第五節(jié)大學(xué)英語六級考試作文應(yīng)試指導(dǎo)

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第五節(jié)六級作文應(yīng)試指導(dǎo)
    六級考試作文部分要求考生在30分鐘之內(nèi)寫出一篇不少于120詞的短文(四級為100詞)。從近幾年實考看,四、六級均采用同樣的作文題,題型多為提綱式作文。即給出一個英文標題下面用漢語給出三段(或兩段)的提綱,即要求寫的中心內(nèi)容。來源:www.examda.com
    六級考試作文評分原則和評分標準
    (一) 評分原則
    1. CET是檢查考生是否達到大學(xué)英語教學(xué)大綱規(guī)定的四級和六級教學(xué)要求,對作文的評判應(yīng)以此要求為準則。
    2. CET作文題采用總體評分(Global Scoring)方法。閱卷人員就總的印象給出獎勵分,而不是按語言點的錯誤數(shù)目扣分。
    3. 從內(nèi)容和語言兩個方面對作文進行綜合評判。內(nèi)容和語言是一個統(tǒng)一體。作文應(yīng)表達題目規(guī)定的內(nèi)容,而內(nèi)容要通過語言來表達。要考慮作文是否切題,是否充分表達思想,也要考慮是否用英語清楚而適切地表達思想,也就是要考慮語言上的錯誤是否造成理解上的障礙。
    4. 避免趨中傾向。該給高分的給高分,包括滿分;該低分的給低分,包括0分。一名閱卷人員在所評的全部作文卷中不應(yīng)只給中間的幾種分數(shù)。
    (二) 評分標準
    1 本題滿分為15分。
    2 閱卷標準共五等:2分、5分、8分、11分及14分。各有標準樣卷一至二份。
    3 閱卷人員根據(jù)閱卷標準,對照樣卷評分,若認為與某一分數(shù)(如8分)相似,即定為該分數(shù)(即8分);若認為稍優(yōu)劣于該分數(shù),則可加1分(即9分)或減1分(即7分)。但不得加或減半分。
    4 評分標準:
    2分——條理不清,思路紊亂,語言支離破碎或大部分句子均有錯誤,且多數(shù)為嚴重錯誤。來源:www.examda.com
    5分——基本切題。表達思想不清楚,連貫性差。有較多的嚴重語言錯誤。
    8分——基本切題。有些地方表達思想不夠清楚,文字勉強連貫;語言錯誤相當多,其中有一些是嚴重的錯誤。
    11分——切題。表達思想清楚,文字連貫,但有少量語言錯誤。
    14分——切題。表達思想清楚,文字通順。連貫性較好?;旧蠠o語言錯誤,僅有個別小錯。[注:白卷,作文與題目毫不相關(guān),或只有幾個孤立的詞而無法表達思想,則給0分]
    5 字數(shù)不足的應(yīng)酌情扣分:累計字數(shù)CET4〖〗CET6扣分99~99〖〗110~119〖〗180~89〖〗100~109〖〗270~79〖〗90~99〖〗360~69〖〗80~89〖〗550~59〖〗70~79〖〗7<49〖〗<69〖〗9[注:1如題目中給出主題句,起始句,結(jié)束句,均不得計入所寫字數(shù)。
    2只寫一段者:0~4分;只寫兩段者: 0~9分。(指規(guī)定三段的作文)]6為了便于閱卷人員掌握評分標準?,F(xiàn)將各檔作文分相當于百分制的得分,列表如下,稱分率。其中9分的得分率為60(相當于百分制的60分)。作文分〖〗15〖〗14〖〗13〖〗12〖〗11〖〗10〖〗9〖〗8〖〗7〖〗6〖〗5〖〗4〖〗3〖〗2〖〗1得分率〖〗100〖〗94〖〗87〖〗80〖〗74〖〗67〖〗60〖〗54〖〗47〖〗40〖〗34〖〗27〖〗20〖〗14〖〗7(三) 關(guān)于作文低分的有關(guān)規(guī)定
    1 作文分低分定為6分。
    2 考生作文分為0分時,若總分高于60分,一律按59分報道;若總分低于60分,則按“總分-6分”報道。
    3 考生作文分大于0分,小于6分時,則按下列公式報道成績:
    后報道分=原計算總分-6分+實得作文分。
    應(yīng)試技巧
    (一) 審題與構(gòu)思
    拿到一篇作文題后,應(yīng)先審題。首先要讀懂大標題,看看要寫的話題是什么。若對標題中某個詞不甚理解,可參照一下漢語提綱,往往能夠迎刃而解。從實考評卷看,考生因詞匯掌握不夠,不理解標題中的某個詞,造成偏離題目的情況時有發(fā)生。其實只要細心點,這種情況就不會發(fā)生??辞鍢祟}之后,要看一下所列提綱,弄清各段應(yīng)寫的內(nèi)容,以及各段落間的關(guān)系。接著,在頭腦里構(gòu)思一下每段要寫哪幾點(句),段落之間如何過渡等。來源:www.examda.com
    (二) 開端
    文章的開端很重要,俗話說“萬事開頭難”,一個好的起始句往往能夠打開思路。由于四、六級作文多為議論文和說明文,且為短文,“開門見山”直入話題為使用多開篇方式。(有關(guān)這一點,請參閱四、六級作文實用套語部分),然而,這并不意味著總是用一種單調(diào)的方式開頭。“開門見山”也有多種不同的手法。例如,我們可以用問句開頭,如1997年6月作文題為:“My view on jobhopping”(我對跳槽的看法),某考生是這樣開頭的:“You resigned again! Whats your new job?”然后接著寫“Jobhopping has become a hot topic among people,especially the young...”這就是個有點新意的開頭,與大多數(shù)考生不一樣。再如,我們還可以引述名言或諺語開頭。比如,同樣是上述這篇作文題,我們可以這樣開頭: There is an old saying: A rolling stone gathers no mosses.(滾石不生苔,轉(zhuǎn)業(yè)不生財) It means you cant achieve anything if you have no patience. But nowadays, many people are keen on jobhopping...讀到這樣一個不同凡響的開頭,這篇作文已給評卷者一個很好的印象。當然,除了“開門見山”式的開頭外,我們也可以用其他方法開頭。比如,我們可以用一個具體事例開頭或描述一個場景開頭。如1998年6月作文題:Do “Lucky Numbers” Really Bring Luck?大多數(shù)考生都是把第一段的漢語提綱“有人認為幸運數(shù)字能帶來好運”這句話翻譯了一下作為開端,而有考生是這樣寫的:My friend Sam was very excited yesterday, because he got a “l(fā)ucky number” for his telephone, which is 8011668. 這也是個比較生動的開頭??傊臒o定法,文章的開頭可以有多種多樣的變化,考生應(yīng)根據(jù)題目內(nèi)容的不同選擇合適的開頭方式。
    (三) 展開
    有了一個良好的開頭,接著就要按照既定的構(gòu)思框架,圍繞提綱規(guī)定的要點,展開段落。一般來說,每段的提綱就像一個主題句,考生需做的就是把這一概括性的“主題句”的意思加以發(fā)揮,將其具體化,或加以說明闡釋。四、六級考試的作文是短文,不需要長篇大論。所以考生要要言不煩,抓住要點,想好每段要寫的幾個句子。一般來說,每段只需寫4~5句即可達到所要求的字數(shù)。有些考生以為寫得長就是好,盲目追求字數(shù),結(jié)果句子雖寫了不少,但語言質(zhì)量差,甚至詞不達意。一篇作文能不能獲得較高的評分,主要在于文章句子的語言質(zhì)量,字數(shù)的多少并不成為評分時的主要關(guān)注點。依實考評卷的經(jīng)驗看,除非考生作文字數(shù)明顯太少,一般很少因為字數(shù)而扣分。所以不要為湊夠字數(shù)而匆匆忙忙。正確的策略應(yīng)該是考慮幾句切中要點的句子,把它們寫好,寫正確。
    (四) 遣詞造句
    考生在寫作時,要根據(jù)構(gòu)思,認真考慮寫好每一個句子。這是清楚表達的關(guān)鍵而要寫好句子就要用正確、恰當?shù)脑~匯和合適的句型結(jié)構(gòu)來表達。四、六級作文考的是運用語言的能力,評分從語言和內(nèi)容兩方面著眼,而在實際操作中更加偏重于從語言質(zhì)量角度評判高下。因此,考生在遣詞造句時應(yīng)注意以下幾點:(1) 要盡量選用自己熟悉,有把握的詞語來表達,避免詞不達意,減少出錯的頻率。如果表達時出現(xiàn)某個詞匯不會或想不起來,不如換一種說法,不要“硬譯”。(2) 要注意表達的多樣性(variety),具體而言,就是指用詞要豐富些,在句型、句式上要有所變化,嘗試使用不同的句子結(jié)構(gòu)。比如,使用一些復(fù)合句、并列句、疑問句等使文章更加緊湊、富于變。另外,選用恰當?shù)亩陶Z,詞組可為文章增加亮點。
    (五) 復(fù)查與修改
    這是寫作考試時一個必要步驟,但往往又容易被匆忙的考生忽略。在考作文時,考生應(yīng)留出3至4分鐘用于復(fù)查、修改。方法是閱讀一遍所寫的文章,看看有無語法方面的錯誤,一些匆匆忙忙中易出的錯誤,如主謂在人稱數(shù)上不一致,時態(tài)錯誤等明顯的錯誤,都可以通過復(fù)查發(fā)現(xiàn)并得以修改。來源:www.examda.com
    六級作文寫作實用套路套語例解
    大家都知道,要想寫好作文,提高寫作水平,關(guān)鍵在于打好語言基礎(chǔ),平時多寫多練多積累,決非一朝之功。但如果我們了解歷年作文考題在題材(subject matter)、文體方面的出題模式,積累一些應(yīng)試的寫作套路套語,就能夠在相對短的時間內(nèi)收到良好的效果。下面我們在分析歷年作文考題的基礎(chǔ)上,歸納出幾種典型的出題模式,然后提供一些寫作套路以供參考。
    (一) 典型出題模式及應(yīng)試套路
    模式之一:1有人認為…
    2有人認為(不同式相反的觀點)
    3我的觀點
    這是六級考試多次出現(xiàn)的作文模式之一,屬議論文。這種類型的作文題要求考生先陳述一些人對某種問題、現(xiàn)象的看法,然后陳述另一些人對此的不同看法。后一段要求作者發(fā)表觀點或評述。如1999年6月作文題:
    Reading Selectively or Extensively?
    1有人認為讀書要有選擇
    2有人認為應(yīng)當博覽群書
    3我的看法
    由于這類作文思維框架相同,我們可以利用以下幾個套路來構(gòu)筑這種作文模式的文章骨架。
    參考套路①
    Different people have different opinions as to ... Some people think... , while some other people argue that...
    As far as Im concerned, I agree with the latter to some extent, ... A case in point is ...
    參考套路②
    When asked the question “×××?” different people have different answers. Some / Quite a few people think that...
    Some others are of the opinion / maintain that... To their mind,...
    Which opinion (view) is right (reasonable)? (I think its not a matter of right or wrong), but Im inclined to accept the second view. My reasons are as follows. First of all,... Secoud,...
    參考套路③
    Some people believe that... because... But some others hold/maintain that... They think...
    In my opinion, I prefer / Im in favor of the latter...
    模式之二:1某事某物的好處/優(yōu)點
    2某事某物的副作用/帶來的問題
    3如何處理/看待
    這也是六級作文題常用的模式。先談某事物或現(xiàn)象的益處,然后要求寫其不足之處或負面影響,后談?wù)勗鯓犹幚砘驅(qū)Υ@一問題,或者談自己的看法、體會。如1996年1月作文題:
    The Twoday Weekend
    1雙休日給大學(xué)生帶來的好處
    2雙休日可能給大學(xué)生帶來的問題
    3我應(yīng)當怎樣過好雙休日
    參考套路:
    ...(引入話題)×××benefits us in many respects. First, ... Second, ... Third ...
    While ××× has so many advantages, we can not ignore the problems it brings us. For example...
    How to solve the problem? / What is the correct attitude towards ×××?
     (二) 六級作文實用套語
    (1)表示列舉他人的觀點、看法:
    ● Some people think (say, believe) that ..., while some others argue that ...
    ● Some people think that ... . However, some others hold the opposite view / a different opinion.
    ● With regard to the question / topic, different people have different answers / opinions. Some think that.... Some others maintain / are of the opinion that...
    ● Contrary to the above view, some others insist that...
    ● Nevertheless, there are some people who disagree(dont agree) with the view.
    ● There are much controversy on this phenomenon.來源:www.examda.com
    (2) 表示發(fā)表自己的觀點(贊成,不贊成,懷疑):
    ● Which opinion is right / more reasonable? Im inclined to accept the latter/the second view.
    ●  My opinion is that there is something in both of the views.
    ●  I think both of the above opinions are too radical / go to the extremes and therefore are incomplete.
    ●  It is true that..., but...
    ●  To my mind, both of the opinions are right in a certain sense.
    ●  As far as Im concerned,I prefer the former/the latter.
    ●  Im in favor of the latter.
    ●  My opinion is similar to the latter/my view is in agreement with the latter.
    ●  In my opinion, both of the above views are only partly right.
    ●  With regard to the question, I think a correct attitude is (that)...
    ●  To my mind, whether... or not depend on our attitude towards the matter and how we deal with it.
    ● In my opinion, whether it is good or bad depends on how we look at it.
    (3) 表示引入要討論的問題、現(xiàn)象:
    ● Recently, a hot topic people are talking about is... / there is a heated discussion on/ about/ whether...
    ● Nowadays, a social/common phenomenon that you can find everywhere is ...
    ● Nowadays, more and more people are concerned about...
    ● When asked the question “what/how...?” people have various answers.
    ● It is generally believed that...
    ● With the development of national economy...
    ● With the progress of science and technology...
    ● With the quickening pace of modern life...
    ● With peoples living standards rising, more and more people...
    ● There is a prevalent belief among people that...
    ● Nowadays, there is a widespread view that...
    ● Recently there has sprung up a heated discussion as to whether...
    ● In our daily life, we often hear /see /come across...
    ● ... is a common phenomenon in our daily life.
    (4) 表示陳述原因:
    ● There are several /various reasons for this (phenomenon).
    ● The reasons for this are as follows.
    ● Several factors are responsible for the phenomenon.
    ● There are several reasons why...
    ● Their opinion is based on the fact that... / the following facts...
    ● It is due to several factors.
    ● ..., for they think that...
    ● Those who are in favor of the ... believe that...
    ● The main /direct reason (for this) is that...
    ● These / The following are my reasons for my choice.來源:www.examda.com
    (5) 表示好處、壞處、利弊、優(yōu)缺點:
    ● It benefits us in many ways / respects.
    ● The advantages /disadvantages of ... are obvious.
    ● It contributes to ...
    ● Doing sth. is beneficial to ...
    ● It does harm / good to ...
    ● While ... has so many advantages, we should not ignore the problems it brings us.
    ● The negative aspect / effect is that ...
    ● Although ..., we should also take the negative effects into account / consideration.
    ● Just as a coin has two sides, everything has its advantages and disadvantages.
    (6) 表示措施、辦法怎樣做打算:
    ● We should take effective / drastic measures to stop / prevent / protect ...
    ● Faced with such a situation, what shall we do?
    ● What should we do to solve the problem?
    ● Perhaps the best choice is the combination of the two...
    ● The solution to this problem is to / that...
    ● There are several ways to cope with the problem.
    ● The government should make strict regulations / laws to ban such practice / to stop this phenomenon from spreading.
    ● We should take immediate action to ...
    ● Its urgent for us to do something about this.
    ● We should spare no effort /try every means to ...
    (7) 表示重要、必要:
    ● It is indispensable to our life.
    ● Its an indispensable part of ...
    ● It plays an important part.
    ● ××× is of vital importance.
    ● The important thing is that we should pay more attention to ...
    ● Its important /necessary /urgent for us to ...
    (8)表示結(jié)論、總結(jié):
    ● From the above analysis, we can see that... / we come to the conclusion that...
    ● Only in this way can we...
    ● Only when we... can we...
    (三) 六級作文常用連詞及起連接作用的詞語
    (1) 并列:and, as well as, and ... as well, or
    (2) 遞進,附加: besides, whats more, moreover, furthermore, in addition, also
    (3) 因果: because, because of, for, as, since, now that, thus, therefore, so, as a result
    (4) 轉(zhuǎn)折:but, however, nevertheless, though, on the contrary, on the other hand
    (5) 總結(jié),結(jié)論: in conclusion, in a word, in brief, all in all
    (6) 列舉,舉例:first, second, third, first of all, in the first place, in the next place, on one hand, on the other hand, for example, for instance, a case in point, take... for example
    (一) 四、六級閱讀文章模式分析及閱讀策略
    四、六級考試閱讀理解篇章在選材上多論說文和說明文,通過對歷年四、六級文章的分析,我們歸納出一些出現(xiàn)頻率高的行文模式,熟悉這些典型模式,對考生的閱讀理解大有幫助。
    Argumentation(論說文類)
    模式一:駁論:a 介紹一種對某一問題的流行看法
    b 提出疑問或直接表明不同觀點
    c 用事實、細節(jié)說明,支持自己的論點
    Not content with its doubtful claim to produce cheap food for our own population, the factory farming industry also argues that “hungry nations are benefiting from advances made by the poultry(家禽) industry” in fact, rather than helping the fight against malnutrition(營養(yǎng)不良) in “hungry nations,” the spread of factory farming has, inevitably aggravated the problem.
    Large scale intensive meat and poultry production is a waste of food resources. This is because more protein has to be fed to animals in the form of vegetable matter than can ever be recovered in the form of meat. Much of the food value is lost in the animals process of digestion and cell replacement. Neither, in the case of chicken, can one eat feathers, blood, feet or head. In all, only about 44% of the live animal fits to be eaten as meat.
    This means one has to feed approximately 910 times as much food value to the animal than one can consume from the carcass, As a system for feeding the hungry, the effects can prove disastrous. At times of crisis grain is the food of life.
    Nevertheless, the huge increase in poultry production throughout Asia and Africa continues. Normally British or US firms are involved. For instance, an American based multinational company has this year announced its involvement in projects in several African countries. Britains largest suppliers chickens, Ross Breeders, are also involved in projects all over the world.
    Because such trade is good for exports, Western governments encourge it. In 1979, a firm in Bangladesh called Phoenix Poultry received a grant to set up a unit of 6,000 chickens and 18,000 laying hens. This almost doubled the number of poultry kept in the country all at once.
    But Bangladesh lacks capital, energy and food and has large numbers of unemployed. Such chickenraising demands capital for building and machinery, extensive use of energy resources for automation, and involves feeding chickens with potential faminerelief protein food. At present, one of Bangladeshs main imports is food grains, because the country is unable to grow enough food to feed its population. On what then can they possibly feed the chicken?
    本篇談?wù)摰氖怯嘘P(guān)家禽的工廠化養(yǎng)殖問題。首先,作者引出從事家禽工廠化養(yǎng)殖的人對家禽養(yǎng)殖業(yè)的態(tài)度,認為“食品緊張的國家從家禽養(yǎng)殖業(yè)的進步上獲益甚多?!苯又髡撸瑢Υ擞^點提出了反駁,認為“工廠化養(yǎng)殖加劇了食品緊張的國家的營養(yǎng)不足問題?!比缓螅髡咭哉摀?jù)證明其理由。
    模式之二:立論(正面論證)a. 引入一種觀點
    b. 用事實或他人的意見證實。
    Now custom has not been commonly regarded as a subject of any great importance. The inner workings of our own brains we feel to be uniquely worthy of investigation. but custom. we have a way of thinking. is behavior at its most commonplace. As a matter of fact. It is the other way around. Traditional custom, taken the world over, is a mass of detailed behavior more astonishing than what any one person can ever evolve in individual actions. Yet that is a rather trivial aspect of the matter. The fact of firstrate importance is the predominant role that custom plays in experience and in belief and the very great varieties it may manifest.
    No man ever looks at the world with pristine(未受外界影響的)eyes. He sees it edited by a definite set of customs and institutions and ways of thinking. Even in his philosophical probings he cannot go behind these stereotypes(固定的模式); his very concepts of the true and the false will still have reference to his particular traditional customs. John Dewey has said in all seriousness that the part played by custom in shaping the behavior of the individual as over against any way in which he can affect traditional custom, is as the proportion of the total vocabulary of his mother tongue over against those words of his own baby talk that are taken up into the language of his family. When one seriously studies social orders that have had the opportunity to develop independently, the figure(這種比喻)becomes no more than an exact and matteroffact observation. The life history of the individual is first and foremost an adjustment to the patterns and standards traditionally handed down in his community. From the moment of his birth the customs into which he is born shape his experience and behavior. By the time he can talk, he is the little creature of his culture, and by the time he is grown and able to take part in its activities, its habits are his habits, its beliefs his beliefs. its impossibilities his impossibilities.
    本篇談?wù)擄L(fēng)俗研究的重要性。首先作者介紹了目前流行的一般觀點,認為風(fēng)俗研究不重要。而作者認為正好相反,風(fēng)俗在人們的經(jīng)驗及信仰中起著重要的作用。然后,作者對其觀點作了論證。
    應(yīng)試技巧
    閱讀該類型文章的注意要點:
    ① 所引述的流行觀點或他人的觀點是什么?
    ② 作者是贊成還是反對?抑或是肯定一部分,否定一部分?來源:www.examda.com
    ③ 作者用什么來證明自己的觀點,或用什么來反駁他人的觀點(事實、實例、專家的觀點等)。
    說明文類(Exposition)
    模式之一:a 介紹事物或自然現(xiàn)象
    b 說明其發(fā)生、發(fā)展過程
    There are desert plants which survive the dry season in the form of inactive seeds. There are also desert insects which survive as inactive larvae(幼蟲). In addition, difficult as it is to believe, there are desert fish which can survive through years of drought(干旱) in the form of inactive eggs. These are the shrimps(小蝦) that live in the Mojave Desert, an intensely dry region in the southwest of the United States where shade temperatures of over 50℃ are often recorded.
    The eggs of the Mojave shrimps are the size and have the appearance of grains of sand. When sufficient spring rain falls to form a lake. once every two to five years, these eggs hatch(孵化). Then the water is soon filled with millions of tiny shrimps about a millimetre long which feed on tiny plant and animal organisms which also grow in the temporary desert lake. Within a week, the shrimps grow from their original 1 millimetre to a length of about 15 centimetres.
    Throughout the time that the shrimps are rapidly maturing, the water in the lake equally rapidly evaporates. Therefore, for the shrimps it is a race against time. By the twelfth day, however, when they are about 3 centimetre long, hundreds of tiny eggs form on the underbodies of the females, Usually by this time, all that remains of the lake is a large, muddy patch of wet soil, On the thirteenth day and the next, during the final hours of their brief lives, the shrimps lay their eggs in the mud, Then, having ensured that their species will survive, the shrimps die as the last of the water evaporates.
    If sufficient rain falls the next year to form another lake, the eggs hatch, and once again the shrimps pass rapidly through their cycle of growth, adulthood, egglaying, and death. Some years there is insufficient rain to form a lake; in this case, the eggs will remain dormant for another year, or even longer if necessary. Very, very occasionally, perhaps twice in a hundred years, sufficient rain falls to form a deep lake that lasts a month or more. In this case, the species passes through two cycles of growth, egglaying, and death. Thus, on such occasions, the species multiplies considerably, which further ensures its survival.
    本文為典型的說明文體。文章首先從沙漠植物談起,引入要說明的事物“沙漠蝦”。然后談了蝦卵的孵化,蝦的獨特生長過程以雨量充足與不足時的情況。
    模式之二:a 介紹某種社會現(xiàn)象
    b探述其原因或者其各個方面的問題
    “There is a senseless notion that children grow up and leave home when theyre 18, and the truth is far from that,” says sociologist Larry Bumpass of the University of Wisconsin. Today, unexpected numbers of young adults are living with their parents. “There is a major shift in the middle class,” declares sociologist Allan Schnaiberg of Northwestern University, whose son, 19, moved back in after an absence of eight months.
    Analysts cite a variety of reasons for this return to the nest. The marriage age is rising, a condition that makes home and its pleasantness particularly attractive to young people. A high divorce rate and a declining remarriage rate are sending economically pressed and emotionally hurt survivors back to parental shelters. For some, the expense of an awayfromhome college education has become so excessively great that many students now attend local schools. Even after graduation, young people find their wings clipped by skyrocketing housing costs.
    Living at home, says Knighton, a school teacher, continues to give her security and moral support. Her mother agreed, “Its ridiculous for the kids to pay all that money for rent, It makes sense for kids to stay at home.” But sharing the family home requires adjustments for all. There are the hassles over bathrooms, telephones and privacy(不受干擾的生活). Some families, however, manage the delicate balancing act. But for others, it proves too difficult. Michelle Del Turco, 24, has been home three times — and left three times. “What I considered a social drink, my dad considered an alcohol problem,” she explains. “He never liked anyone I dated(約會), so I either had to hide away or meet them at friends houses.”
    Just how long should adult children live with their parents before moving on? Most psychologists feel lengthy homecomings are a mistake. Children, struggling to establish separate identities, can end up with“a sense of inadequacy, defeat and failure.” And aging parents, who should be enjoying some financial and personal freedom, find themselves stuck with responsibilities. Many agree that brief visits, however, can work beneficially.
    文章開頭引用兩位專家的話指出“回巢”現(xiàn)象。接著,在第二段探討了這一現(xiàn)象的原因。在第三段,作者引用了教師的話談了“回巢”這一現(xiàn)象的利弊。后一段為結(jié)論。
    應(yīng)試技巧
    閱讀上述說明文體的兩種模式文體時應(yīng)注意:這類文章的寫作方式重在presentation, 即呈現(xiàn)某種現(xiàn)象,狀況,陳述與其相關(guān)的諸方面。所以在閱讀中要著重把握。①談?wù)摰膶ο笫鞘裁?②闡述該“對象”哪幾個方面的問題?目錄
    第一章大學(xué)英語教學(xué)大綱透視()
    第一節(jié)新大學(xué)英語教學(xué)大綱要覽()
    第二節(jié)新舊大綱對比分析()
    第二章大學(xué)英語六級考試概述()
    第一節(jié)傳統(tǒng)題型及考試結(jié)構(gòu)()
    第二節(jié)新題型()
    第三節(jié)含新題型的試卷結(jié)構(gòu)排列組合()
    第三章大學(xué)英語六級考試必備詞匯()
    第四章大學(xué)英語六級考試聽力指導(dǎo)()
    第一節(jié)對話題型分析及應(yīng)試技巧()
    第二節(jié)短文題型的應(yīng)試技巧()
    第三節(jié)復(fù)合式聽寫()
    一、實考題及評分標準()
    二、復(fù)合式聽寫應(yīng)試指導(dǎo)()
    第四節(jié)聽寫填空()來源:www.examda.com
    一、聽寫填空與復(fù)合或聽寫比較()
    二、聽寫填空應(yīng)試指導(dǎo)()
    第五章六級考試閱讀指導(dǎo)()
    第一節(jié)教學(xué)大綱對閱讀能力的具體要求()
    第二節(jié)如何提高閱讀理解能力()
    第三節(jié)閱讀理解題型分析及解題技巧()
    第四節(jié)閱讀理解選擇題的設(shè)計及解題思路()
    第五節(jié)四、六級閱讀文章模式分析及閱讀策略()
    第六章詞匯、改錯、完形填空應(yīng)試指導(dǎo)()
    第一節(jié)詞匯()
    一、詞匯題的命題思路及側(cè)重點()
    第二節(jié)綜合改錯()
    一、詞匯語法類錯誤()
    二、邏輯錯誤()
    三、綜合改錯應(yīng)試指導(dǎo)()
    第三節(jié)完形填空()
    第七章簡答題、英譯漢()
    第一節(jié)簡答題()
    一、簡答題問題類型()
    二、應(yīng)試指導(dǎo)()
    三、簡答題實考題及評分標準()
    第二節(jié)英譯漢()
    一、英譯漢的命題特點()
    二、英譯漢實考題及評分標準()
    三、英譯漢應(yīng)試指導(dǎo)()
    第八章六級作文應(yīng)試指導(dǎo)()
    第一節(jié)評分原則及評分標準()
    一、評分原則()
    二、評分標準()
    三、關(guān)于作文低分的有關(guān)規(guī)定()
    第二節(jié)四、六級考試作文應(yīng)試指導(dǎo)()
    第三節(jié)四、六級作文寫作實用套路套語例解()
    一、典型出題模式及應(yīng)試套路()
    二、六級作文實用套語()
    三、六級作文常用連詞及起連接作用的詞語()
    第四節(jié)歷年作文題一覽()
    (二)應(yīng)用提高階段
    應(yīng)用提高階段的教學(xué)要求包括專門業(yè)英語(SubjectBased English,簡稱SBE)和高級英語(Advanced English,簡稱AE)兩部分。學(xué)生在完成基礎(chǔ)階段的學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù),達到四級或六級后,都必須修讀專業(yè)英語。已達到六級要求且學(xué)有余力的學(xué)生,除修讀專業(yè)英語外,還可以選修高級英語課程,以進一步提高英語應(yīng)用能力。
    1專業(yè)英語
    1) 詞匯
    領(lǐng)會式掌握1000~1500本專業(yè)及與本專業(yè)有關(guān)的常用單詞(其中復(fù)用式掌握的單詞為300~500),以及由這些詞構(gòu)成的常用詞組(中學(xué)和基礎(chǔ)階段所掌握的單詞和詞組不包括在內(nèi)),并具有按照構(gòu)詞法識別生詞的能力。
    2) 閱讀能力
    能順利閱讀有關(guān)專業(yè)的原版教科書、參考書及其他參考資料,能掌握其中心大意,抓住主要事實和有關(guān)細節(jié),閱讀速度達到每分鐘100~120詞。對其中重要的論著和文獻等材料能正確理解、抓住要點,并能對內(nèi)容進行分析、推理、判斷和綜合概括,閱讀速度達到每分鐘70詞。
    3) 聽的能力
    能聽懂與本專業(yè)有關(guān)、內(nèi)容比較熟悉、語速為每分鐘150~170詞的英語講課、會話、談話、報道和講座,能正確理解中心大意并抓住要點。
    4) 說的能力
    能用英語進行有關(guān)專業(yè)內(nèi)容的一般性會話,經(jīng)過準備,能就與本專業(yè)有關(guān)的問題進行討論、作簡短的報告,表達思想清楚,語音、語調(diào)基本正確。
    5) 寫的能力
    能在閱讀有關(guān)專業(yè)的書面材料時做筆記、寫提綱、寫論文摘要和論文簡介等,能在半小時內(nèi)寫出150~180詞的有關(guān)專業(yè)內(nèi)容的短文或信函。文理基本通順,表達意思清楚,無重大語言錯誤。
    6) 譯的能力
    能借助詞典將有關(guān)專業(yè)的英語文章譯成漢語,理解正確,譯文達意,譯速為每小時350英語單詞。能借助詞典將內(nèi)容熟悉的有關(guān)專業(yè)的漢語文字材料譯成英語,譯文達意,無重大語言錯誤,譯速為每小時300~350漢字。
    2高級英語
    1) 詞匯
    領(lǐng)會式掌握6500單詞(其中復(fù)用式掌握的單詞為3300),以及由這些詞構(gòu)成的常用詞組(中學(xué)和基礎(chǔ)階段所掌握的單詞包括在內(nèi),但不包括專業(yè)英語的詞匯),并具有按照構(gòu)詞法識別生詞的能力。
    2) 閱讀能力
    能順利閱讀語言難度較高、內(nèi)容廣泛、體裁多樣的文章,掌握中心大意以及說明中心大意的事實和細節(jié),領(lǐng)會作者的觀點和態(tài)度,能就文章的內(nèi)容進行預(yù)測、分析、推理、判斷和綜合概括,能分析篇章結(jié)構(gòu),閱讀速度達到每分鐘100詞。能順利查閱和使用工具書、參考書及其他參考資料。在閱讀篇幅較長、難度略低、生詞不超過總詞數(shù)3%的材料時,能正確理解中心大意,抓住主要事實和有關(guān)細節(jié),閱讀速度達到每分鐘150詞。
    3) 聽的能力
    能聽懂題材熟悉、內(nèi)容廣泛、正常語速的英語講話、廣播、演講等,掌握其中心大意,抓住要點和有關(guān)細節(jié),領(lǐng)會講話者的觀點和態(tài)度,并能進行分析、推理、判斷和綜合概括。
    4) 說的能力
    能就各種熟悉的話題進行口頭交際,能比較自如地表達思想,講話比較流暢,語音基本正確、語調(diào)自然。
    5) 寫的能力
    能在閱讀難度與課文相仿的書面材料時做筆記、回答問題、寫提綱和摘要,能在半小時內(nèi)就一定的話題、提綱、表格或圖示寫出180~200詞的短文,能寫報告、評論、發(fā)言稿和日常應(yīng)用文等,內(nèi)容完整,文理通順,表達思想清楚。
    6) 譯的能力
    能借助詞典將有一定難度的英語文章譯成漢語,理解正確,譯文達意、語言通順,譯速為每小時400英語單詞。能借助詞典將題材熟悉的漢語文章譯成英語,內(nèi)容完整,譯文達意,語言通順,譯速為每小時350漢字。
    四、教學(xué)安排
    (一) 基礎(chǔ)階段
    基礎(chǔ)階段的教學(xué)時數(shù)應(yīng)不少于280學(xué)時,安排在第一至第四學(xué)期。每學(xué)期為一級,每級約70學(xué)時,每周應(yīng)不低于4學(xué)時。課內(nèi)外學(xué)習(xí)時數(shù)的比例應(yīng)不低于1∶2。學(xué)生入學(xué)時經(jīng)過分級測試,按實際水平編入相應(yīng)級別學(xué)習(xí)。不同水平的學(xué)生應(yīng)從不同的級別開始,一般學(xué)生從CEB1開始,至CEB4結(jié)束;從CEB2或CEB3開始的學(xué)生應(yīng)學(xué)完CEB5或CEB6?;A(chǔ)階段四個學(xué)期的英語課均為必修課。
    每學(xué)期或每學(xué)年結(jié)束時可根據(jù)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)成績和實際語言能力進行適當調(diào)整,成績優(yōu)秀、學(xué)有余力的學(xué)生經(jīng)高一級考試達到一定標準后可跳級。
    (二) 應(yīng)用提高階段
    1專業(yè)英語
    專業(yè)英語為必修課,可安排在第五至第七學(xué)期,教學(xué)時數(shù)應(yīng)不少于100學(xué)時,每周2學(xué)時。課內(nèi)外學(xué)習(xí)時數(shù)的比例就不低于1∶2。在第八學(xué)期還可繼續(xù)安排專業(yè)英語文獻閱讀、專業(yè)英語資料翻譯、英文摘要寫作等。專業(yè)英語課原則上由專業(yè)教師承擔,外語系(部、教研室)可根據(jù)具體情況予以配合和協(xié)助。
    2高級英語
    高級英語為選修課,各??筛鶕?jù)實際情況,為達到六級的學(xué)有余力的學(xué)生開設(shè)高級英語課程,以全面提高他們的英語水平??煽紤]開設(shè)的課程有:高級聽說、高級寫作、高級閱讀、報刊選讀、翻譯技巧、英語口譯、英美文學(xué)欣賞、英美文化等。
    (三) 預(yù)備階段
    對低于本大綱入學(xué)要求的學(xué)生,另設(shè)預(yù)備級(College English Preparatory Band,簡稱CEPB)作為預(yù)備階段的教學(xué)要求。預(yù)備級以掌握基本的英語語音和語法,領(lǐng)會式掌握1200個英語單詞(其中復(fù)用式掌握的單詞為800)為起點。從預(yù)備級開始的學(xué)生經(jīng)過四個學(xué)期的學(xué)習(xí),應(yīng)達到三級要求。他們在三年級時還應(yīng)繼續(xù)修讀四級,達到基礎(chǔ)階段規(guī)定的基本要求,為進一步提高英語水平打好語言基礎(chǔ)。
    五、測試
    (一) 測試是檢查教學(xué)大綱執(zhí)行情況、評估教學(xué)質(zhì)量的一種有效手段,是獲取教學(xué)反饋信息的主要來源和改時教學(xué)工作的重要依據(jù)。語言測試應(yīng)重點考核學(xué)生的語言基礎(chǔ)和語言應(yīng)用能力。測試要做到科學(xué)、公平和規(guī)范。
    (二) 基礎(chǔ)階段各級教學(xué)結(jié)束時均應(yīng)安排考試,考試的命題應(yīng)以所學(xué)課本內(nèi)容為基本依據(jù)。基礎(chǔ)階段結(jié)束時,按本大綱的基本要求和較高要求組織考試??荚囆问娇梢允菍W(xué)校自行命題考試、試題庫測試和全國統(tǒng)一考試等。
    (三) 應(yīng)用提高階段結(jié)束時,可在四年級舉行畢業(yè)前的英語水平考試,按基礎(chǔ)英語和專業(yè)英語兩部分內(nèi)容命題。各??蓡为毭}、組織考試,也可實行地區(qū)或校際聯(lián)考。
    六、教學(xué)中應(yīng)注意的幾個問題
    (一) 重視打好語言基礎(chǔ),注意提高文化素養(yǎng)
    大學(xué)英語教學(xué)必須把重點放在打好語言基礎(chǔ)上。語言基礎(chǔ)包括語言知識和語言應(yīng)用能力,前者指語音、語法和詞匯等方面的知識,后者指綜合運用這些知識進行讀、聽、說、寫、譯等語言活動的能力。正確的語音語調(diào)、扎實的語法、一定的詞匯量和熟練的詞匯運用能力的提高有助于提高外語學(xué)習(xí)的效率,有利于提高語言應(yīng)用能力。語言應(yīng)用能力的提高也必將促進語言知識的加深和鞏固。來源:www.examda.com
    大學(xué)英語教學(xué)還應(yīng)有助于學(xué)生開闊視野,擴大知識面,加深對世界的了解,借鑒和吸收外國文化精華,提高文化素養(yǎng)。文化和語言有著密切的聯(lián)系,一定的文化背景知識有助于促進語言應(yīng)用能力的提高。
    (二) 堅持分類要求和因材施教的原則
    由于全國各類高等院校在辦學(xué)條件、師資力量、學(xué)生入學(xué)水平等方面存在著差異,即使同一學(xué)校的學(xué)生入學(xué)水平也不完全相同,因此要堅持分類要求,因材施教。各校應(yīng)實事求是,根據(jù)學(xué)生的實際水平,參照本大綱列出的預(yù)備級、大學(xué)英語一至注六級、高級英語等各個級別確定自己的教學(xué)要求。對于已達到六級且學(xué)有余力的學(xué)生,各校應(yīng)努力為他們開設(shè)高級英語課程,使他們進一步提高英語應(yīng)用能力。英語入學(xué)水平低于本大綱規(guī)定的入學(xué)要求的學(xué)生,可從預(yù)備級開始,通過四個學(xué)期的學(xué)習(xí)達到三級要求,各校應(yīng)根據(jù)實際情況,采取適當措施,使他們在三年級時繼續(xù)修讀四級,以達到基礎(chǔ)階段的基本要求。入學(xué)水平明顯低于預(yù)備級入學(xué)要求的學(xué)生不列為本大綱的教學(xué)對象。
    (三) 抓好高年級的專業(yè)英語教學(xué),保證英語學(xué)習(xí)四年不斷線
    專業(yè)英語是大學(xué)英語教學(xué)的一個重要組成部分,是促進學(xué)生完成從學(xué)習(xí)過渡到實際應(yīng)用的有效途徑。各校均應(yīng)在三、四年級開設(shè)專業(yè)英語課,要逐步建立起一支相對穩(wěn)定的專業(yè)英語課教師隊伍,成立由學(xué)校領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和專業(yè)英語教師組成的專業(yè)英語教學(xué)指導(dǎo)小組,統(tǒng)籌、協(xié)調(diào)、檢查專業(yè)英語教學(xué)方面的工作。要提倡在高年級專業(yè)課教學(xué)中每學(xué)期至少有一兩門課程使用英語教科書或參考書,鼓勵專業(yè)教師用英語講課;各校應(yīng)根據(jù)實際情況,在三、四年級開設(shè)高級英語課程,幫助學(xué)有余力的學(xué)生繼續(xù)提高英語應(yīng)用能力;各校還可能采取其他措施,為學(xué)生課外自學(xué)創(chuàng)造條件,從而切實保證大學(xué)英語學(xué)習(xí)四年不斷線。
    (四) 正確處理閱讀與聽、說、寫、譯的關(guān)系
    閱讀是掌握語言知識、打好語言基礎(chǔ)、獲取信息的重要渠道。閱讀能力是大部分大學(xué)生今后工作所需的主要語言技能。在大學(xué)英語教學(xué)中要始終注重閱讀能力的培養(yǎng)。從語言學(xué)習(xí)的規(guī)律來看,英語應(yīng)用能力的提高是建立在大量的語言輸入,尤其是大量的閱讀的基礎(chǔ)之上的。但是,隨著國際交往的日益擴大,全面提高大學(xué)生的聽、說、寫、譯等技能已越來越重要。同時,英語應(yīng)用能力是各種語言技能的綜合反映,這些技能是相輔相成、互相促進的。在具體的教學(xué)過程中,讀、聽、說、寫、譯的訓(xùn)練可以根據(jù)學(xué)生的特點和需要有所側(cè)重,但要做到協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展。在培養(yǎng)讀、聽、說、寫、譯各項技能時,既要強調(diào)掌握和應(yīng)用語言知識的準確性,又要注意應(yīng)用語言時的流利程度和得體性。
    (五) 結(jié)合實際確定教學(xué)方法
    國內(nèi)外出現(xiàn)的各種外語教學(xué)法無一不是特定環(huán)境下的產(chǎn)物。我們需要學(xué)習(xí)國外的先進經(jīng)驗和方法,但更需要總結(jié)我國長期以來所積累的行之有效的教學(xué)經(jīng)驗和方法,妥善處理好借鑒與繼承的關(guān)系,立足于我國的國情和教學(xué)實際,探索出具有中國特色的大學(xué)英語教學(xué)的新路子。
    教學(xué)法直接影響教學(xué)質(zhì)量。教師應(yīng)根據(jù)不同的教學(xué)對象、不同階段的不同教學(xué)要求,采用靈活機動、切合實際的教學(xué)方法,從而使學(xué)生得到大的收益。
    外語學(xué)習(xí)歸根結(jié)底是學(xué)生自身的學(xué)習(xí)。課堂是學(xué)生語言實踐的重要場所。課堂教學(xué)不僅要擴大學(xué)生的語言知識,加強和提高學(xué)生的語言應(yīng)用能力,還要幫助學(xué)生養(yǎng)成良好的學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣,培養(yǎng)自學(xué)能力。要讓學(xué)生懂得外語課是一門實踐課,要求學(xué)生主動參與,積極實踐,不斷積累,持之以恒。
    (六) 重視教材在教學(xué)中的作用
    教材是實現(xiàn)教學(xué)大綱確定的教學(xué)目標的重要保證。為了打好語言基礎(chǔ),培養(yǎng)語言應(yīng)用能力,提高文化素養(yǎng),教材應(yīng)為課堂教學(xué)提供佳的語言樣本和有系統(tǒng)性、有針對性的語言實踐活動的材料。教材應(yīng)注意思想性、科學(xué)性、實用性和趣味性,要處理好知識性與可思性、系統(tǒng)性與靈活性、可接受性與前瞻性、語言典范和時代氣息的關(guān)系。教師要充分利用教材所提供的語言材料組織好課堂教學(xué)和指導(dǎo)學(xué)生課外自學(xué)。
    (七) 妥善處理測試和教學(xué)的關(guān)系
    測試是貫徹執(zhí)行教學(xué)大綱的重要保證??茖W(xué)的測試結(jié)果可以為教學(xué)提供良好的反饋,幫助教師了解教學(xué)效果,改進教學(xué)方法提高教學(xué)質(zhì)量;還可以幫助學(xué)生了解自己的學(xué)習(xí)情況,改進學(xué)習(xí)方法。因此,測試應(yīng)以大綱要求和教學(xué)內(nèi)容為基本依據(jù)。教學(xué)中,應(yīng)注重學(xué)生實際語言應(yīng)用能力的培養(yǎng);測試中,要著重考核語言基礎(chǔ)和語言應(yīng)用能力,要采用一定比例的主觀試題。務(wù)必防止應(yīng)試教學(xué)傾向。
    (八) 創(chuàng)造良好的語言環(huán)境,充分利用現(xiàn)代化的教學(xué)手段
    開展豐富多彩的英語課外活動有利于提高學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語的興趣和積極性。因此,要積極優(yōu)化校園英語學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境,通過英語報刊、英語廣播、英語角、英語演講、英語競賽等形式多樣的課外活動,使學(xué)生有更多的接觸英語的機會。
    實踐證明,現(xiàn)代化的教學(xué)手段,如錄音、錄像、電影、電視、網(wǎng)絡(luò)以及多媒體課件的使用有助于提高大學(xué)英語教學(xué)質(zhì)量,各校應(yīng)采取積極措施大力推廣、合理使用這些教學(xué)手段。
    Compound Dictation
    Directions: In this section you will hear a passage three times. During the first reading, you should listen carefully for a general idea of the whole passage. Then listen to the passage again. When the first part of the passage is being read, you should fill in the missing word during the pause at each blank. After listening to the second part of the passage you are required to write down the main points according to what you have just heard. Finally, when the passage is read the third time you can check what you have written.
    On the Giving of Gifts
    When you wish to give someone a gift it is always good to some of the basic rules. the age and sex and the of your acquaintance as well as the . You should know when it is all to give a gift of money, and when it would be . In any case, when you a present, dont forget to send a thankyou note as soon ad you can.
    Often people like to take with them a gift for the hosts wife of a party they have been invited to.
     Again, you may choose something for the hosts wife alone or for the entire family.
    Sometimes it is not possible to return a favour as you would like to.
     Try to use imagination in choosing a thankyou gift.
    On the Giving of Gifts
    When you wish to give someone a gift it is always good to remember some of the basic rules. Consider the age and sex and the length of your acquaintance as well as the occasion. You should know when it is all right to give a gift of money, and when it would be improper. In any case, when you receive a present, dont forget to send a thankyou note as soon as your possibly can.
    Often people like to take with them a gift for the hosts wife of a party they have been invited to. This can be something just for the hosts wife, or something for the party, like sweets or fruits, things which all may enjoy. If you stay at a friends house overnight or for a weekend it is usual to take a gift showing appreciation for their friendiness and their kindness. Again, you may choose something for the hosts wife alone or for the entire family.
    Sometimes it is not possible to return a favour as you would like to. When this happens you may show your own thoughtfulness by giving a thankyou gift, especially if you can find something unusual. Weddings are times when gifts of money are greatly apprectiated and quite acceptable. You should never leave money when you have been a weekend guest. Try to use imagination in choosing a thankyou gift.
    “表達部分”學(xué)生應(yīng)寫的內(nèi)容要點:
    1Sweets and fruit are examples of the gift for the hostess or the party.
    2 A weekend guest usually takes a gift to express his or her thanks.
    3 Money is an acceptable gift for weddings.
    4 It is considered improper for a weekend guest to give a gift of money.
    第三節(jié)詞匯、改錯、完形填空題應(yīng)試指導(dǎo)
    一、 詞匯
    根據(jù)六級考試大綱,該部分為Vocabulary and Structure,共30小題,其中詞匯約18個左右,占60%;語法結(jié)構(gòu)為12左右,占40%。但從1997年1月的六級考試開始,該部分已取消單純考語法的試題,??荚~匯,標題也變更為Vocabulary, 這也是六級考試的新變化之一。這說明六級更加注重考生對詞匯的掌握,為此,在學(xué)習(xí)和備考過程中,考生要加強對詞匯的學(xué)習(xí)。
    命題思路及側(cè)重點
    詞匯題的設(shè)計不僅考察考生的詞匯量,而且著重考查考生對詞的用法的掌握,如同義詞、近義詞的辨義,詞匯的搭配及慣用法等方面。從近年的試卷分析看,動詞、形容詞、名詞、短語(尤其是動詞短語)占題量的90%,副詞1至2個左右。從命題思路看,詞匯題側(cè)重于以下幾個方面:
    (一) 單純辨認詞義
    1 When people are asked what kind of housing they need or want, the question a variety of answers.
    A) defiesB) magnifiesC) mediatesD)evokes
    譯文:當人們被問及需要或想要什么樣的住房時,這個問題引起了各種各樣的回答。四個選擇項詞義為“違抗”、“放大”、“調(diào)解”“引起”,詞義互不相干。從句意看,只有D)evokes講得通,為正確答案。
    (二) 辨別同義詞和近義詞以及詞語的搭配
    與上面一組題不同的是,此類詞匯題的四個選擇項的單詞意義基本相近,屬同一語義范疇的詞,選擇的難度較大。來源:www.examda.com
    [例1] The lawyer made a great impression on the jury.
    A) defending B) guardingC) shieldingD) protecting
    譯文:辯護律師給陪審團留下了深刻的印象。
    選擇項的四個詞義分別為“辯護”、“防衛(wèi)”、“保衛(wèi)”、“保護”,而其中只有A項有用言辭辯護、保護之意,且符合英文的慣用法。因此,在做這類題時,不僅要注意單詞的細微差別,還要考慮相鄰詞連在一起是否符合英語的固定說法。
    有些同義詞選擇項光靠辨清意義還是無法確定,這就需要考生平時扎實地掌握詞匯的用法和搭配。如:
    [例2] His career was not noticeably by the fact that he had never been to college.
    A) preventedB) restrainedC) hinderedD) refrained
    譯文:他的事業(yè)并沒明顯地因為他從未上過大學(xué)而受到妨礙。
    從詞義上看,這幾個詞意義上都很相近,依次為“防止”,“阻止”,“阻礙”,“抑制、克制”。但prevent有“預(yù)防,停止”之意,與主語搭配意義不當。restrain和refrain都有“抑制、克制”之意,常與from搭配,而且后者是不及物動詞,不能用被動式。只有hinder為“妨礙,使不能順利進行”,意義、用法都正確。
    [例3] The political future of the president is now hanging by a .
    A) threadB) cordC) stringD) rope
    譯文:總統(tǒng)的政治前途岌岌可危。
    以上四個詞均為“線、繩”之意,讓人無所適從。但正確的說法只有一個,即“hang by a thread”。該短語為固定搭配的詞組,這種題只有靠平時廣泛的閱讀和積累才能解答。
    (三) 形或音有相似之處的易混詞
    有些詞拼寫形式相似,或發(fā)音有相似之處,但意義卻不相同,若不細心,容易混淆。還有一些詞形義都有相似之處,更須注意區(qū)別。這也是詞匯題中經(jīng)常遇到的。
    [例1] Some people think that a translation, or wordforword translation, is easier than a free translation.
    A) literalB) literaryC) liberalD) linear
    譯文:有人認為“直譯”或逐字譯要比意譯容易。
    此題四個選擇項的單詞在拼寫和發(fā)音上都有相似之處,極易混淆。但實際上它們意義完全不同:A項為“逐字的”,B項為“文學(xué)的”,C項為“自由的”,D項為“線性的”。根據(jù)句意應(yīng)選A。
    [例2] He attends to the of important business himself.
    A) transactionB) transitionC) transmissionD) transformation
    譯文:他親自辦理重要的事務(wù)。
    四個選項單詞拼寫、發(fā)音相近,且后三個詞在意義上也有相近之處。transition意為:“轉(zhuǎn)變”,transmission意為“傳送”,transformation意為“變化、變形”。只有A項符合句意,意為“處理、辦理”。
    [例3] We rarely perceive more than a minute of the sights and sounds that fall upon our sense organs; the great majority pass as by.
    A) fictionB) functionC) fractionD) friction
    譯文:我們只不過感知到落入我們感官的光和聲音的微乎其微的一小部分, 其余絕大多數(shù)都與我們擦身而過。
    本題設(shè)置了四個發(fā)音極其相似,拼寫也相近的詞迷惑考生,但其實四個詞的詞義相去甚遠。這四個詞的意義依次為“小說”、“功能”、“一點兒”、“摩擦”,應(yīng)選C。
    (四) 詞語的習(xí)慣搭配
    詞匯選擇題或多或少都涉及詞匯間的搭配關(guān)系。在四個詞義基本相同,從語法上又看不出有什么不妥時,尤其要注意詞匯間的搭配。如動詞與特定名詞的動賓搭配,修飾語與中心詞的習(xí)慣搭配,動詞、名詞或形容詞與介詞的搭配以動詞與副詞的搭配等等。這種搭配關(guān)系,往往從語義上很難講清,考生平時學(xué)習(xí)時一定要注意記憶、積累。
    [例1] Every member of society has to make a to struggle for the freedom of the country.
    A) pledgeB) warrantyC) resolveD) guarantee
    本句要表達的意思為:“每個社會成員都必須保證為國家的自由而斗爭?!钡渲蠥、B、D三項詞義分別為“保證、誓言”、“保證書”、“保證、擔?!?。意義如此相同,該選哪一個呢?從固定的動賓搭配的角度,我們只能選A。英語中可以說“make a pledge”,但卻不能說“make a guarantee/warranty”。這兩個詞一般與give搭配?!癿ake a resolve”雖有此搭配,但意義不甚通。
    [例2] Young peoples social environment has a effect on their academic progress.
    A) grossB) solidC) completeD) profound
    譯文:年輕人所處的社會環(huán)境對他們的學(xué)業(yè)進步有深刻的影響。
    gross有“總的,十足的,顯著的”意義,solid為“堅固的”,complete為“完全的”,profound為“深刻的,深遠的”,是正確答案。profound 常用以修飾effect、influence、silence等詞,是一種習(xí)慣的修飾關(guān)系。
    [例3] To be an inventor, one needs profound knowledge as well as a very imagination.
    A) vividB) brightC) livingD) colorful
    譯文:要成為一個發(fā)明家,一個人需要豐富的想像力和淵博的知識。
    本題應(yīng)選答案A。vivid意為“活躍的,生動的”,常用于修飾imagination,是很地道的英語。living是“活著的”意思,colorful意為“多彩的”,與vivid相比,都不是符合習(xí)慣用法的搭配。
    以上我們從詞匯題的命題思路和著眼點進行了舉例和分析,考生從中可以獲得一些有用的解題思路和方法。
    應(yīng)試技巧
    詞匯這一部分考題的應(yīng)試對策實在是“自古華山一條路”——擴大詞匯量。套用一句現(xiàn)今高校學(xué)生的戲語:“就是比誰的‘內(nèi)存’大!”
    二、 綜合改錯
    六級考試的改錯不同于一般的單句改錯,要求考生能在語篇的層次上讀懂一篇200字左右的短文,理清正確的思路,發(fā)現(xiàn)和指出其中的語言錯誤和邏輯上的錯誤,并予以改正,使文章語義連貫,符合邏輯。
    詞匯、語法類錯誤
    詞匯、語法類錯誤涵蓋面甚廣,包括除邏輯錯誤以外的所有錯誤,在六級考試改錯題當中該類錯誤約占到70%。由于詞匯錯誤和語法錯誤往往相互關(guān)聯(lián),故歸入一類進行分析。下面我們就詞類的角度,分析、歸納經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的錯誤。來源:www.examda.com
    (一) 名詞錯誤
    單復(fù)數(shù)錯誤,可數(shù)名數(shù)與不可數(shù)名詞誤用。
    (二) 代詞錯誤
    ① 代詞單復(fù)數(shù)用錯,造成搭配不一致;② 人稱與非人稱用錯;③ 主格、賓格或所有格用錯;④ 關(guān)系代詞用錯;⑤ 不定代詞用錯。
    (三) 動詞錯誤
    ① 時態(tài),語態(tài),第三人稱單數(shù)錯誤;② 謂語動詞形式錯誤;③ 及物與不及物動詞用錯,造成缺賓語或不能帶賓語;④ 動詞采用非謂語動詞形式,造成謂語缺失,或用動詞代替分詞狀語,造成一句中有兩個謂語。
    (四) 形容詞、副詞錯誤
    形容詞、副詞比較級、高級錯誤。
    (五) 介詞錯誤
    ① 用錯介詞,造成搭配錯誤;② 遺漏介詞或添加多余的介詞。
    (六) 分詞錯誤
    現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞置換錯誤,該用ing分詞卻用了ed分詞,或者相反。
    (七) 其他詞類錯誤
    ① 定冠詞和不定冠詞用錯,冠詞遺漏或多余;② 不定式符號to的缺漏或多余;③ 基數(shù)詞與序數(shù)詞錯用。
    (八) 詞性誤用
    詞類誤用出現(xiàn)在以上主要詞類中,在實考試卷中,多表現(xiàn)為以下各組詞類間的誤用:
    ① 名詞形容詞
    用錯的情況經(jīng)常是:該用形容詞作定語的地方用了名詞,或該作賓語的位置用了形容詞。
    ●  There may be sound medicine reasons for accepting electrical shock treatment.應(yīng)為medical
    ●  It is often this idea that caused their problems rather than any short of professional skills. 應(yīng)為shortage
    ② 形容詞副詞
    經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的錯誤情形為:用于修飾形容詞、動詞的副詞被錯用為形容詞,或處于表語、補誤位置的形容詞被錯用為副詞。
    ●  Deciding how much discomfort and risk we are prepared to put up with in the name of better health is a high personal matter. 應(yīng)為highly
    ●  Industrial growth in countries that had former been markets hastened regional selfsufficiency, and in consequence, hastened the collapse of organized longdistance trade. 應(yīng)為formerly
    ●  The bees sting is used only once and is made more effectively by the fact that it is left behind in the victim. 應(yīng)為effective
    ●  It is precisely in these areas that the advantages of cooperation and sharing of experience appear evidently. 應(yīng)為evident
    ●  Even the quiet of our careful protected wilderness areas can be invaded at any moment by a passing jet. 應(yīng)為carefully
    (九) 措詞錯誤
    此類錯誤主要指選詞的錯誤,即該用某個詞,卻誤用了另外一個詞,造成語義不當或語法上的錯誤。所以要糾正錯誤,必須另換一詞。這類錯誤主要表現(xiàn)為以下幾個方面:
    ① 同義詞、近義詞選用不當;
    ② 形似義異詞用錯。
    ●  Between sunrise and sunset, streets and highways are a constant resource of noise from ears, buses and trucks. resource意為“資源”,意義不當,應(yīng)改作source(來源)。
    ●  The government of most countries spend huge sums of money for international defence.
    根據(jù)句中“大多數(shù)國家的政府”可知“ international”應(yīng)為“national”。
    ●  The two countries will restore full diplomatic relations now that they have set their longstanding border dispute. 根據(jù)句意,句中set應(yīng)改為“settled”,與dispute搭配表示“平息/解決爭端”。而set無“平息,解決”之意,這是因為拼寫發(fā)音相似而導(dǎo)致的用詞錯誤。
    ●  At the bottom of the world lays a mighty continent still wrapped in Ice Age and ,until recent times, unknown to man. 句中“l(fā)ays”意為“放置”,且為及物動詞,應(yīng)換作“l(fā)ies”(躺著)。這是一對容易混淆的詞。
    邏輯錯誤
    綜合改錯的第二大類錯誤為邏輯錯誤。從出題的角度看,設(shè)計者有意將某個連詞,或起連詞作用的副詞換成與文章思路矛盾的連詞或副詞;或?qū)⒛硞€正確的詞的詞義換成它的反義詞;或者通過去掉否定詞或添加否定詞,使上下文產(chǎn)生矛盾??忌陂喿x中若感覺文意不暢時,應(yīng)從這幾個方面入手,看看是否存在這類錯誤。
    (一)  連詞或副詞錯用
    連詞或起連詞作用的副詞按表示的邏輯關(guān)系可分為因果、轉(zhuǎn)折、并列、遞進、讓步、假設(shè)等幾大類。出題者往往通過把表示某種關(guān)系的連詞或副詞換成表示另一類邏輯關(guān)系的詞,造成邏輯矛盾。如把因果關(guān)系連詞和轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的連詞互換,把表示遞進關(guān)系的與讓步關(guān)系的詞互換等。下列連詞和副詞在改錯題中要特別注意。
    because, so, therefore, thus, since, as, for, consequently, but, however, nevertheless, whereas, although, yet, while, despite, before, after, moreover, furthermore, and, or, neither, nor
    ● People are earning higher wages and salaries. This leads to changes in the way of life. As income goes up, people may not want more food to eat or more clothes to wear. Since they may want more and better care from doctors, dentists and hospitals. They are likely to travel more and to want more education. Nevertheless, many more jobs are available in these services.上面這段文字中的連詞“since”作“由于”解,與前文所述原因矛盾,而且since用在此,句法上也不正確,沒有主句,應(yīng)改為but。后面的連詞Nevertheless(然而),與上下文文意不合,應(yīng)改為表示因果關(guān)系的 “Therefore”或“So”。
    (二)  反義詞
    這種錯誤指的是出題者將文中某個詞,可以是動詞、形容詞、副詞、名詞、動名詞、分詞改成與正確文意相反或相對的詞??忌仨毮軌蜃R別這種錯誤,把它改過來。由于許多單詞的反義詞都可通過增加或取消表示否定意義的前綴、后綴而構(gòu)成,在改正的過程,要特別注意利用這些詞綴。
    ● In part, technology has caused the population explosion, ... But in part, technology helps resolve the population problem, either. The need for more food discourages development of better technology which naturally keeps more people alive.
    該段文字中的副詞“either”和動詞“discourages”在文中與文意相悖,邏輯上不通,應(yīng)分別改成它們的反義詞“too”和“encourages”。
    (三) 肯定與否定
    與上述兩種通過單詞本身的錯誤構(gòu)成邏輯錯誤不同,這類錯誤是由于否定詞not,no的缺漏或多余而造成的。
    ● The children attended a small elementary school (often of just one room) to which they had to walk every week, every day, possibly for a few miles. The school term was short so that the children could not help, on the farm.
    “學(xué)期短,這樣這些孩子就不能在農(nóng)場上幫忙了”句意邏輯上不通,顯然后一句中的not應(yīng)刪去。
    ● The quality of the environment may reduce the need for expensive drugs when a patient is not recovering from an illness. A study has shown that patients who had a view onto a garden needed half the number of strong pain killers compared with patients who had view at all or only a brick wall to look at.
    此段中“not”應(yīng)刪去,而在had view之間應(yīng)增添“no”,文意才通。
    應(yīng)試技巧
    以上我們對綜合改錯題的各種錯誤類型進行了全面的歸納分析,可以說解題的思路和技巧已蘊含其中,現(xiàn)在我們從應(yīng)試的角度提供幾點建議:
    1快速瀏覽全文,把握話題和大意。
    2細讀要求改錯的那行文字,看看每一個詞是否有語義、語法上的錯誤。來源:www.examda.com
    3如果本行或本句內(nèi)找不出詞匯語法上的錯誤,要特別注意一下上下文,看看是否有邏輯錯誤。
    4思路要開闊,考慮每類詞匯能出現(xiàn)的錯誤,這一點尤為重要。
    5注意以下一些常常設(shè)置的考點:
    ①如果出現(xiàn)現(xiàn)在分詞ing,考慮一下是否應(yīng)為過去分詞ed,反之亦然。
    ②如果是代詞,考慮一下應(yīng)該是主格、賓格還是所有格,或考慮應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式還是復(fù)數(shù)形式。
    its — his,his/her/its — their
    this — that/those/these
    that — which — what
    nothing — everything — anything
    other — the other — another
    few — a few, little — a little
    ③如果是形容詞,考慮一下是否應(yīng)為副詞,或涉及形容詞的語法錯誤,如比較級等,副詞亦如此。
    much — many, more — less, few — fewer
    little — few — less, late — later — latter — lately,good — well
    ④如果是介詞,考慮是否能與動詞、形容詞、名詞構(gòu)成正確的搭配。
    as — like, in — on — of, from — with — between
    ⑤如果是系動詞be,助動詞have,考慮單復(fù)數(shù)時態(tài)問題。
    is (was) — are(were), have — had/has
    ⑥如果是連詞,讀一下上下文是否文意順暢。
    ⑦如果每個詞本身都找不出問題,看看是否漏掉了什么詞,如冠詞等。
    三、 完形填空
    完型填空原為四級考試采用的題型,六級考試自1999年6月采用復(fù)合式聽寫后,為保持主觀題分數(shù)不變,用完形填空代替了綜合改錯。依此分析,以后每逢采納聽力新題型時,會考完形填空。從實考試卷分析,六級的完形填空題在選擇項詞匯的設(shè)計上難度略大于四級。該題型為一篇題材熟悉、難度中等的短文(約200詞),內(nèi)有20個空白,每個空白設(shè)有4個選擇項,要求考生在全面理解內(nèi)容的基礎(chǔ)上選一個佳答案,使短文的意思和結(jié)構(gòu)恢復(fù)完整。下面我們讀讀完形填空題的特點以及做題應(yīng)注意些什么。
    特點1 
    完形填空題測試考生對語篇的理解能力。不同于單句形式的詞匯題,完形填空要求考生能在語篇水平上理解并運用詞匯,不僅要看所填詞匯在本句從語義、語法上是否正確,而且要考慮上下文。
    應(yīng)試技巧
    在做題時,應(yīng)先快速通覽一下全文,或至少一段,在掌握了大意后再做題。
    特點2 
    完形填空測試考生使用詞匯和語法結(jié)構(gòu)的能力。短文的選項包括結(jié)構(gòu)詞和實義詞。
    應(yīng)試技巧
    所謂結(jié)構(gòu)詞是指連詞、介詞、關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系副詞等虛詞,這些詞往往表示語法結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)系,在選擇時,要考慮語法、邏輯上是否恰當。對實義詞(名詞、動詞、形容詞、副詞等)首先要看其含義在句中、上下文中是否恰當,還要看它與其他詞搭配是否得當,符合習(xí)慣用法。第四節(jié)簡答題、英譯漢應(yīng)試訣竅
    一、 簡答題
    簡答題是四、六級考試已多次采用的新題型,有關(guān)該題的介紹,請參閱概述部分,這里不再贅述。這里只談?wù)労喆痤}的問題類型及應(yīng)試方面應(yīng)注意的要點。
    簡答題的問題類型
    簡答題的問題類型主要為主旨類和細節(jié)類。這類題答案相對來說比較容易控制,這也是從試題難度和評卷角度考慮的。
    1主旨類
    凡涉及文章的主題、大意、作者的觀點、意圖都屬于這一類。提問方式與閱讀理解此類題型類似。
    What is the passage mainly about?
    Whats the topic of this passage?
    The purpose of this passage is to.
    2細節(jié)類
    細節(jié)題占簡答題問題的絕大部分,往往針對文章中的主要事實,情節(jié),論據(jù)進行提問,因此多用what,when, who, why ,how提問,或者以完成句子的形式出現(xiàn)。
    應(yīng)試技巧
    1弄清提問的焦點,直接回答問題,避免迂回、繞圈子或答非所問。
    2充分利用文章所使用的有關(guān)詞語回答問題,避免用錯詞或使用拼不正確的詞。
    3根據(jù)提問方式的不同,采用適當?shù)慕Y(jié)構(gòu)回答。如用what提的問題,一般只需用名詞或名詞短語,或動名詞結(jié)構(gòu)回答即可。這是少用詞的一個技巧。
    4去除與所回答的問題無關(guān)的信息,答案簡明扼要不超過10個詞。
    5注意檢查自己的回答中時態(tài)、動詞形式、冠詞有沒有錯誤或遺漏。
    6避免完全照搬原句,因為原句往往包含了多余的信息且往往與提問的形式不相吻合。
    7書寫要清楚、工整。
    ? 簡答題評分原則及標準
    1 簡答題要求學(xué)生在讀懂文章的基礎(chǔ)上,用正確簡潔的語言回答問題。在評分時同時考慮內(nèi)容和語言。每題滿分為2分,低分為0分。
    2 給分標準:
    2分——答出全部內(nèi)容,語言正確
    1分——答出部分內(nèi)容,語言正確
    0分——沒有答對問題
    3 扣分標準:
    (1) 語言錯誤扣05分,每題語言錯誤扣分不超過05分;
    (2) 涉及無關(guān)內(nèi)容者扣05分;若答案中有相互矛盾的內(nèi)容,則內(nèi)容相互矛盾的部分皆不得分;
    (3) 整句原封不動照搬扣分,照搬一句扣05分,照搬兩句及兩句以上不得分;
    (4) 考生所給答案超過10個單詞扣05分。
    二、 英譯漢
    英譯漢是四、六級考試委員會早頒布的新題型之一。四級考試自1996年1月已采用過,而六級考試在實考中迄今尚未考過。盡管如此,英譯漢仍可能在以后的六級考試中出現(xiàn)。在此,我們參照以往四級考試翻譯題的出題情況,談?wù)劽}特點和翻譯中應(yīng)注意的問題。
    命題特點
    英譯漢的句子通常從閱讀理解的四篇文章中抽出,一般有四至五句。從實考試卷看,在句子的選擇上有以下特點:
    1傾向于選擇復(fù)合句。復(fù)合句一般占3至4個,通常只有一個簡單句。
    2傾向于選擇句子結(jié)構(gòu)不同的多種句式:
    (1) 含有定語從句、同位語從句、賓語從句、狀語從句、表語從句等從句的復(fù)雜句;
    (2) 含有比較結(jié)構(gòu)的句子以及其他重要結(jié)構(gòu)的句子;
    (3) 含有固定短語的句子;
    (4) 含有分詞結(jié)構(gòu)的句子。
    應(yīng)試技巧
    根據(jù)四、六級考試委員會有關(guān)新題型的通知以及實考的評分標準“英譯漢主要考核考生對書面材料的確切理解能力。對譯文的要求是‘正確’和‘表達清楚’,對漢語不作過高要求”。這也是根據(jù)實際情況提出的一個實事求是的標準。因此,要做好這一部分,關(guān)鍵還在于正確地理解原文原句。當然,“對漢語不作過高要求”并不意味著漢語表達不重要,沒有合適的漢語措辭,往往會詞不達意,甚至意思扭曲,背離原文的意思。下面是一些在翻譯時注意的問題:
    1先弄清句子結(jié)構(gòu),分清句子的主干,即哪一部分是主語,哪一部分是謂語,哪一部分是賓語或表語。然后搞清楚主句與從句,各修飾語修飾哪個中心詞。
    2定語從句,同位從句過長時,可拆開來譯為2句或多個短句。
    3注意比較結(jié)構(gòu)more...than, as...as,rather than..., other than...等結(jié)構(gòu)的譯法。
    4選擇合適的漢語句式。有些句子直譯或順譯就能正確地表達英文原義,而有些句子順譯將無法理解。這時應(yīng)考慮一下,原文要表達的意思,用漢語如何說,如果原句有多層意思,考慮一下分譯成若干句。這樣思路就不至于受原文的拘束而找到合適的表達方法。
    5注意原文句意的肯定與否定,不要譯反。另外還要注意否定詞的范圍,是局部否定還是否定全句,不要譯錯。
    ? 英譯漢評分原則及標準
    1本項目通過翻譯測試考生正確理解英文原文的能力。
    2本項目中的試題均摘自閱讀理解部分的文章,因此“正確理解英文原文” 必須根據(jù)原文上下文正確理解英文。
    3對譯文的要求是“正確”和“表達清楚”,對漢語不作過高要求。
    4本項目滿分為10分,共4題,每題為25分;每題劃分為3—4個給分段,分段的分值為05或1;凡分值為05者不再細化。
    5添加不必要的詞語時,如不影響句義,不扣分;如影響句義,應(yīng)扣分。來源:www.examda.com
    6如譯文與原文的句義相反,即使局部譯對,全句也不給分。
    7一題二譯時,只按第一個譯文評分。
    8考試委員會提供譯文抽樣示例,對超出示例的譯文若有爭議,由閱卷點負責(zé)人根據(jù)評分標準酌情決定。
    第五節(jié)六級作文應(yīng)試指導(dǎo)
    六級考試作文部分要求考生在30分鐘之內(nèi)寫出一篇不少于120詞的短文(四級為100詞)。從近幾年實考看,四、六級均采用同樣的作文題,題型多為提綱式作文。即給出一個英文標題下面用漢語給出三段(或兩段)的提綱,即要求寫的中心內(nèi)容。
    ? 六級考試作文評分原則和評分標準
    (一) 評分原則
    1. CET是檢查考生是否達到大學(xué)英語教學(xué)大綱規(guī)定的四級和六級教學(xué)要求,對作文的評判應(yīng)以此要求為準則。
    2. CET作文題采用總體評分(Global Scoring)方法。閱卷人員就總的印象給出獎勵分,而不是按語言點的錯誤數(shù)目扣分。
    3. 從內(nèi)容和語言兩個方面對作文進行綜合評判。內(nèi)容和語言是一個統(tǒng)一體。作文應(yīng)表達題目規(guī)定的內(nèi)容,而內(nèi)容要通過語言來表達。要考慮作文是否切題,是否充分表達思想,也要考慮是否用英語清楚而適切地表達思想,也就是要考慮語言上的錯誤是否造成理解上的障礙。
    4. 避免趨中傾向。該給高分的給高分,包括滿分;該低分的給低分,包括0分。一名閱卷人員在所評的全部作文卷中不應(yīng)只給中間的幾種分數(shù)。
    (二) 評分標準
    1 本題滿分為15分。
    2 閱卷標準共五等:2分、5分、8分、11分及14分。各有標準樣卷一至二份。
    3 閱卷人員根據(jù)閱卷標準,對照樣卷評分,若認為與某一分數(shù)(如8分)相似,即定為該分數(shù)(即8分);若認為稍優(yōu)劣于該分數(shù),則可加1分(即9分)或減1分(即7分)。但不得加或減半分。
    4 評分標準:
    2分——條理不清,思路紊亂,語言支離破碎或大部分句子均有錯誤,且多數(shù)為嚴重錯誤。
    5分——基本切題。表達思想不清楚,連貫性差。有較多的嚴重語言錯誤。
    8分——基本切題。有些地方表達思想不夠清楚,文字勉強連貫;語言錯誤相當多,其中有一些是嚴重的錯誤。
    11分——切題。表達思想清楚,文字連貫,但有少量語言錯誤。
    14分——切題。表達思想清楚,文字通順。連貫性較好?;旧蠠o語言錯誤,僅有個別小錯。[注:白卷,作文與題目毫不相關(guān),或只有幾個孤立的詞而無法表達思想,則給0分]
    5 字數(shù)不足的應(yīng)酌情扣分:累計字數(shù)〖〗CET4〖〗90~99〖〗80~89〖〗70~79〖〗60~69〖〗50~59〖〗<49CET6〖〗110~119〖〗100~109〖〗90~99〖〗80~89〖〗70~79〖〗<69扣分〖〗1〖〗2〖〗3〖〗5〖〗7〖〗9[注:1如題目中給出主題句,起始句,結(jié)束句,均不得計入所寫字數(shù)。
    2只寫一段者:0~4分;只寫兩段者: 0~9分。(指規(guī)定三段的作文)]6為了便于閱卷人員掌握評分標準?,F(xiàn)將各檔作文分相當于百分制的得分,列表如下,稱分率。其中9分的得分率為60(相當于百分制的60分)。作文分〖〗15得分率〖〗100〖〗14〖〗13〖〗12〖〗11〖〗10〖〗9〖〗8〖〗7〖〗6〖〗5〖〗4〖〗3〖〗2〖〗194〖〗87〖〗80〖〗74〖〗67〖〗60〖〗54〖〗47〖〗40〖〗34〖〗27〖〗20〖〗14〖〗7(三) 關(guān)于作文低分的有關(guān)規(guī)定
    1 作文分低分定為6分。
    2 考生作文分為0分時,若總分高于60分,一律按59分報道;若總分低于60分,則按“總分-6分”報道。
    3 考生作文分大于0分,小于6分時,則按下列公式報道成績:
    后報道分=原計算總分-6分+實得作文分。
    應(yīng)試技巧
    (一) 審題與構(gòu)思
    拿到一篇作文題后,應(yīng)先審題。首先要讀懂大標題,看看要寫的話題是什么。若對標題中某個詞不甚理解,可參照一下漢語提綱,往往能夠迎刃而解。從實考評卷看,考生因詞匯掌握不夠,不理解標題中的某個詞,造成偏離題目的情況時有發(fā)生。其實只要思心點,這種情況就不會發(fā)生??辞鍢祟}之后,要看一下所列提綱,弄清各段應(yīng)寫的內(nèi)容,以及各段落間的關(guān)系。接著,在頭腦里構(gòu)思一下每段要寫哪幾點(句),段落之間如何過渡等。
    (二) 開端
    文章的開端很重要,俗話說“萬事開頭難”,一個好的起始句往往能夠打開思路。由于四、六級作文多為議論文和說明文,且為短文,“開門見山”直入話題為使用多開篇方式。(有關(guān)這一點,請參閱四、六級作文實用套語部分),然而,這并不意味著總是用一種單調(diào)的方式開頭?!伴_門見山”也有多種不同的手法。例如,我們可以用問句開頭,如1997年6月作文題為:“My view on jobhopping”(我對跳槽的看法),某考生是這樣開頭的:“You resigned again! Whats your new job?”然后接著寫“Jobhopping has become a hot topic among people,especially the young...”這就是個有點新意的開頭,與大多數(shù)考生不一樣。再如,我們還可以引述名言或諺語開頭。比如,同樣是上述這篇作文題,我們可以這樣開頭: There is an old saying: A rolling stone gathers no mosses.(滾石不生苔,轉(zhuǎn)業(yè)不生財) It means you cant achieve anything if you have no patience. But nowadays ,many people are keen on jobhopping...讀到這樣一個不同凡響的開頭,這篇作文已給評卷者一個很好的印象。當然,除了“開門見山”式的開頭外,我們也可以用其他方法開頭。比如,我們可以用一個具體事例開頭或描述一個場景開頭。如1998年6月作文題:Do “Lucky Numbers” Really Bring Luck?大多數(shù)考生都是把第一段的漢語提綱“有人認為幸運數(shù)字能帶來好運”這句話翻譯了一下作為開端,而有考生是這樣寫的:My friend Sam was very excited yesterday, because he got a “l(fā)ucky number” for his telephone, which is 8011668. 這也是個比較生動的開頭??傊臒o定法,文章的開頭可以有多種多樣的變化,考生應(yīng)根據(jù)題目內(nèi)容的不同選擇合適的開頭方式。
    (三) 展開
    有了一個良好的開頭,接著就要按照既定的構(gòu)思框架,圍繞提綱規(guī)定的要點,展開段落。一般來說,每段的提綱就象一個主題句,考生需做的就是把這一概括性的“主題句”的意思加以發(fā)揮,將其具體化,或加以說明闡釋。四、六級考試的作文是短文,不需要長篇大論。所以考生要要言不煩,抓住要點,想好每段要寫的幾個句子。一般來說,每段只需寫4~5句即可達到所要求的字數(shù)。有些考生以為寫得長就是好,盲目追求字數(shù),結(jié)果句子雖寫了不少,但語言質(zhì)量差,甚至詞不達意。一篇作文能不能獲得較高的評分,主要在于文章句子的語言質(zhì)量,字數(shù)的多少并不成為評分時的主要關(guān)注點。依實考評卷的經(jīng)驗看,除非考生作文字數(shù)明顯太少,一般很少因為字數(shù)而扣分。所以不要為湊夠字數(shù)而匆匆忙忙。正確的策略應(yīng)該是考慮幾句切中要點的句子,把它們寫好,寫正確。
    (四) 遣詞造句
    考生在寫作時,要根據(jù)構(gòu)思,認真考慮寫好每一個句子。這是清楚表達的關(guān)鍵而要寫好句子就要用正確、恰當?shù)脑~匯和合適的句型結(jié)構(gòu)來表達。四、六級作文考的是運用語言的能力,評分從語言和內(nèi)容兩方面著眼,而在實際操作中更加偏重于從語言質(zhì)量角度評判高下。因此,考生在遣詞造句時應(yīng)注意以下幾點:(1) 要盡量選用自己熟悉,有把握的詞語來表達,避免詞不達意,減少出錯的頻率。如果表達時出現(xiàn)某個詞匯不會或想不起來,不如換一種說法,不要“硬譯”。(2) 要注意表達的多樣性(variety),具體而言,就是指用詞要豐富些,在句型、句式上要有所變化,嘗試使用不同的句子結(jié)構(gòu)。比如,使用一些復(fù)合句、并列句、疑問句等使文章更加緊湊、富于變。另外,選用恰當?shù)亩陶Z,詞組可為文章增加亮點。
    (五) 復(fù)查與修改
    這是寫作考試時一個必要步驟,但往往又容易被匆忙的考生忽略。在考作文時,考生應(yīng)留出3至4分鐘用于復(fù)查、修改。方法是閱讀一遍所寫的文章,看看有無語法方面的錯誤,一些匆匆忙忙中易出的錯誤,如主謂在人稱數(shù)上不一致,時態(tài)錯誤等明顯的錯誤,都可以通過復(fù)查發(fā)現(xiàn)并得以修改。
    六級作文寫作實用套路套語例解
    大家都知道,要想寫好作文,提高寫作水平,關(guān)鍵在于打好語言基礎(chǔ),平時多寫多練多積累,決非一朝之功。但如果我們了解歷年作文考題在題材(subject matter)、文體方面的出題模式,積累一些應(yīng)試的寫作套路套語,就能夠在相對短的時間內(nèi)收到良好的效果。下面我們在分析歷年作文考題的基礎(chǔ)上,歸納出幾種典型的出題模式,然后提供一些寫作套路以供參考。
    (一) 典型出題模式及應(yīng)試套路
    模式之一:1有人認為…
    2有人認為(不同式相反的觀點)
    3我的觀點
    這是六級考試多次出現(xiàn)的作文模式之一,屬議論文。這種類型的作文題要求考生先陳述一些人對某種問題、現(xiàn)象的看法,然后陳述另一些人對此的不同看法。后一段要求作者發(fā)表觀點或評述。如1999年6月作文題:
    Reading Selectively or Extensively?
    1有人認為讀書要有選擇
    2有人認為應(yīng)當博覽群書
    3我的看法
    由于這類作文思維框架相同,我們可以利用以下幾個套路來構(gòu)筑這種作文模式的文章骨架。
    參考套路①
    Different people have different opinions as to ... Some people think... , while some other people argue that...
    As far as Im concerned, I agree with the latter to some extent, ... A case in point is ...
    參考套路②
    When asked the question “×××?” different people have different answers. Some / Quite a few people think that...
    Some others are of the opinion / maintain that... To their mind,...
    Which opinion (view) is right (reasonable)? (I think its not a matter of right or wrong), but Im inclined to accept the second view. My reasons are as follows. First of all,... Secoud,...
    參考套路③
    Some people believe that... because... But some others hold/maintain that... They think...
    In my opinion, I prefer / Im in favor of the latter...
    模式之二:1某事某物的好處/優(yōu)點
    2某事某物的副作用/帶來的問題
    3如何處理/看待
    這也是六級作文題常用的模式。先談某事物或現(xiàn)象的益處,然后要求寫其不足之處或負面影響,后談?wù)勗鯓犹幚砘驅(qū)Υ@一問題,或者談自己的看法、體會。如1996年1月作文題:
    The Twoday Weekend
    1雙休日給大學(xué)生帶來的好處
    2雙休日可能給大學(xué)生帶來的問題
    3我應(yīng)當怎樣過好雙休日
    參考套路:
    ...(引入話題)×××benefits us in many respects. First, ... Second, ... Third ...
    While ××× has so many advantages, we can not ignore the problems it brings us. For example...
    How to solve the problem? / What is the correct attitude towards ×××?
     (二) 六級作文實用套語
    (1)表示列舉他人的觀點、看法:來源:www.examda.com
    ● Some people think (say, believe) that ..., while some others argue that ...
    ● Some people think that ... . However, some others hold the opposite view / a different opinion.
    ● With regard to the question / topic, different people have different answers / opinions. Some think that.... Some others maintain / are of the opinion that...
    ● Contrary to the above view, some others insist that...
    ● Nevertheless, there are some people who disagree(dont agree) with the view.
    ● There are much controversy on this phenomenon.
    (2) 表示發(fā)表自己的觀點(贊成,不贊成,懷疑):
    ● Which opinion is rignt / more reasonable? Im inclined to accept the latter/the second view.
    ●  My opinion is that there is something in both of the views.
    ●  I think both of the above opinions are too radical / go to the extremes and therefore are incomplete.
    ●  It is true that..., but...
    ●  To my mind, both of the opinions are right in a certain sense.
    ●  As far as Im concerned,I prefer the former/the latter.
    ●  Im in favor of the latter.
    ●  My opinion is similar to the latter/my view is in agreement with the latter.
    ●  In my opinion, both of the above views are only partly right.
    ●  With regard to the question, I think a correct attitude is (that)...
    ●  To my mind, whether... or not depend on our attitude towards the matter and how we deal with it.
    ● In my opinion, whether it is good or bad depends on how we look at it.
    (3) 表示引入要討論的問題、現(xiàn)象:
    ● Recently, a hot topic people are talking about is... / there is a heated discusion on/ about/ whether...
    ● Nowadays, a social/common phenomenon that you can find everywhere is ...
    ● Nowadays, more and more people are concerned about...
    ● When asked the question “what/how...?” people have various answers.
    ● It is generally believed that...
    ● With the development of national economy...
    ● With the progress of science and technology...
    ● With the quickening pace of modern life...
    ● With peoples living standards rising, more and more people...
    ● There is a prevalent belief among people that...
    ● Nowadays, there is a widespread view that...
    ● Recently there has sprung up a heated discussion as to whether...
    ● In our daily life, we often hear /see /come across...
    ● ... is a common phenomenon in our daily life.
    (4) 表示陳述原因:
    ● There are several /various reasons for this (phenomenon).
    ● The reasons for this are as follows.
    ● Several factors are responsible for the phenomenon.
    ● There are several reasons why...
    ● Their opinion is based on the fact that... / the following facts...
    ● It is due to several factors.
    ● ..., for they think that...
    ● Those who are in favor of the ... believe that...
    ● The main /direct reason (for this) is that...
    ● These / The following are my reasons for my choice.
    (5) 表示好處、壞處、利弊、優(yōu)缺點:
    ● It benefits us in many ways / respects.
    ● The advantages /disadvantages of ... are obvious.
    ● It contributes to ...
    ● Doing sth. is beneficial to ...
    ● It does harm / good to ...
    ● While ... has so many advantages, we should not ignore the problems it brings us.
    ● The negative aspect / effect is that ...
    ● Although ..., we should also take the negative effects into account / consideration.
    ● Just as a coin has two sides, everything has its advantages and disadvantages.
    (6) 表示措施、辦法怎樣做打算:
    ● We should take effective / drastic measures to stop / prevent / protect ...
    ● Faced with such a situation, what shall we do?
    ● What should we do to solve the problem?
    ● Perhaps the best choice is the combination of the two...
    ● The solution to this problem is to / that...
    ● There are several ways to cope with the problem.
    ● The government should make strict regulations / laws to ban such practice / to stop this phenomenon from spreading.
    ● We should take immediate action to ...
    ● Its urgent for us to do something about this.
    ● We should spare no effort /try every means to ...
    (7) 表示重要、必要:
    ● It is indispensable to our life.
    ● Its an indispensable part of ...
    ● It plays an important part.
    ● ××× is of vital importance.
    ● The important thing is that we should pay more attention to ...
    ● Its important /necessary /urgent for us to ...
    (8)表示結(jié)論、總結(jié):
    ● From the above analysis, we can see that... / we come to the conclusion that...
    ● Only in this way can we...
    ● Only when we... can we...
    (三) 六級作文常用連詞及起連接作用的詞語
    (1) 并列:and, as well as, and ... as well, or
    (2) 遞進,附加: besides, whats more, moreover, furthermore, in addition, also
    (3) 因果: because, because of, for, as, since, now that, thus, therefore, so, as a result
    (4) 轉(zhuǎn)折:but, however, nevertheless, though, on the contrary, on the other hand
    (5) 總結(jié),結(jié)論: in conclusion, in a word, in brief, all in all來源:www.examda.com
    (6) 列舉,舉例:first, second, third, first of all, in the first place, in the next place, on one hand, on the other hand, for example, for instance, a case in point, take... for example