steer(抽象名詞steerage"操縱",具體名詞steersman"舵手")一般表示"駕駛"、"掌舵",但常用于比喻,詞義引伸后有"操縱"、"指導(dǎo)"的意思。尤其適用于表示"指導(dǎo)著度過難關(guān)"的意義
The Cutty Sark rolled from side to side and it became impossible to steer her.
卡蒂薩克號向兩側(cè)搖晃著,駕駛這只船是不可能的了。
Soon the country will be steered to peace and prosperity.
這個國家很快便會被帶入和平與繁榮之境。
admit acknowledge confess
意都含"承認(rèn)"的意思。
admit 通常指因外界壓力、良心或判斷而承認(rèn)某事的存在或真實性, 含"不情愿"之意, 如:
I admit that she is right.
我承認(rèn)她是對的。
acknowledge 指"公開承認(rèn)", 常用于過去隱瞞或否認(rèn)之事,如:
With so much evidence against him he had to acknowledge his error.
在這么多的證據(jù)面前, 他不得不承認(rèn)錯誤。
confess 著重承認(rèn)自己的過錯或罪惡, 因此有"懺悔"、"坦白"的含意, 如:
He has confessed his crime.
他承認(rèn)了自己的罪行(含坦白之意)。
sure certain confident
意思都含"確信的".
sure強(qiáng)調(diào)"主觀上確信無疑的", 如:
I'm sure you don't mean it.
我相信你是無意的。
certain指"有充分根據(jù)或理由而相信的", 如:
This letter made me certain of his innocence.
這封信使我相信他是無罪的。
confident 強(qiáng)調(diào)"對某人[物]堅信的或滿懷信心的", 如:
He's confident he will win.
他深信他會贏。
importance consequence significance
都含"重要性"或"顯要"的意思。
importance 為一般用語, 著重指"本身具有重大價值、意義、影響等", 如:
news of importance
重要新聞。
consequence 側(cè)重指"具有或可能具有重要或深遠(yuǎn)的后果", 如:
If you behave so foolishly, you must be ready to take the consequences.
如果你這樣愚昧下去, 你必須準(zhǔn)備自食其果。
significance 指"馬上顯示其特殊重要意義", 如:
an event of significance
具有重是意義的事件。
continue last endure persist
都含"繼續(xù)"、"延續(xù)"的意思。
continue指"持續(xù)而無終止", 通常強(qiáng)調(diào)"不間斷", 如:continue one's work 繼續(xù)工作。
last指"持久"、"延續(xù)", 如:The rain will not last long. 這雨不會持續(xù)很久。
endure指"持久"、"持續(xù)", 如:Her fame will endure for ever. 她將名垂千古。
persist指"持續(xù)存在下去", 如:The snow is likely to persist in most areas. 可能在大部分地區(qū)還有雪。
continual continuous constant incessant perpetual
都含有"連續(xù)的"、"不斷的"意思
continual指"一段時間內(nèi)多次發(fā)生"、"時斷時續(xù)"或"中斷時間很短而又接連發(fā)生", 如:Continual practice is necessary to master English. 要掌握英語必須經(jīng)常不斷地練習(xí)。continuous指"連續(xù)不斷的", 如:a continuous voyage 連接不斷的航行。constant指"始終如一的"、"不變的"、"持續(xù)地發(fā)生"或"反復(fù)地發(fā)生", 如:the constant beat of heart 有規(guī)律的心跳。incessant指"不停的"、"持續(xù)不斷的", 如:the incessant rain 細(xì)雨連綿。perpetual指"永久的"、"不間斷的", 如:perpetual chatter 沒完沒了的嘮叨。
conversation chat dialogue discussion talk
都含"交談"的意思。
conversation 指"無拘束或非正式的談話", 如:We had a long telephone conversation.我們通過電話作了長時間的交談。 chat 指"閑談"、"聊天", 如:We need less chat and more work if we're to finish this job today. 如果我們打算今天完成這件工作的話, 那就要少聊天、多工作。dialogue 指"雙方對話或戲劇的對白", 如:The dialogue remained light and friendly. 談話一直保持輕松愉快和友好的氣氛。discussion 指"討論"、"商議", 如:I had a long discussion with my friends about the matter. 這件事我跟朋友們商討了很久。talk 指"非正式的講話", 用于較隨便的場合, 如:I met Mrs. Janes at the shop and had a long talk with her. 我在商店遇見了瓊斯夫人, 同她談了很長時間。
crowd throng swarm
都含"一群"、"眾多"的意思。
crowd指"無秩序地聚集在一起的一大群人", 如:
A crowd of people were waiting in front of the gate.
一大群人在門前等著。
throng指"蜂擁行進(jìn)的人群", 它不及crowd 口語化, 如:
throngs of celebrators at Times Square
在時代廣場舉行慶?;顒拥娜巳骸?BR> swarm 指"一大群雜亂無章移動的人", 如:
a swarm of sightseers
一大群觀光者。
cut across
取捷徑;走近路
超越
cut back
剪枝;修剪
減少;縮小;削減
to cut back on industrial production
縮減工業(yè)生產(chǎn)
cut down
砍倒;砍傷;砍死
to cut down a tree with an axe
用斧頭把樹砍倒
減少;減低
to cut down on smoking
減少抽煙
損害…健康;使殘廢;(疾病)殺害
cut in
插嘴
Don't cut in while I'm talking.
我說話時別插嘴。
超車搶擋;(突然)插入
to cut in on a queue
加塞兒
cut out
剪除;切掉;割掉
to cut out a dress
裁剪衣服
停止;放棄
to cut out smoking
戒煙
cut up
切碎
使受苦
Jean was really cut up when her husband left her.
在丈夫拋棄她之后,簡痛苦極了。
damage destroy ruin
都含"破壞"、"毀壞"的意思。
damage 指"價值、用途降低或外表損壞等, 不一定全部破壞, 損壞了還可以修復(fù)", 如:
The heavy rain damaged many houses.
大雨毀壞了許多房子。
destroy 指"徹底毀壞以至不能或很難修復(fù)", 如:
That town was destroyed in a big fire.
那個城鎮(zhèn)在一場大火中被毀了。
ruin現(xiàn)在多用于借喻中, 泛指一般的"弄壞了", 如:
He knocked over a bottle of ink and ruined the table cloth.
他打翻了一瓶墨水把桌布弄臟了。
danger peril hazard risk
都含"危險"的意思。
danger系常用詞, 指"目前的危險, 也可指今后的或不一定發(fā)生的危險", 如:
The patient was out of danger.
病人已經(jīng)脫離危險了。
peril語氣比danger強(qiáng), 指"接近更嚴(yán)重的危險", 如:
He is in peril of his life.
他命在旦夕。
danger 是個通用詞,其"危險"的含義可強(qiáng)可弱,可大可小,risk 亦然,其不同于 danger 之處僅在于:risk 還包含著"知道危險的存在"的意思,所以它可漢譯為"冒險",另外,danger 只用作名詞,而 risk 既可用作名詞,也可用作動詞。用作名詞的 risk 的常用搭配為 take (run) the risk of doing…
hazard 指"變幻莫測、無法控制的危險", 帶有"碰運(yùn)氣"的意思, 如:
He had a life full of hazard.
他一生充滿了冒險。
risk 指"風(fēng)險", 含有"主動冒險"的意思, 如:
He rescued a child at the risk of his own life.
他冒著生命危險把那個孩子救出來了。
decide determine resolve
都有"決定"的意思。
decide 指"經(jīng)過詢問、研討和考慮之后, 在幾種可能的選擇之中作出決定", 如:
She decided to leave here on Sunday instead of Monday.
她決定星期日而不是星期一離開這里。
determine指"決心作某一件事而不動搖", 如:
We have determined to get the work done ahead of schedule.
我們已經(jīng)決定要提前完成這項工作。
resolve指"打定主意做某事或不做某事", 如:
I resolve to study English.
我決定學(xué)英語。
decide,determine這兩個詞都有"決定"的意思。
decide的含義是"不再遲疑不定",而determine含義是把某件事確定下來。
to decide to give a dinner party (決定設(shè)一次宴會,此語的內(nèi)涵是:關(guān)于設(shè)宴會一事不再遲疑了
to determine the guests to be invited (確定要邀請的客人),此語的內(nèi)涵意思是:要請哪些人而不請那些人。
在be determined to do…這個固定的結(jié)構(gòu)中,過去分詞determined的詞義為"下定了決心".decide的名詞為decision,determine的名詞為determination.
At first,she decided to go to the police,…
起初,她決定去找警察……
On the last day I made a big decision.
在最后一天我作了一個重大的決定。
注:decide后跟賓語從句時,其含義有時是"斷定".
I decided that I must have taken a wrong turning somewhere.
我斷定我一定是在某處拐錯彎了。
I have been offered a large sum of money to go away,but I am determined to stay here.
給我提供了一大筆搬遷費(fèi),可是我決心留在這個地方。
The size of your feet determines the size of your shoes.
你的腳的大小決定了鞋的尺碼。
The determination of the meaning of a word is often difficult without a context.
脫離上下文來確定一個詞的含義常常是困難的。
注:在determine to do…, determine on (upon)…和determine…,(賓詞從句)三個搭配中,determine的詞義和decide幾乎沒有多大差異
He determined to learn medicine. (He decided to learn medicine.)
他決定學(xué)醫(yī)。
We determined on an early start.(We determined to start early.)
我們決定早動身。
Have you determined where you are going to spend your holidays? (Have you decided where you are going to spend your holidays?)
你有沒有決定到哪里去度假?
注:decide 某人to do 某事:"決定使某人做某事"
What decided you to give up your job?
什么因素使你決定放棄你的工作?
decrease dwindle diminish reduce
都含"減少"的意思。
decrease 指"漸漸地減少", 如:
His temperature decreases.
他的燒退了。
dwindle 同decrease 一樣, 也是"逐漸地減少", 但經(jīng)常指"減少到無或消耗到完為止", 如:
My savings have dwindled.
我的積蓄減少了。
diminish 指"形狀縮小, 數(shù)量減少", 特指"看得出來的縮小或減少", 如:
diminish the revenue by reducing tax
用減稅而使國家的收入減少。
reduce 指"人為地減少、降低", 如:
reduce speed
減速。
decrease,lessen,diminish,reduce,abate,dwindle這組動詞的一般含義為"減少".
decrease 和lessen比較普通,如果用詞不講究,可以代替這組詞中任何其他詞。decrease (名詞亦為decrease,但重音在第一個音節(jié)上)強(qiáng)調(diào)數(shù)目或使人不快之物的逐漸減少。
如:to decrease the number of working hours,to decrease traffic accidents.
The workmen want to decrease the number of working hours and increase pay.
工人要求減少工作時間而增加工資。
lessen 可以表示數(shù)量或程度的減少。
如: to lessen hazard,to lessen anxiety等等。
Light lessens as evening comes on.
隨著黃昏的來臨,光線逐漸變?nèi)酢?BR> diminish 表示減少損失。
如: to diminish research endownments
However,my enthusiasm waned.The time I spent at exercises gradually diminished.
然而,我的熱情減退了。我在做操上花的時間逐漸減少了。
reduce 可以表示尺寸、數(shù)量、程度或強(qiáng)度的減少,詞義引伸之后,可以表示地位、處境、狀況的降低。如:to reduce the speed,to reduce household expense,to be reduced to tears,to be reduced to ashes.
This greatly reduced the speed of the ship ,for there was danger that if she travelled too quickly,this rudder would be torn away.
這大大減低了船速,因為如果它走得太快,這個舵會有被沖掉的危險。
reduce 的名詞為reduction,abate 的名詞為abatement,dwindle的名詞為dwindlement.
abate 表示減少時其內(nèi)涵是使過分或過量的事物得到緩和。
如: to abate taxes,to abate imports.
The doctor gave him some medicine to abate the powerful pain.
醫(yī)生給了他某種藥,以減弱那劇烈的疼痛。
This is a pity,because noise abatement really is a good cause, and it is likely to be discredited if it gets to be associated with bad science.
這是件憾事,因為減少噪音實在是一項美好的事業(yè);如果把它與貧乏的科學(xué)知識攪在一起, 那么這種美好的事業(yè)有可能使人生疑。
The Cutty Sark rolled from side to side and it became impossible to steer her.
卡蒂薩克號向兩側(cè)搖晃著,駕駛這只船是不可能的了。
Soon the country will be steered to peace and prosperity.
這個國家很快便會被帶入和平與繁榮之境。
admit acknowledge confess
意都含"承認(rèn)"的意思。
admit 通常指因外界壓力、良心或判斷而承認(rèn)某事的存在或真實性, 含"不情愿"之意, 如:
I admit that she is right.
我承認(rèn)她是對的。
acknowledge 指"公開承認(rèn)", 常用于過去隱瞞或否認(rèn)之事,如:
With so much evidence against him he had to acknowledge his error.
在這么多的證據(jù)面前, 他不得不承認(rèn)錯誤。
confess 著重承認(rèn)自己的過錯或罪惡, 因此有"懺悔"、"坦白"的含意, 如:
He has confessed his crime.
他承認(rèn)了自己的罪行(含坦白之意)。
sure certain confident
意思都含"確信的".
sure強(qiáng)調(diào)"主觀上確信無疑的", 如:
I'm sure you don't mean it.
我相信你是無意的。
certain指"有充分根據(jù)或理由而相信的", 如:
This letter made me certain of his innocence.
這封信使我相信他是無罪的。
confident 強(qiáng)調(diào)"對某人[物]堅信的或滿懷信心的", 如:
He's confident he will win.
他深信他會贏。
importance consequence significance
都含"重要性"或"顯要"的意思。
importance 為一般用語, 著重指"本身具有重大價值、意義、影響等", 如:
news of importance
重要新聞。
consequence 側(cè)重指"具有或可能具有重要或深遠(yuǎn)的后果", 如:
If you behave so foolishly, you must be ready to take the consequences.
如果你這樣愚昧下去, 你必須準(zhǔn)備自食其果。
significance 指"馬上顯示其特殊重要意義", 如:
an event of significance
具有重是意義的事件。
continue last endure persist
都含"繼續(xù)"、"延續(xù)"的意思。
continue指"持續(xù)而無終止", 通常強(qiáng)調(diào)"不間斷", 如:continue one's work 繼續(xù)工作。
last指"持久"、"延續(xù)", 如:The rain will not last long. 這雨不會持續(xù)很久。
endure指"持久"、"持續(xù)", 如:Her fame will endure for ever. 她將名垂千古。
persist指"持續(xù)存在下去", 如:The snow is likely to persist in most areas. 可能在大部分地區(qū)還有雪。
continual continuous constant incessant perpetual
都含有"連續(xù)的"、"不斷的"意思
continual指"一段時間內(nèi)多次發(fā)生"、"時斷時續(xù)"或"中斷時間很短而又接連發(fā)生", 如:Continual practice is necessary to master English. 要掌握英語必須經(jīng)常不斷地練習(xí)。continuous指"連續(xù)不斷的", 如:a continuous voyage 連接不斷的航行。constant指"始終如一的"、"不變的"、"持續(xù)地發(fā)生"或"反復(fù)地發(fā)生", 如:the constant beat of heart 有規(guī)律的心跳。incessant指"不停的"、"持續(xù)不斷的", 如:the incessant rain 細(xì)雨連綿。perpetual指"永久的"、"不間斷的", 如:perpetual chatter 沒完沒了的嘮叨。
conversation chat dialogue discussion talk
都含"交談"的意思。
conversation 指"無拘束或非正式的談話", 如:We had a long telephone conversation.我們通過電話作了長時間的交談。 chat 指"閑談"、"聊天", 如:We need less chat and more work if we're to finish this job today. 如果我們打算今天完成這件工作的話, 那就要少聊天、多工作。dialogue 指"雙方對話或戲劇的對白", 如:The dialogue remained light and friendly. 談話一直保持輕松愉快和友好的氣氛。discussion 指"討論"、"商議", 如:I had a long discussion with my friends about the matter. 這件事我跟朋友們商討了很久。talk 指"非正式的講話", 用于較隨便的場合, 如:I met Mrs. Janes at the shop and had a long talk with her. 我在商店遇見了瓊斯夫人, 同她談了很長時間。
crowd throng swarm
都含"一群"、"眾多"的意思。
crowd指"無秩序地聚集在一起的一大群人", 如:
A crowd of people were waiting in front of the gate.
一大群人在門前等著。
throng指"蜂擁行進(jìn)的人群", 它不及crowd 口語化, 如:
throngs of celebrators at Times Square
在時代廣場舉行慶?;顒拥娜巳骸?BR> swarm 指"一大群雜亂無章移動的人", 如:
a swarm of sightseers
一大群觀光者。
cut across
取捷徑;走近路
超越
cut back
剪枝;修剪
減少;縮小;削減
to cut back on industrial production
縮減工業(yè)生產(chǎn)
cut down
砍倒;砍傷;砍死
to cut down a tree with an axe
用斧頭把樹砍倒
減少;減低
to cut down on smoking
減少抽煙
損害…健康;使殘廢;(疾病)殺害
cut in
插嘴
Don't cut in while I'm talking.
我說話時別插嘴。
超車搶擋;(突然)插入
to cut in on a queue
加塞兒
cut out
剪除;切掉;割掉
to cut out a dress
裁剪衣服
停止;放棄
to cut out smoking
戒煙
cut up
切碎
使受苦
Jean was really cut up when her husband left her.
在丈夫拋棄她之后,簡痛苦極了。
damage destroy ruin
都含"破壞"、"毀壞"的意思。
damage 指"價值、用途降低或外表損壞等, 不一定全部破壞, 損壞了還可以修復(fù)", 如:
The heavy rain damaged many houses.
大雨毀壞了許多房子。
destroy 指"徹底毀壞以至不能或很難修復(fù)", 如:
That town was destroyed in a big fire.
那個城鎮(zhèn)在一場大火中被毀了。
ruin現(xiàn)在多用于借喻中, 泛指一般的"弄壞了", 如:
He knocked over a bottle of ink and ruined the table cloth.
他打翻了一瓶墨水把桌布弄臟了。
danger peril hazard risk
都含"危險"的意思。
danger系常用詞, 指"目前的危險, 也可指今后的或不一定發(fā)生的危險", 如:
The patient was out of danger.
病人已經(jīng)脫離危險了。
peril語氣比danger強(qiáng), 指"接近更嚴(yán)重的危險", 如:
He is in peril of his life.
他命在旦夕。
danger 是個通用詞,其"危險"的含義可強(qiáng)可弱,可大可小,risk 亦然,其不同于 danger 之處僅在于:risk 還包含著"知道危險的存在"的意思,所以它可漢譯為"冒險",另外,danger 只用作名詞,而 risk 既可用作名詞,也可用作動詞。用作名詞的 risk 的常用搭配為 take (run) the risk of doing…
hazard 指"變幻莫測、無法控制的危險", 帶有"碰運(yùn)氣"的意思, 如:
He had a life full of hazard.
他一生充滿了冒險。
risk 指"風(fēng)險", 含有"主動冒險"的意思, 如:
He rescued a child at the risk of his own life.
他冒著生命危險把那個孩子救出來了。
decide determine resolve
都有"決定"的意思。
decide 指"經(jīng)過詢問、研討和考慮之后, 在幾種可能的選擇之中作出決定", 如:
She decided to leave here on Sunday instead of Monday.
她決定星期日而不是星期一離開這里。
determine指"決心作某一件事而不動搖", 如:
We have determined to get the work done ahead of schedule.
我們已經(jīng)決定要提前完成這項工作。
resolve指"打定主意做某事或不做某事", 如:
I resolve to study English.
我決定學(xué)英語。
decide,determine這兩個詞都有"決定"的意思。
decide的含義是"不再遲疑不定",而determine含義是把某件事確定下來。
to decide to give a dinner party (決定設(shè)一次宴會,此語的內(nèi)涵是:關(guān)于設(shè)宴會一事不再遲疑了
to determine the guests to be invited (確定要邀請的客人),此語的內(nèi)涵意思是:要請哪些人而不請那些人。
在be determined to do…這個固定的結(jié)構(gòu)中,過去分詞determined的詞義為"下定了決心".decide的名詞為decision,determine的名詞為determination.
At first,she decided to go to the police,…
起初,她決定去找警察……
On the last day I made a big decision.
在最后一天我作了一個重大的決定。
注:decide后跟賓語從句時,其含義有時是"斷定".
I decided that I must have taken a wrong turning somewhere.
我斷定我一定是在某處拐錯彎了。
I have been offered a large sum of money to go away,but I am determined to stay here.
給我提供了一大筆搬遷費(fèi),可是我決心留在這個地方。
The size of your feet determines the size of your shoes.
你的腳的大小決定了鞋的尺碼。
The determination of the meaning of a word is often difficult without a context.
脫離上下文來確定一個詞的含義常常是困難的。
注:在determine to do…, determine on (upon)…和determine…,(賓詞從句)三個搭配中,determine的詞義和decide幾乎沒有多大差異
He determined to learn medicine. (He decided to learn medicine.)
他決定學(xué)醫(yī)。
We determined on an early start.(We determined to start early.)
我們決定早動身。
Have you determined where you are going to spend your holidays? (Have you decided where you are going to spend your holidays?)
你有沒有決定到哪里去度假?
注:decide 某人to do 某事:"決定使某人做某事"
What decided you to give up your job?
什么因素使你決定放棄你的工作?
decrease dwindle diminish reduce
都含"減少"的意思。
decrease 指"漸漸地減少", 如:
His temperature decreases.
他的燒退了。
dwindle 同decrease 一樣, 也是"逐漸地減少", 但經(jīng)常指"減少到無或消耗到完為止", 如:
My savings have dwindled.
我的積蓄減少了。
diminish 指"形狀縮小, 數(shù)量減少", 特指"看得出來的縮小或減少", 如:
diminish the revenue by reducing tax
用減稅而使國家的收入減少。
reduce 指"人為地減少、降低", 如:
reduce speed
減速。
decrease,lessen,diminish,reduce,abate,dwindle這組動詞的一般含義為"減少".
decrease 和lessen比較普通,如果用詞不講究,可以代替這組詞中任何其他詞。decrease (名詞亦為decrease,但重音在第一個音節(jié)上)強(qiáng)調(diào)數(shù)目或使人不快之物的逐漸減少。
如:to decrease the number of working hours,to decrease traffic accidents.
The workmen want to decrease the number of working hours and increase pay.
工人要求減少工作時間而增加工資。
lessen 可以表示數(shù)量或程度的減少。
如: to lessen hazard,to lessen anxiety等等。
Light lessens as evening comes on.
隨著黃昏的來臨,光線逐漸變?nèi)酢?BR> diminish 表示減少損失。
如: to diminish research endownments
However,my enthusiasm waned.The time I spent at exercises gradually diminished.
然而,我的熱情減退了。我在做操上花的時間逐漸減少了。
reduce 可以表示尺寸、數(shù)量、程度或強(qiáng)度的減少,詞義引伸之后,可以表示地位、處境、狀況的降低。如:to reduce the speed,to reduce household expense,to be reduced to tears,to be reduced to ashes.
This greatly reduced the speed of the ship ,for there was danger that if she travelled too quickly,this rudder would be torn away.
這大大減低了船速,因為如果它走得太快,這個舵會有被沖掉的危險。
reduce 的名詞為reduction,abate 的名詞為abatement,dwindle的名詞為dwindlement.
abate 表示減少時其內(nèi)涵是使過分或過量的事物得到緩和。
如: to abate taxes,to abate imports.
The doctor gave him some medicine to abate the powerful pain.
醫(yī)生給了他某種藥,以減弱那劇烈的疼痛。
This is a pity,because noise abatement really is a good cause, and it is likely to be discredited if it gets to be associated with bad science.
這是件憾事,因為減少噪音實在是一項美好的事業(yè);如果把它與貧乏的科學(xué)知識攪在一起, 那么這種美好的事業(yè)有可能使人生疑。

