplefor instance similarly
specifically in generalin particular
that is
表示時(shí)間關(guān)系
aftersoonwhen
beforeafterwardat last
meanwhileby that timeshortly after
after thatearlierlater
whilefrom then onthen
表示原因與結(jié)果的關(guān)系
as a resultsoand that is why
consequentlysincebecause
in consequencethusaccordingly
thereforefor this reasonas
表示遞進(jìn)、附加
furthermoreagainin fact
moreoverbesidesin addition
and indeedwhats more
表示預(yù)期的發(fā)展
to be suresurelyof course
naturally
表示對(duì)上文的強(qiáng)化
indeedin factas a matter of fact
表示總結(jié)和結(jié)論來(lái)源：www.examda.com
in a wordin conclusionfinally
in shortin briefall in all
in summary
表示次序
first, second etc.finally
(2) 利用語(yǔ)言信號(hào)進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)
在許多情況下，思路的延展并不借助于具體的“信號(hào)詞”，而是通過(guò)句子本身的含義來(lái)預(yù)示的。這就要求我們?cè)陂喿x過(guò)程中思維更加積極主動(dòng)，識(shí)別句子內(nèi)涵所透露出來(lái)的信號(hào)，預(yù)測(cè)文章思路的走向。例：
Many mammals live through the winter by hibernating(冬眠). There is a nice problem of definition here.(由此可預(yù)期下文將涉及冬眠的定義) Most experts now agree that a mammal can be said to hibernate only if body temperature drops greatly and its whole metabolism — including respiration and heart rate — is much reduced.
三、實(shí)考對(duì)策
(一) 閱讀文章模式分析及閱讀策略
Argumentation(論說(shuō)文類)
模式之一：駁論
a 介紹一種對(duì)某一問(wèn)題的流行看法
b 提出疑問(wèn)或直接表明不同觀點(diǎn)
c 用事實(shí)、細(xì)節(jié)說(shuō)明，支持自己的論點(diǎn)
Not content with its doubtful claim to produce cheap food for our own population, the factory farming industry also argues that “hungry nations are benefiting from advances made by the poultry(家禽) industry”， in fact, rather than helping the fight against malnutrition(營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良) in “hungry nations”, the spread of factory farming has, inevitably aggravated the problem.
Large scale intensive meat and poultry production is a waste of food resources. This is because more protein has to be fed to animals in the form of vegetable matter than can ever be recovered in the form of meat. Much of the food value is lost in the animals process of digestion and cell replacement. Neither, in the case of chicken, can one eat feathers, blood, feet or head. In all, only about 44% of the live animal fits to be eaten as meat.
This means one has to feed approximately 9-10 times as much food value to the animal than one can consume from the carcass. As a system for feeding the hungry, the effects can prove disastrous. At times of crisis grain is the food of life.
Nevertheless, the huge increase in poultry production throughout Asia and Africa continues. Normally British or US firms are involved. For instance, an American based multinational company has this year announced its involvement in projects in several African countries. Britains largest suppliers chickens, Ross Breeders, are also involved in projects all over the world.來(lái)源：www.examda.com
Because such trade is good for exports, Western governments encourge it. In 1979, a firm in Bangladesh called Phoenix Poultry received a grant to set up a unit of 6,000 chickens and 18,000 laying hens. This almost doubled the number of poultry kept in the country all at once.
But Bangladesh lacks capital, energy and food and has large numbers of unemployed. Such chickenraising demands capital for building and machinery, extensive use of energy resources for automation, and involves feeding chickens with potential faminerelief protein food. At present, one of Bangladeshs main imports is food grains, because the country is unable to grow enough food to feed its population. On what then can they possibly feed the chicken?
本篇談?wù)摰氖怯嘘P(guān)家禽的工廠化養(yǎng)殖問(wèn)題。首先，作者引出從事家禽工廠化養(yǎng)殖的人對(duì)家禽養(yǎng)殖業(yè)的態(tài)度，認(rèn)為“食品緊張的國(guó)家從家禽養(yǎng)殖業(yè)的進(jìn)步上獲益甚多”。接著作者對(duì)此觀點(diǎn)提出了反駁，認(rèn)為“工廠化養(yǎng)殖加劇了食品緊張的國(guó)家的營(yíng)養(yǎng)不足問(wèn)題”。然后，作者以論據(jù)證明其理由。
模式之二：立論(正面論證)
a． 引入一種觀點(diǎn)
b． 用事實(shí)或他人的意見(jiàn)證實(shí)
Now custom has not been commonly regarded as a subject of any great importance. The inner workings of our own brains we feel to be uniquely worthy of investigation, but custom, we have a way of thinking is behavior at its most commonplace. As a matter of fact, it is the other way around. Traditional custom, taken the world over, is a mass of detailed behavior more astonishing than what any one person can ever evolve in individual actions. Yet that is a rather trivial aspect of the matter. The fact of firstrate importance is the predominant role that custom plays in experience and in belief and the very great varieties it may manifest.
No man ever looks at the world with pristine(未受外界影響的)eyes. He sees it edited by a definite set of customs and institutions and ways of thinking. Even in his philosophical probings he cannot go behind these stereotypes(固定的模式)； his very concepts of the true and the false will still have reference to his particular traditional customs. John Dewey has said in all seriousness that the part played by custom in shaping the behavior of the individual as over against any way in which he can affect traditional custom, is as the proportion of the total vocabulary of his mother tongue over against those words of his own baby talk that are taken up into the language of his family. When one seriously studies social orders that have had the opportunity to develop independently, the figure(比喻)becomes no more than an exact and matteroffact observation. The life history of the individual is first and foremost an adjustment to the patterns and standards traditionally handed down in his community. From the moment of his birth the customs into which he is born shape his experience and behavior. By the time he can talk, he is the little creature of his culture, and by the time he is grown and able to take part in its activities, its habits are his habits, its beliefs his beliefs, its impossibilities his impossibilities.
本篇談?wù)擄L(fēng)俗研究的重要性。首先作者介紹了目前流行的一般觀點(diǎn)，認(rèn)為風(fēng)俗研究不重要。而作者觀點(diǎn)正好相反，風(fēng)俗在人們的經(jīng)驗(yàn)及信仰中起著重要的作用。然后，作者對(duì)其觀點(diǎn)作了論證。