九、句子結(jié)構(gòu)的錯(cuò)誤
在英語(yǔ)中按句型來(lái)說(shuō)可以分為陳述句、疑問(wèn)句、祈使句和感嘆句四種，從結(jié)構(gòu)上來(lái)說(shuō)又可以分為簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句三種。句子的結(jié)構(gòu)錯(cuò)誤是構(gòu)成句子完整結(jié)構(gòu)的某一成分用錯(cuò)或者缺少，或者使用了多于成分而造成句意不清的錯(cuò)誤類(lèi)型。由于英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法和漢語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法特點(diǎn)在結(jié)構(gòu)上表現(xiàn)得十分明顯，主、謂、賓結(jié)構(gòu)在數(shù)、格、人稱(chēng)上的一致、連接手段的正確使用以及詞序安排等，都與漢語(yǔ)有著相當(dāng)大的差異，因此在改錯(cuò)中也是一大難點(diǎn)。句子結(jié)構(gòu)錯(cuò)誤類(lèi)型包括：句子類(lèi)型使用錯(cuò)誤、句子成分短缺、平行結(jié)構(gòu)錯(cuò)誤以及詞組搭配使用錯(cuò)誤。
例 1
Computer analyzed marketing reports can help
deciding which products to emphasize now, which
to develop for the future, and which to be dropped. 1.__________
本句中三個(gè)平行成分 which products to emphasize now, which to develop for the future, and which to be dropped 結(jié)構(gòu)模式應(yīng)該一致，均采用不定式主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，因而 to be dropped 應(yīng)改為 to drop 。
例 2
When we consider the comfortable circumstances
of a working family today, the life of the workingman
in 1882 seems miserable indeed. But earlier it had
been ever hard. 1.__________
根據(jù)上文中“ earlier ”可知，原句顯然是將 1882 年以前的生活與 1882 年時(shí)的生活作比較，所以此處 hard 應(yīng)該改為 harder 。
例 3
At the beginning of the nineteenth century working
hours were from sunrise to sunset, pay was awful,
and working conditions being poor and dangerous. 1.__________
在該句中， working hours were from sunrise to sunset, pay was awful, and working conditions being poor and dangerous 三個(gè)小分句為并列結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)系，因此必須保持成分和結(jié)構(gòu)上的一致性，故應(yīng)該將 being 改為 were 。
例 4
However, a second person thought that this was
more a question of civilized behavior as good 1.__________
manners.
“ more…than… ”是固定搭配用法，在此句中表示“與其…不如…”的意思，而不是“比…多”的意思；沒(méi)有“ more…as… ”的搭配用法，故應(yīng)該將 as 改為 than 。
練習(xí)題
1 On the contrary, the intimate atmosphere of the
small college allows the student four years of structural
living in which to expect and preparing for the real world. 1.__________
2 In making his choice among educational institutions
the student must, therefore, consider a great many factors.
Going to school is part of the socialization process,
and so going to the movies. 2.__________
3 The next morning the sun rose like a red ball on the
eastern horizon. But somehow after breakfast it hid
itself behind patches of clouds but it seemed a rain was 3.__________
apparent.
4 But luckily, no sooner had we entered the car when it 4.__________
suddenly began to rain.
5 That is worthy of note about these two groups is that 5.__________
among the 40 people there are only two women.
6 Women members are so less than members that we 6.__________
again think of the outdated prejudice that women are
inferior in intelligence.
7 The best way to avoid using dictionaries when you
are reading English books is to try to remember many 7.__________
words as you can.
8 It is just on that day when I bumped into Miss Helen 8.__________
on my way to work.
9 It is in the cinema not on the street where he lost his 9.__________
wallet which contained ＄ 1,000 in it.
10 In the future passengers ships will be built to travel
undersea, and special underwater ships will be designed
for mining, fishing, and to exploring unknown areas. 10.__________
答案解析：
1.preparing→prepare。屬于平行結(jié)構(gòu)中的動(dòng)詞錯(cuò)誤。在并列連詞and前后顯然要有形式一致的動(dòng)詞，但前面沒(méi)有與preparing呼應(yīng)的現(xiàn)在分詞（注：同行中的living是in which中which的先行詞，故一定是名詞，而不是現(xiàn)在分詞——這是詞形表面上的干擾），故只能改動(dòng)preparing使之與前面的動(dòng)詞不定式expect一致，這里也有考生將preparing改為prepares，用意是與句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞allows一致，但要注意，句中不定式expect是及物動(dòng)詞，它的賓語(yǔ)是“the real world”，必須與prepare for共享。
2.so后面加is。該句是一個(gè)并列句，第一個(gè)分詞結(jié)構(gòu)是完整的，主語(yǔ)由動(dòng)名詞“going to school”擔(dān)當(dāng)，第二個(gè)分詞表語(yǔ)部分與前面相同。為避免重復(fù)，而使用代詞so，但是謂語(yǔ)不能省略，必須加上is才是完整的結(jié)構(gòu)。
3.but→and。
4.when→than。“no sooner…than…”和“hardly…when…”是固頂結(jié)構(gòu)，相互之間不能交換使用。
5.that→what。該句結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜，前面整個(gè)句子作為主語(yǔ)，但是that不能作為主語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)成分，因此改成what。
6.less→fewer。
7.many前加as。
8.when→that。因?yàn)樵摼涫且粋€(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)句，所強(qiáng)調(diào)成分的代詞除了在所強(qiáng)調(diào)成分為“人”時(shí)使用who或者that的情況外，一律使用that。
9.where→that。
10.刪除to。
在英語(yǔ)中按句型來(lái)說(shuō)可以分為陳述句、疑問(wèn)句、祈使句和感嘆句四種，從結(jié)構(gòu)上來(lái)說(shuō)又可以分為簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句三種。句子的結(jié)構(gòu)錯(cuò)誤是構(gòu)成句子完整結(jié)構(gòu)的某一成分用錯(cuò)或者缺少，或者使用了多于成分而造成句意不清的錯(cuò)誤類(lèi)型。由于英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法和漢語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法特點(diǎn)在結(jié)構(gòu)上表現(xiàn)得十分明顯，主、謂、賓結(jié)構(gòu)在數(shù)、格、人稱(chēng)上的一致、連接手段的正確使用以及詞序安排等，都與漢語(yǔ)有著相當(dāng)大的差異，因此在改錯(cuò)中也是一大難點(diǎn)。句子結(jié)構(gòu)錯(cuò)誤類(lèi)型包括：句子類(lèi)型使用錯(cuò)誤、句子成分短缺、平行結(jié)構(gòu)錯(cuò)誤以及詞組搭配使用錯(cuò)誤。
例 1
Computer analyzed marketing reports can help
deciding which products to emphasize now, which
to develop for the future, and which to be dropped. 1.__________
本句中三個(gè)平行成分 which products to emphasize now, which to develop for the future, and which to be dropped 結(jié)構(gòu)模式應(yīng)該一致，均采用不定式主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，因而 to be dropped 應(yīng)改為 to drop 。
例 2
When we consider the comfortable circumstances
of a working family today, the life of the workingman
in 1882 seems miserable indeed. But earlier it had
been ever hard. 1.__________
根據(jù)上文中“ earlier ”可知，原句顯然是將 1882 年以前的生活與 1882 年時(shí)的生活作比較，所以此處 hard 應(yīng)該改為 harder 。
例 3
At the beginning of the nineteenth century working
hours were from sunrise to sunset, pay was awful,
and working conditions being poor and dangerous. 1.__________
在該句中， working hours were from sunrise to sunset, pay was awful, and working conditions being poor and dangerous 三個(gè)小分句為并列結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)系，因此必須保持成分和結(jié)構(gòu)上的一致性，故應(yīng)該將 being 改為 were 。
例 4
However, a second person thought that this was
more a question of civilized behavior as good 1.__________
manners.
“ more…than… ”是固定搭配用法，在此句中表示“與其…不如…”的意思，而不是“比…多”的意思；沒(méi)有“ more…as… ”的搭配用法，故應(yīng)該將 as 改為 than 。
練習(xí)題
1 On the contrary, the intimate atmosphere of the
small college allows the student four years of structural
living in which to expect and preparing for the real world. 1.__________
2 In making his choice among educational institutions
the student must, therefore, consider a great many factors.
Going to school is part of the socialization process,
and so going to the movies. 2.__________
3 The next morning the sun rose like a red ball on the
eastern horizon. But somehow after breakfast it hid
itself behind patches of clouds but it seemed a rain was 3.__________
apparent.
4 But luckily, no sooner had we entered the car when it 4.__________
suddenly began to rain.
5 That is worthy of note about these two groups is that 5.__________
among the 40 people there are only two women.
6 Women members are so less than members that we 6.__________
again think of the outdated prejudice that women are
inferior in intelligence.
7 The best way to avoid using dictionaries when you
are reading English books is to try to remember many 7.__________
words as you can.
8 It is just on that day when I bumped into Miss Helen 8.__________
on my way to work.
9 It is in the cinema not on the street where he lost his 9.__________
wallet which contained ＄ 1,000 in it.
10 In the future passengers ships will be built to travel
undersea, and special underwater ships will be designed
for mining, fishing, and to exploring unknown areas. 10.__________
答案解析：
1.preparing→prepare。屬于平行結(jié)構(gòu)中的動(dòng)詞錯(cuò)誤。在并列連詞and前后顯然要有形式一致的動(dòng)詞，但前面沒(méi)有與preparing呼應(yīng)的現(xiàn)在分詞（注：同行中的living是in which中which的先行詞，故一定是名詞，而不是現(xiàn)在分詞——這是詞形表面上的干擾），故只能改動(dòng)preparing使之與前面的動(dòng)詞不定式expect一致，這里也有考生將preparing改為prepares，用意是與句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞allows一致，但要注意，句中不定式expect是及物動(dòng)詞，它的賓語(yǔ)是“the real world”，必須與prepare for共享。
2.so后面加is。該句是一個(gè)并列句，第一個(gè)分詞結(jié)構(gòu)是完整的，主語(yǔ)由動(dòng)名詞“going to school”擔(dān)當(dāng)，第二個(gè)分詞表語(yǔ)部分與前面相同。為避免重復(fù)，而使用代詞so，但是謂語(yǔ)不能省略，必須加上is才是完整的結(jié)構(gòu)。
3.but→and。
4.when→than。“no sooner…than…”和“hardly…when…”是固頂結(jié)構(gòu)，相互之間不能交換使用。
5.that→what。該句結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜，前面整個(gè)句子作為主語(yǔ)，但是that不能作為主語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)成分，因此改成what。
6.less→fewer。
7.many前加as。
8.when→that。因?yàn)樵摼涫且粋€(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)句，所強(qiáng)調(diào)成分的代詞除了在所強(qiáng)調(diào)成分為“人”時(shí)使用who或者that的情況外，一律使用that。
9.where→that。
10.刪除to。