Text A How Dictionaries Are Made
本課主要單詞
1.mainly adv. 主要地；大部分地
1）I don't know what his interests are， because we talk mainly about work when we meet.
（我不知道他的興趣是什么，因?yàn)槲覀円?jiàn)面時(shí)主要談工作。）
2）The visitors were mainly students from Mainland China.（來(lái)訪者多半是來(lái)自中國(guó)大陸的學(xué)生。）
3）He quit the job mainly because of health problem.（他辭了那份工用是由于健康原因。）
2.grammarian n. 語(yǔ)法學(xué)家
-ian或-an是一個(gè)名詞后綴，表示“…地方的人”，“精通…的人”，“信奉…的人”，如： American（美國(guó)人），Italian（意大利人），Musician（音樂(lè)家），Historian（歷史學(xué)家），Confucian（儒家）， Christian（基督徒）
grammarian這個(gè)單詞是由grammar加后綴－ian 構(gòu)成的。
3.supreme adj. 高的；極度的，主要的
1）He enjoys supreme power in this country（他在這個(gè)國(guó)家享有至高無(wú)上的權(quán)力。）
2）They are fulfilling a task of supreme importance.（他們正在完成一項(xiàng)極其重要的任務(wù)。）
3）No one expected that he would change his idea at the supreme moment.（誰(shuí)也沒(méi)料到他會(huì)在決定性的時(shí)刻改變主意。）
Supreme court（美國(guó)聯(lián)邦（州）高法院。）
The supreme commander （高統(tǒng)帥）
Supreme Soviet （前蘇聯(lián)高蘇維埃）
4.authority n. 官方，*；權(quán)利，權(quán)威
1）The government is the highest authority in the country（政府是國(guó)家的高權(quán)利機(jī)構(gòu)）
2）Have you talked it over with the authorities concerned？（你已經(jīng)跟有關(guān)*討論過(guò)這個(gè)問(wèn)題了嗎？）
3）What authority do you have for entering this house？（你有什么權(quán)利進(jìn)這個(gè)屋子？）
4）Who is the authority on this subject？（誰(shuí)是這門學(xué)科的權(quán)威？）
5）Chinese parents have more authority over their children（中國(guó)的父母對(duì)孩子更有權(quán)威。）
5.usage n. 慣用法；使用；用法
1）It's difficult to master the usage of these grammatical forms.（要掌握這些語(yǔ)法形式的用法很困難。）
2）That phrase has gone out of usage.（那短語(yǔ)已不再為大家所慣用。）
Usage 常表示語(yǔ)言等的“用法”，“使用”，“慣用法”，我們不能說(shuō)incorrect usage，而應(yīng)該說(shuō)incorrect use.
6.dispute v. 爭(zhēng)吵；對(duì)…提出質(zhì)疑 n. 爭(zhēng)論，爭(zhēng)端
1）They are disputing with each other on/about the ownership of the territory.
（他們正在就領(lǐng)土所有權(quán)問(wèn)題進(jìn)行爭(zhēng)論。）（dispute做不及物動(dòng)詞用）
2）They disputed how to get the best results. （他們爭(zhēng)論如何才能取得好的效果。）（dispute作及物動(dòng)詞用）
3）Your honesty has never been disputed.（沒(méi)有人懷疑過(guò)你的誠(chéng)實(shí)。）（dispute作及物動(dòng)詞用）
4）There has been much dispute， and the question is certainly not yet settled（爭(zhēng)論很多，所以這個(gè)問(wèn)題當(dāng)然還沒(méi)解決。）（dispute作不可數(shù)名詞用）
5）They lived together happily without disputes.（ 他們快樂(lè)地生活在一起，沒(méi)有任何爭(zhēng)吵。）（dispute作可數(shù)名詞用）
6） Her ability to do the job is not in dispute.（對(duì)她的工作能力人們沒(méi)有疑問(wèn)。）
7.self-assurance n. 自信
1）His self-assurance was based upon his faith in his own ability（他的自信基于他堅(jiān)信自己的能力。）
2）His self-assurance enabled him to pull through difficulties.（他的自信使他能夠渡過(guò)困難。
assure v. 使確信；使放心；向…保證；保障
1）Please assure my parents that I am safe and sound.（請(qǐng)讓我父母放心我安全而健康。）
2）I can assure you of the reliability of the information.（我可以向你保證這消息是可靠的。）
3）This film had assured him a place in movie history.（這部影片保證了他在電影的地位。）
assurance n. 把握；信念；自信；保證
1）I have full assurance of the feasibility of the plan.（我充分相信這個(gè)計(jì)劃的可行性。）
2）“He will be here soon”， said Mary with assurance.（“他很快會(huì)到這兒”，瑪麗很有把握地說(shuō)。）
3）He gave us the assurance that he wouldn't let out the secret.（他向我們保證他不會(huì)泄露秘密。）
8.regard v. 看待，考慮；把…看作為；尊重 n. 關(guān)心，重視；尊重；（復(fù)數(shù)）問(wèn)候
1）I regard it as difficult.（我認(rèn)為這事是困難的。）
2）They are regarded as the best table-tennis players.（他們被看作為好的乒乓球運(yùn)動(dòng)員。）
3）He was regarded highly by his students.（他很受學(xué)生們的尊敬。）
4）You have to pay regard to public opinions.（你得重視輿論。）
5）My regard for him grew day by day.（我對(duì)他的尊敬與日俱增。）
6） Give my regards to your parents.（請(qǐng)代我問(wèn)候你的父母。）
9.peuiliar adj. 特殊的；獨(dú)特的，奇怪的
1）She expressed her gratitude to him in her own peculiar way.（她用自己獨(dú)特的方式對(duì)他表達(dá)謝意。）
2）He says this change is not peculiar to this small village.（他說(shuō)這個(gè)變化不是這個(gè)小村子所獨(dú)有的。）
3）The young girl was wearing a very peculiar pair of glasses.（那個(gè)年輕姑娘戴著一副很古怪的眼鏡。）
4）She gave him a peculiar look.（她朝他古怪地看了一眼。）
10.occurrence n. 發(fā)生，出現(xiàn)，事件
1）Researchers are trying hard to find ways to reduce the occurrence of cancer.
（研究人員正努力尋求減少癌癥發(fā)病率的方法。）
2）The occurrence took place in 1978.（這一事件發(fā)生于1978年。）
occur v. 發(fā)生；出現(xiàn)；被想到
1）Don't let the tragedy occur again.（不要讓這樣的悲劇再次發(fā)生。）
2）These animals occur in Africa only.（這些動(dòng)物只在非洲才有。）
3）It occurred to me that I didn't ask for his telephone number.（我想起沒(méi)有要他的電話號(hào)碼。）
4）A good idea occurred to him（他想到了一個(gè)好主意。）
11.occupy v. 占用，占領(lǐng)，使忙碌
1）The village was occupied by the enemy.（村子被敵人占領(lǐng)了。）
2）I didn't expect this work would occupy so much of my time.（我沒(méi)料到這一工作會(huì)占用我這么多時(shí)間。）
3）His speech occupied 5 minutes.（他的講話占了五分鐘。）
4）He is occupied （in） repairing the bike.（他正忙著修理自行車。）
5）The fridge occupies a big space in the kitchen.（這臺(tái)冰箱占了廚房很大的空間。）
12.stack n. 整齊的一疊 v. 把…疊成堆
1）He saw a stack of paper boxes in the room.（他看到房間里有一堆迭著的紙盒。）
2）There are a stack of journals on the table.（桌子上有一疊雜志。）
3）I have stacks of work to do. （我有一大堆工作要做。）
4）It's dangerous to stack the firewood here. （把木柴堆在這兒很危險(xiǎn)。）
5）The shelf was stacked with empty bottles. （架子上堆放著空瓶子。）
6）Father stacked up the plates and put them in the sink.（父親把盤子疊放好，然后放入水池。）
13.illustrate v. 說(shuō)明，闡明；（用圖或例子）說(shuō)明
1）Nothing illustrates his selfishness more clearly than his behavior to his wife.（沒(méi)有什么比他對(duì)妻子的行為更能清楚地說(shuō)明他的自私。）
2）He told us a story to illustrate the fact that bad habits die hard.（他通過(guò)給我們講故事來(lái)闡明積習(xí)難改的事實(shí)。）
3）Children's books are often beautifully illustrated. （兒童書(shū)籍常常有美麗的插圖。）
4）He gave us an example to illustrate his point. （他給了我們一個(gè)例子說(shuō)明自己的觀點(diǎn)。）
14.historical adj. 歷史的，歷的；
1）They played an important part in the historical process.（在歷史的進(jìn)程中他們起過(guò)重要的作用。）
2）The historical event changed him completely. （這一歷史事件完全改變了他。）
請(qǐng)注意區(qū)別historical和historic 這兩個(gè)形容詞。
historical 指歷存在或發(fā)生過(guò)的（actually existed，or happened in history）。
historic指歷有名的，有歷史意義的（important in history）。
a historical event（歷史事件）-真實(shí)存在于歷；
a historic event （歷史性事件）-具有歷史意義的；
15.discard v. 丟棄，拋棄；
1）I don't think it is necessary for them to discard the present assembly line entirely.（我認(rèn)為他們沒(méi)有必要完全丟棄現(xiàn)有的流水線。）
2）They ate food discarded by the restaurant （他們吃飯店丟棄的食物。）
3）How could he discard his old friends？（他怎么能拋棄老朋友呢？）
16.reveal v. 揭露，泄露；展現(xiàn)，顯示；
1）He didn't reveal what he had felt about her.（他沒(méi)有透露對(duì)她的感覺(jué)。）
2）David revealed a talent for fixing things.（大衛(wèi)展現(xiàn)出修理東西的才能。）
3）He didn't want to reveal his identity at the time. （那時(shí)他不想暴露自己的身份。）
17.influence n. 影響，v. 影響
1）The old man had a great influence on the family.（那位老人對(duì)家庭的影響很大。）
2）His teachings exerted a strong influence on the young people.（他的教導(dǎo)給年輕人施以深刻的影響。）
3）The government would use its influence to try to make the talk successful.（政府將以其影響努力使會(huì)談成功。）
4）I didn't want him to influence me in my choice.（我不想讓他影響我的選擇。）
5）Do you think British art is influenced by American painting.（你認(rèn)為英國(guó)的藝術(shù)受美國(guó)繪畫(huà)的影響嗎？）
請(qǐng)注意區(qū)別influence 和affect 這兩個(gè)詞。
influence常指間接地、以一種無(wú)形的力量去潛移默化地影響人的行為、性格或觀點(diǎn)等。
affect 表示對(duì)…產(chǎn)生（不良）影響，如：
1）The economic crisis has seriously affected the export of that country.（經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)嚴(yán)重影響那個(gè)國(guó)家的出口。）
2）Too much smoking may affect your lungs.（吸煙過(guò)多會(huì)影響你的肺。）
18.scatter v. 撒；驅(qū)散；消散；
1）Clouds were scattered by the wind.（風(fēng)起云散。）
2）The books scattered on the desk.（書(shū)桌上撒滿了書(shū)。）
3）The noise scattered the dogs and chickens（響聲使得雞、狗四散。）
4）The Police scattered the demonstrators with tears gas. （警察用催淚彈驅(qū)散*者。）
5）Don't scatter your strength. （不要分散精力。）
19.invention n. 發(fā)明，創(chuàng)造；虛構(gòu)；
1）Telephone is the invention of Alexander Bell.（電話是亞歷山大·貝爾發(fā)明的。）
2）The whole thing was an invention of a New York newspaper.（整件事都是一家紐約報(bào)紙?zhí)摌?gòu)的。）
invent v. 發(fā)明、創(chuàng)造、虛構(gòu)；
1）When the teacher asked the pupil why he had not come to class， he invented an excuse.
（老師問(wèn) 那個(gè)學(xué)生為什么沒(méi)來(lái)上課，他編造了一個(gè)借口。）
2）Edison invented the electric bulb. （愛(ài)迪生發(fā)明了燈泡。）
本課簡(jiǎn)介
人們普遍認(rèn)為在每一個(gè)詞都有其正確的詞意。詞典和語(yǔ)法書(shū)是我們尋求詞意和用法的至上權(quán)威，但是我們甚少 去詢問(wèn)詞典和語(yǔ)法的編著者以何為據(jù)。在本篇課文中，作者詳細(xì)介紹了詞典編寫(xiě)的過(guò)程，并且強(qiáng)調(diào)編寫(xiě)詞典不是對(duì)詞的意思，建立權(quán)威的解釋，而是竭盡所能記錄下 每一個(gè)詞對(duì)其過(guò)去的作者而言是何意思。世界在變化，語(yǔ)言也在變化，我們不得不賦予舊詞以新的解釋、新的用法，因些詞典需要增補(bǔ)新的內(nèi)容。
本課主要語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)
1.…dictionaries and grammars are the supreme authority in matters of meaning and usage.
本句中in matters of 也可用in the matter of，意思是“在……方面”，“就……而論”，如：
1）It was impossible for them to reach an agreement because they had too many divergences in matters of detail. （他們不可能達(dá)成協(xié)議，因?yàn)樵诩?xì)節(jié)問(wèn)題上，他們有太多的分歧。）
2）He is considered an expert in the matter of intellectual property.（他被看作是知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)方面的專家。）
3）He would suffer heavy losses in matters of money if he continued to believe those dishonest people.（如果他繼續(xù)相信那些不誠(chéng)實(shí)的人，他會(huì)遭受巨大的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失。）
2.Few people ask by what authority the writers of dictionaries and grammars say what they say.
句子中的few表示否定，意思是“很少的，幾乎沒(méi)有的”，如果用a few則表示肯定，意思是“有些，幾個(gè)”。如：
1）Very few people survived the explosion.（在爆炸中幸存的人很少。）
2）Many of us tried but very few succeeded .（我們?cè)S多人都試了，但成功者甚少。）
3）He will try it a few more times.（他會(huì)再試幾次。）
4）A few of my friends speak English.（我的朋友中有幾個(gè)人能講英語(yǔ)。）
by在本句中的意思相當(dāng)于according to （根據(jù)）。如：
1）Never judge a person by his appearance.（千萬(wàn)別以貌取人。）
2）He would be classified as rich by Chinese standards.（依照中國(guó)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，他會(huì)被歸于富有一類。）
authority這個(gè)詞在詞匯部分已做過(guò)講解，我們?cè)诖嗽凫柟桃幌?。Authorities常指“*，官方”，用作不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，常指“權(quán)力，管轄權(quán)”，用作可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，常指“專家，權(quán)威”。如：
1）The labor union continued to seek dialogue with the authorities.（工會(huì)繼續(xù)尋求與*對(duì)話的機(jī)會(huì)。）
2）Police have the authority to arrest law-breakers.（警察有權(quán)逮捕犯法的人。）
3）He had made efforts to exercise his authority over those young people（他已努力對(duì)那些年輕人行使管轄權(quán)。）
4）A good dictionary is an authority on the meanings of words.（一本好的詞典是詞義方面的權(quán)威。）
5）He is now an authority on American literature.（現(xiàn)在他成了美國(guó)文學(xué)方面的專家。）
本句中what是一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞，引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，如：
1）We always mean what we say.（我們向來(lái)說(shuō)話算數(shù)。）
2）Let him do what he wants to do.（讓他去做他想做的事。）
3）I don't know what they know.（他們知道的事我并不知道。）
3.I once got into a dispute with an English woman over the pronunciation of a word and offered to look it up in the dictionary.
once在本句中的意思是“，曾經(jīng)”。在某些語(yǔ)言環(huán)境中，once也可以表示：一旦……（就……）。請(qǐng)看下面的例句，注意，once的不同意思：
1）He once lived in Shanghai.（他曾經(jīng)在上海住過(guò)。）
2）Even if you only do it once， you will forever remember it.（即使你只做，你會(huì)永遠(yuǎn)記得。）
3）It once belonged to my father.（這個(gè)曾經(jīng)屬于我父親。）
4）Once the sun had set， the air turned cold.（太陽(yáng)一落，空氣就變冷了。）
5）Once you show any fear， he will attack you.（你一直露出恐懼，他就會(huì)攻擊你。）
6）Once published， the book will be very popular.（這本書(shū)一旦出版就會(huì)大受歡迎。）
get into a dispute with sb. over sth.與某人就某問(wèn)題進(jìn)行爭(zhēng)論，over 也可用about 替換。如：
1）They had a dispute about where to go.（他們?yōu)榱巳ツ睦锒鵂?zhēng)論。）
2）The workers and the management got into a dispute over pay.（工人和廠方由于工資問(wèn)題產(chǎn)生爭(zhēng)端。）
3）It was a dispute over economic policy.（這是一場(chǎng)關(guān)于經(jīng)濟(jì)政策的爭(zhēng)論。）
4.…anyone who is willing to quarrel with the dictionary is regarded as either eccentric or mad.
who引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾anyone.
be willing to意思是：愿意做……，如：
1）He is willing to help us.（他愿意幫助我們。）
2）No one is willing to pay so much money for this old bike.（誰(shuí)也不愿意付這么多錢買這輛舊自行車。）
quarrel with sb.意思是“與某人爭(zhēng)吵”。如：
1）He quarreled with his brother yesterday.（他昨天跟他兄弟吵架了。）
2）I don't want to quarrel with you about it.（我不想為此事跟你爭(zhēng)吵。）
regard as 意思是“把……看作為”，在其后可以跟名詞（或名詞短語(yǔ)，動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)）；形容詞等。如：
1）He regarded the book as one of his masterpieces.（他把這本書(shū)看作是他的杰作之一。）
2）He was regarded as an important figure in history.（他被看作為歷的重要人物。）
3）Nobody would regard this as important.（沒(méi)人會(huì)認(rèn)為這件事很重要。）
4）Many people regard parents as being responsible for the control of their children.（許多人認(rèn)為父母應(yīng)負(fù)責(zé)管教子女。）
either…or…。意思是為“不是……就是……”，“要么……要么……”。如：
1）He is either drunk or mad.（他不是醉了就是瘋了。）
2）Tell them that they can either stay or leave immediately.（告訴他們，他們要么留下，要么現(xiàn)在就離開(kāi)。）
3）Either my brother or I am going to see my father off.（不是我兄弟就是我去為父親送行。）
5.The task of writing a dictionary begins with the reading of vast amounts of the literature of the period or subject that the dictionary is to cover.
begin with 在本句中的意思是“以……開(kāi)始；以……為起點(diǎn)”。如：
1）I shall begin with this book today.（我打算今天先讀這本書(shū)。）
2）The drought began with that dry and hot summer.（干旱是從那個(gè)干熱的夏季開(kāi)始的。）
3）The teacher began the class with a story.（老師以一個(gè)故事開(kāi)始了講課。）
amount可以做可數(shù)名詞用，也可以做不可數(shù)名詞用，意思是“數(shù)量，數(shù)額”。amount的謂詞動(dòng)詞的數(shù)與amount的數(shù)一致，而與所修飾的名詞的數(shù)無(wú)關(guān)。如：
1）A large amount of money was spent on this project.
2）Large amounts of money were spent on this project.
That引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾the dictionary
在be動(dòng)詞的后面加動(dòng)詞不定式，表示“安排、命令、職責(zé)、目的、用途、可能性等”。如：
1）We are to meet at the station at 5：00 （我們約定5點(diǎn)鐘在車站碰頭。）
2）You are to be back by 9：00.（你得在9點(diǎn)鐘前回來(lái)。）
3）The report is to be found in today's papers.（那個(gè)報(bào)道可在今天的報(bào)上找到。）
Cover在本句中的意思是“涉及”。如：
1）His researches covered a wide field .（他的研究涉及范圍很廣。）
2）They covered many topics in their conversation.（他們談話時(shí)討論了許多問(wèn)題。）
6.The writing of a dictionary is not a task of setting up authoritative statements about the “true meanings” of words， but a task of recording to the best of one's ability， that various words have meant to authors in the distant or immediate past.
Not…but在本句中的意思是“不是……而是”。如：
1）What he needs is not money but some understanding. （他所需要的不是錢，而是一些理解。）
2）The story I have read is not a comedy but a tragedy.（我讀的那個(gè)故事不是個(gè)喜劇而是個(gè)悲劇。）
To the best of one's ability 意思是“盡某人的大努力”。如：
1）I'll put the article into Chinese to the best of my ability.（我將盡大努力把這篇文章翻成中文。）
2）He promised to do the work to the best of his ability.（他許諾說(shuō)他會(huì)盡大努力做這個(gè)工作。）
a task of recording what various words have meant to authors…。，what引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，做recording 的賓語(yǔ)。Mean意思是“表示……的意思”，“意指”等。如：
1）What he said means nothing to me.（他所說(shuō)的對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)毫無(wú)意義。）
2）What does this word mean？（這個(gè)詞的意思是什么？）
我們?cè)?jīng)對(duì)mean這個(gè)單詞做詳細(xì)講解，再請(qǐng)看幾個(gè)例句：
1）What do you mean by saying that to him？（你對(duì)他說(shuō)那話的意思是什么？）
2）I didn't mean to make you unhappy.（我不是故事要使你不開(kāi)心的。）
3）You know what I meant to say.（你知道我想說(shuō)的是什么。）
4）He criticism is meant for all of us.（他的批評(píng)是針對(duì)我們大家的。）
7.… but we cannot be bound by it…。
Bound是動(dòng)詞bind是過(guò)去分詞，be bound by sth.意思是“受……束縛”，也可用be bound to sth.
1）We should not be bound by conventions.（我們不應(yīng)該受習(xí)俗的束縛。）
2）Housework kept her bound to the house.（家務(wù)把她束縛在家里。）
3）The term papers kept him bound to his desk.（學(xué)期論文使他終日厭案。）
本課主要詞組
1.learn…。from
2.in matters of
3.get into a dispute
4.dispute over
5.offer to do sth.
6.look up
7.be willing to
8.quarrel with
9.be regarded as
10.arrive at
11.apply to
12.go on
13.begin with
14.vast amounts of
15.a large number of
16.along with
17.such as
18.from…to…
19.stack of
20. sccording to
21.hard-and-fast rule
22.be based on
23.in front of
24.be influenced by
25.ought to
26.not at all
27.set up
28.to the best of one's ability
29.in the past
30. send out
31.force sb. to do sth.
32.be bound by
Text B reading provides necessary survival skills
短語(yǔ)表達(dá)
1.emphasis on
The emphasis on education would certainly bring great changes to the people and the country.
2.be the case
He said he was the best tennis player in his school， but it was not the case.
3.involve sth. / doing sth.
Accepting the job would involve working at weekends.
4.get an idea about sth.
Have you got any idea about the whole incident？
5.expect from
Don't expect too much from others. You have to learn to depend on yourself.
6.cue in
Remember to cue in the headmaster on what happened during his absence.
7.apply to
It will be great if we can apply what we have learned in books to practical work.
8.out of
The boy opened his sister's mail out of curiosity.
9.keep up with
What do you think a scientist has to do to keep up with the latest development in his field？
10.at top speed
If you run at top speed， you may get there in 10 minutes.
11.concentrate on
You will find it easier to concentrate on the reading material if you read in a quiet place.
12.be familiar with
I am mot familiar with the person you mentioned just now.
13.be aware of
He was not aware of the danger when he was walking toward the building.
14.look up
If you look up the word in the dictionary you will find it has two different pronunciations.
15.slow down
You have to slow down or you may get a fine.
16.be alert to
Be alert to new words and you will enlarge your vocabulary.
17.add to
His explanation added to my confusion.
本課主要單詞
1.mainly adv. 主要地；大部分地
1）I don't know what his interests are， because we talk mainly about work when we meet.
（我不知道他的興趣是什么，因?yàn)槲覀円?jiàn)面時(shí)主要談工作。）
2）The visitors were mainly students from Mainland China.（來(lái)訪者多半是來(lái)自中國(guó)大陸的學(xué)生。）
3）He quit the job mainly because of health problem.（他辭了那份工用是由于健康原因。）
2.grammarian n. 語(yǔ)法學(xué)家
-ian或-an是一個(gè)名詞后綴，表示“…地方的人”，“精通…的人”，“信奉…的人”，如： American（美國(guó)人），Italian（意大利人），Musician（音樂(lè)家），Historian（歷史學(xué)家），Confucian（儒家）， Christian（基督徒）
grammarian這個(gè)單詞是由grammar加后綴－ian 構(gòu)成的。
3.supreme adj. 高的；極度的，主要的
1）He enjoys supreme power in this country（他在這個(gè)國(guó)家享有至高無(wú)上的權(quán)力。）
2）They are fulfilling a task of supreme importance.（他們正在完成一項(xiàng)極其重要的任務(wù)。）
3）No one expected that he would change his idea at the supreme moment.（誰(shuí)也沒(méi)料到他會(huì)在決定性的時(shí)刻改變主意。）
Supreme court（美國(guó)聯(lián)邦（州）高法院。）
The supreme commander （高統(tǒng)帥）
Supreme Soviet （前蘇聯(lián)高蘇維埃）
4.authority n. 官方，*；權(quán)利，權(quán)威
1）The government is the highest authority in the country（政府是國(guó)家的高權(quán)利機(jī)構(gòu)）
2）Have you talked it over with the authorities concerned？（你已經(jīng)跟有關(guān)*討論過(guò)這個(gè)問(wèn)題了嗎？）
3）What authority do you have for entering this house？（你有什么權(quán)利進(jìn)這個(gè)屋子？）
4）Who is the authority on this subject？（誰(shuí)是這門學(xué)科的權(quán)威？）
5）Chinese parents have more authority over their children（中國(guó)的父母對(duì)孩子更有權(quán)威。）
5.usage n. 慣用法；使用；用法
1）It's difficult to master the usage of these grammatical forms.（要掌握這些語(yǔ)法形式的用法很困難。）
2）That phrase has gone out of usage.（那短語(yǔ)已不再為大家所慣用。）
Usage 常表示語(yǔ)言等的“用法”，“使用”，“慣用法”，我們不能說(shuō)incorrect usage，而應(yīng)該說(shuō)incorrect use.
6.dispute v. 爭(zhēng)吵；對(duì)…提出質(zhì)疑 n. 爭(zhēng)論，爭(zhēng)端
1）They are disputing with each other on/about the ownership of the territory.
（他們正在就領(lǐng)土所有權(quán)問(wèn)題進(jìn)行爭(zhēng)論。）（dispute做不及物動(dòng)詞用）
2）They disputed how to get the best results. （他們爭(zhēng)論如何才能取得好的效果。）（dispute作及物動(dòng)詞用）
3）Your honesty has never been disputed.（沒(méi)有人懷疑過(guò)你的誠(chéng)實(shí)。）（dispute作及物動(dòng)詞用）
4）There has been much dispute， and the question is certainly not yet settled（爭(zhēng)論很多，所以這個(gè)問(wèn)題當(dāng)然還沒(méi)解決。）（dispute作不可數(shù)名詞用）
5）They lived together happily without disputes.（ 他們快樂(lè)地生活在一起，沒(méi)有任何爭(zhēng)吵。）（dispute作可數(shù)名詞用）
6） Her ability to do the job is not in dispute.（對(duì)她的工作能力人們沒(méi)有疑問(wèn)。）
7.self-assurance n. 自信
1）His self-assurance was based upon his faith in his own ability（他的自信基于他堅(jiān)信自己的能力。）
2）His self-assurance enabled him to pull through difficulties.（他的自信使他能夠渡過(guò)困難。
assure v. 使確信；使放心；向…保證；保障
1）Please assure my parents that I am safe and sound.（請(qǐng)讓我父母放心我安全而健康。）
2）I can assure you of the reliability of the information.（我可以向你保證這消息是可靠的。）
3）This film had assured him a place in movie history.（這部影片保證了他在電影的地位。）
assurance n. 把握；信念；自信；保證
1）I have full assurance of the feasibility of the plan.（我充分相信這個(gè)計(jì)劃的可行性。）
2）“He will be here soon”， said Mary with assurance.（“他很快會(huì)到這兒”，瑪麗很有把握地說(shuō)。）
3）He gave us the assurance that he wouldn't let out the secret.（他向我們保證他不會(huì)泄露秘密。）
8.regard v. 看待，考慮；把…看作為；尊重 n. 關(guān)心，重視；尊重；（復(fù)數(shù)）問(wèn)候
1）I regard it as difficult.（我認(rèn)為這事是困難的。）
2）They are regarded as the best table-tennis players.（他們被看作為好的乒乓球運(yùn)動(dòng)員。）
3）He was regarded highly by his students.（他很受學(xué)生們的尊敬。）
4）You have to pay regard to public opinions.（你得重視輿論。）
5）My regard for him grew day by day.（我對(duì)他的尊敬與日俱增。）
6） Give my regards to your parents.（請(qǐng)代我問(wèn)候你的父母。）
9.peuiliar adj. 特殊的；獨(dú)特的，奇怪的
1）She expressed her gratitude to him in her own peculiar way.（她用自己獨(dú)特的方式對(duì)他表達(dá)謝意。）
2）He says this change is not peculiar to this small village.（他說(shuō)這個(gè)變化不是這個(gè)小村子所獨(dú)有的。）
3）The young girl was wearing a very peculiar pair of glasses.（那個(gè)年輕姑娘戴著一副很古怪的眼鏡。）
4）She gave him a peculiar look.（她朝他古怪地看了一眼。）
10.occurrence n. 發(fā)生，出現(xiàn)，事件
1）Researchers are trying hard to find ways to reduce the occurrence of cancer.
（研究人員正努力尋求減少癌癥發(fā)病率的方法。）
2）The occurrence took place in 1978.（這一事件發(fā)生于1978年。）
occur v. 發(fā)生；出現(xiàn)；被想到
1）Don't let the tragedy occur again.（不要讓這樣的悲劇再次發(fā)生。）
2）These animals occur in Africa only.（這些動(dòng)物只在非洲才有。）
3）It occurred to me that I didn't ask for his telephone number.（我想起沒(méi)有要他的電話號(hào)碼。）
4）A good idea occurred to him（他想到了一個(gè)好主意。）
11.occupy v. 占用，占領(lǐng)，使忙碌
1）The village was occupied by the enemy.（村子被敵人占領(lǐng)了。）
2）I didn't expect this work would occupy so much of my time.（我沒(méi)料到這一工作會(huì)占用我這么多時(shí)間。）
3）His speech occupied 5 minutes.（他的講話占了五分鐘。）
4）He is occupied （in） repairing the bike.（他正忙著修理自行車。）
5）The fridge occupies a big space in the kitchen.（這臺(tái)冰箱占了廚房很大的空間。）
12.stack n. 整齊的一疊 v. 把…疊成堆
1）He saw a stack of paper boxes in the room.（他看到房間里有一堆迭著的紙盒。）
2）There are a stack of journals on the table.（桌子上有一疊雜志。）
3）I have stacks of work to do. （我有一大堆工作要做。）
4）It's dangerous to stack the firewood here. （把木柴堆在這兒很危險(xiǎn)。）
5）The shelf was stacked with empty bottles. （架子上堆放著空瓶子。）
6）Father stacked up the plates and put them in the sink.（父親把盤子疊放好，然后放入水池。）
13.illustrate v. 說(shuō)明，闡明；（用圖或例子）說(shuō)明
1）Nothing illustrates his selfishness more clearly than his behavior to his wife.（沒(méi)有什么比他對(duì)妻子的行為更能清楚地說(shuō)明他的自私。）
2）He told us a story to illustrate the fact that bad habits die hard.（他通過(guò)給我們講故事來(lái)闡明積習(xí)難改的事實(shí)。）
3）Children's books are often beautifully illustrated. （兒童書(shū)籍常常有美麗的插圖。）
4）He gave us an example to illustrate his point. （他給了我們一個(gè)例子說(shuō)明自己的觀點(diǎn)。）
14.historical adj. 歷史的，歷的；
1）They played an important part in the historical process.（在歷史的進(jìn)程中他們起過(guò)重要的作用。）
2）The historical event changed him completely. （這一歷史事件完全改變了他。）
請(qǐng)注意區(qū)別historical和historic 這兩個(gè)形容詞。
historical 指歷存在或發(fā)生過(guò)的（actually existed，or happened in history）。
historic指歷有名的，有歷史意義的（important in history）。
a historical event（歷史事件）-真實(shí)存在于歷；
a historic event （歷史性事件）-具有歷史意義的；
15.discard v. 丟棄，拋棄；
1）I don't think it is necessary for them to discard the present assembly line entirely.（我認(rèn)為他們沒(méi)有必要完全丟棄現(xiàn)有的流水線。）
2）They ate food discarded by the restaurant （他們吃飯店丟棄的食物。）
3）How could he discard his old friends？（他怎么能拋棄老朋友呢？）
16.reveal v. 揭露，泄露；展現(xiàn)，顯示；
1）He didn't reveal what he had felt about her.（他沒(méi)有透露對(duì)她的感覺(jué)。）
2）David revealed a talent for fixing things.（大衛(wèi)展現(xiàn)出修理東西的才能。）
3）He didn't want to reveal his identity at the time. （那時(shí)他不想暴露自己的身份。）
17.influence n. 影響，v. 影響
1）The old man had a great influence on the family.（那位老人對(duì)家庭的影響很大。）
2）His teachings exerted a strong influence on the young people.（他的教導(dǎo)給年輕人施以深刻的影響。）
3）The government would use its influence to try to make the talk successful.（政府將以其影響努力使會(huì)談成功。）
4）I didn't want him to influence me in my choice.（我不想讓他影響我的選擇。）
5）Do you think British art is influenced by American painting.（你認(rèn)為英國(guó)的藝術(shù)受美國(guó)繪畫(huà)的影響嗎？）
請(qǐng)注意區(qū)別influence 和affect 這兩個(gè)詞。
influence常指間接地、以一種無(wú)形的力量去潛移默化地影響人的行為、性格或觀點(diǎn)等。
affect 表示對(duì)…產(chǎn)生（不良）影響，如：
1）The economic crisis has seriously affected the export of that country.（經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)嚴(yán)重影響那個(gè)國(guó)家的出口。）
2）Too much smoking may affect your lungs.（吸煙過(guò)多會(huì)影響你的肺。）
18.scatter v. 撒；驅(qū)散；消散；
1）Clouds were scattered by the wind.（風(fēng)起云散。）
2）The books scattered on the desk.（書(shū)桌上撒滿了書(shū)。）
3）The noise scattered the dogs and chickens（響聲使得雞、狗四散。）
4）The Police scattered the demonstrators with tears gas. （警察用催淚彈驅(qū)散*者。）
5）Don't scatter your strength. （不要分散精力。）
19.invention n. 發(fā)明，創(chuàng)造；虛構(gòu)；
1）Telephone is the invention of Alexander Bell.（電話是亞歷山大·貝爾發(fā)明的。）
2）The whole thing was an invention of a New York newspaper.（整件事都是一家紐約報(bào)紙?zhí)摌?gòu)的。）
invent v. 發(fā)明、創(chuàng)造、虛構(gòu)；
1）When the teacher asked the pupil why he had not come to class， he invented an excuse.
（老師問(wèn) 那個(gè)學(xué)生為什么沒(méi)來(lái)上課，他編造了一個(gè)借口。）
2）Edison invented the electric bulb. （愛(ài)迪生發(fā)明了燈泡。）
本課簡(jiǎn)介
人們普遍認(rèn)為在每一個(gè)詞都有其正確的詞意。詞典和語(yǔ)法書(shū)是我們尋求詞意和用法的至上權(quán)威，但是我們甚少 去詢問(wèn)詞典和語(yǔ)法的編著者以何為據(jù)。在本篇課文中，作者詳細(xì)介紹了詞典編寫(xiě)的過(guò)程，并且強(qiáng)調(diào)編寫(xiě)詞典不是對(duì)詞的意思，建立權(quán)威的解釋，而是竭盡所能記錄下 每一個(gè)詞對(duì)其過(guò)去的作者而言是何意思。世界在變化，語(yǔ)言也在變化，我們不得不賦予舊詞以新的解釋、新的用法，因些詞典需要增補(bǔ)新的內(nèi)容。
本課主要語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)
1.…dictionaries and grammars are the supreme authority in matters of meaning and usage.
本句中in matters of 也可用in the matter of，意思是“在……方面”，“就……而論”，如：
1）It was impossible for them to reach an agreement because they had too many divergences in matters of detail. （他們不可能達(dá)成協(xié)議，因?yàn)樵诩?xì)節(jié)問(wèn)題上，他們有太多的分歧。）
2）He is considered an expert in the matter of intellectual property.（他被看作是知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)方面的專家。）
3）He would suffer heavy losses in matters of money if he continued to believe those dishonest people.（如果他繼續(xù)相信那些不誠(chéng)實(shí)的人，他會(huì)遭受巨大的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失。）
2.Few people ask by what authority the writers of dictionaries and grammars say what they say.
句子中的few表示否定，意思是“很少的，幾乎沒(méi)有的”，如果用a few則表示肯定，意思是“有些，幾個(gè)”。如：
1）Very few people survived the explosion.（在爆炸中幸存的人很少。）
2）Many of us tried but very few succeeded .（我們?cè)S多人都試了，但成功者甚少。）
3）He will try it a few more times.（他會(huì)再試幾次。）
4）A few of my friends speak English.（我的朋友中有幾個(gè)人能講英語(yǔ)。）
by在本句中的意思相當(dāng)于according to （根據(jù)）。如：
1）Never judge a person by his appearance.（千萬(wàn)別以貌取人。）
2）He would be classified as rich by Chinese standards.（依照中國(guó)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，他會(huì)被歸于富有一類。）
authority這個(gè)詞在詞匯部分已做過(guò)講解，我們?cè)诖嗽凫柟桃幌?。Authorities常指“*，官方”，用作不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，常指“權(quán)力，管轄權(quán)”，用作可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，常指“專家，權(quán)威”。如：
1）The labor union continued to seek dialogue with the authorities.（工會(huì)繼續(xù)尋求與*對(duì)話的機(jī)會(huì)。）
2）Police have the authority to arrest law-breakers.（警察有權(quán)逮捕犯法的人。）
3）He had made efforts to exercise his authority over those young people（他已努力對(duì)那些年輕人行使管轄權(quán)。）
4）A good dictionary is an authority on the meanings of words.（一本好的詞典是詞義方面的權(quán)威。）
5）He is now an authority on American literature.（現(xiàn)在他成了美國(guó)文學(xué)方面的專家。）
本句中what是一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞，引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，如：
1）We always mean what we say.（我們向來(lái)說(shuō)話算數(shù)。）
2）Let him do what he wants to do.（讓他去做他想做的事。）
3）I don't know what they know.（他們知道的事我并不知道。）
3.I once got into a dispute with an English woman over the pronunciation of a word and offered to look it up in the dictionary.
once在本句中的意思是“，曾經(jīng)”。在某些語(yǔ)言環(huán)境中，once也可以表示：一旦……（就……）。請(qǐng)看下面的例句，注意，once的不同意思：
1）He once lived in Shanghai.（他曾經(jīng)在上海住過(guò)。）
2）Even if you only do it once， you will forever remember it.（即使你只做，你會(huì)永遠(yuǎn)記得。）
3）It once belonged to my father.（這個(gè)曾經(jīng)屬于我父親。）
4）Once the sun had set， the air turned cold.（太陽(yáng)一落，空氣就變冷了。）
5）Once you show any fear， he will attack you.（你一直露出恐懼，他就會(huì)攻擊你。）
6）Once published， the book will be very popular.（這本書(shū)一旦出版就會(huì)大受歡迎。）
get into a dispute with sb. over sth.與某人就某問(wèn)題進(jìn)行爭(zhēng)論，over 也可用about 替換。如：
1）They had a dispute about where to go.（他們?yōu)榱巳ツ睦锒鵂?zhēng)論。）
2）The workers and the management got into a dispute over pay.（工人和廠方由于工資問(wèn)題產(chǎn)生爭(zhēng)端。）
3）It was a dispute over economic policy.（這是一場(chǎng)關(guān)于經(jīng)濟(jì)政策的爭(zhēng)論。）
4.…anyone who is willing to quarrel with the dictionary is regarded as either eccentric or mad.
who引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾anyone.
be willing to意思是：愿意做……，如：
1）He is willing to help us.（他愿意幫助我們。）
2）No one is willing to pay so much money for this old bike.（誰(shuí)也不愿意付這么多錢買這輛舊自行車。）
quarrel with sb.意思是“與某人爭(zhēng)吵”。如：
1）He quarreled with his brother yesterday.（他昨天跟他兄弟吵架了。）
2）I don't want to quarrel with you about it.（我不想為此事跟你爭(zhēng)吵。）
regard as 意思是“把……看作為”，在其后可以跟名詞（或名詞短語(yǔ)，動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)）；形容詞等。如：
1）He regarded the book as one of his masterpieces.（他把這本書(shū)看作是他的杰作之一。）
2）He was regarded as an important figure in history.（他被看作為歷的重要人物。）
3）Nobody would regard this as important.（沒(méi)人會(huì)認(rèn)為這件事很重要。）
4）Many people regard parents as being responsible for the control of their children.（許多人認(rèn)為父母應(yīng)負(fù)責(zé)管教子女。）
either…or…。意思是為“不是……就是……”，“要么……要么……”。如：
1）He is either drunk or mad.（他不是醉了就是瘋了。）
2）Tell them that they can either stay or leave immediately.（告訴他們，他們要么留下，要么現(xiàn)在就離開(kāi)。）
3）Either my brother or I am going to see my father off.（不是我兄弟就是我去為父親送行。）
5.The task of writing a dictionary begins with the reading of vast amounts of the literature of the period or subject that the dictionary is to cover.
begin with 在本句中的意思是“以……開(kāi)始；以……為起點(diǎn)”。如：
1）I shall begin with this book today.（我打算今天先讀這本書(shū)。）
2）The drought began with that dry and hot summer.（干旱是從那個(gè)干熱的夏季開(kāi)始的。）
3）The teacher began the class with a story.（老師以一個(gè)故事開(kāi)始了講課。）
amount可以做可數(shù)名詞用，也可以做不可數(shù)名詞用，意思是“數(shù)量，數(shù)額”。amount的謂詞動(dòng)詞的數(shù)與amount的數(shù)一致，而與所修飾的名詞的數(shù)無(wú)關(guān)。如：
1）A large amount of money was spent on this project.
2）Large amounts of money were spent on this project.
That引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾the dictionary
在be動(dòng)詞的后面加動(dòng)詞不定式，表示“安排、命令、職責(zé)、目的、用途、可能性等”。如：
1）We are to meet at the station at 5：00 （我們約定5點(diǎn)鐘在車站碰頭。）
2）You are to be back by 9：00.（你得在9點(diǎn)鐘前回來(lái)。）
3）The report is to be found in today's papers.（那個(gè)報(bào)道可在今天的報(bào)上找到。）
Cover在本句中的意思是“涉及”。如：
1）His researches covered a wide field .（他的研究涉及范圍很廣。）
2）They covered many topics in their conversation.（他們談話時(shí)討論了許多問(wèn)題。）
6.The writing of a dictionary is not a task of setting up authoritative statements about the “true meanings” of words， but a task of recording to the best of one's ability， that various words have meant to authors in the distant or immediate past.
Not…but在本句中的意思是“不是……而是”。如：
1）What he needs is not money but some understanding. （他所需要的不是錢，而是一些理解。）
2）The story I have read is not a comedy but a tragedy.（我讀的那個(gè)故事不是個(gè)喜劇而是個(gè)悲劇。）
To the best of one's ability 意思是“盡某人的大努力”。如：
1）I'll put the article into Chinese to the best of my ability.（我將盡大努力把這篇文章翻成中文。）
2）He promised to do the work to the best of his ability.（他許諾說(shuō)他會(huì)盡大努力做這個(gè)工作。）
a task of recording what various words have meant to authors…。，what引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，做recording 的賓語(yǔ)。Mean意思是“表示……的意思”，“意指”等。如：
1）What he said means nothing to me.（他所說(shuō)的對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)毫無(wú)意義。）
2）What does this word mean？（這個(gè)詞的意思是什么？）
我們?cè)?jīng)對(duì)mean這個(gè)單詞做詳細(xì)講解，再請(qǐng)看幾個(gè)例句：
1）What do you mean by saying that to him？（你對(duì)他說(shuō)那話的意思是什么？）
2）I didn't mean to make you unhappy.（我不是故事要使你不開(kāi)心的。）
3）You know what I meant to say.（你知道我想說(shuō)的是什么。）
4）He criticism is meant for all of us.（他的批評(píng)是針對(duì)我們大家的。）
7.… but we cannot be bound by it…。
Bound是動(dòng)詞bind是過(guò)去分詞，be bound by sth.意思是“受……束縛”，也可用be bound to sth.
1）We should not be bound by conventions.（我們不應(yīng)該受習(xí)俗的束縛。）
2）Housework kept her bound to the house.（家務(wù)把她束縛在家里。）
3）The term papers kept him bound to his desk.（學(xué)期論文使他終日厭案。）
本課主要詞組
1.learn…。from
2.in matters of
3.get into a dispute
4.dispute over
5.offer to do sth.
6.look up
7.be willing to
8.quarrel with
9.be regarded as
10.arrive at
11.apply to
12.go on
13.begin with
14.vast amounts of
15.a large number of
16.along with
17.such as
18.from…to…
19.stack of
20. sccording to
21.hard-and-fast rule
22.be based on
23.in front of
24.be influenced by
25.ought to
26.not at all
27.set up
28.to the best of one's ability
29.in the past
30. send out
31.force sb. to do sth.
32.be bound by
Text B reading provides necessary survival skills
短語(yǔ)表達(dá)
1.emphasis on
The emphasis on education would certainly bring great changes to the people and the country.
2.be the case
He said he was the best tennis player in his school， but it was not the case.
3.involve sth. / doing sth.
Accepting the job would involve working at weekends.
4.get an idea about sth.
Have you got any idea about the whole incident？
5.expect from
Don't expect too much from others. You have to learn to depend on yourself.
6.cue in
Remember to cue in the headmaster on what happened during his absence.
7.apply to
It will be great if we can apply what we have learned in books to practical work.
8.out of
The boy opened his sister's mail out of curiosity.
9.keep up with
What do you think a scientist has to do to keep up with the latest development in his field？
10.at top speed
If you run at top speed， you may get there in 10 minutes.
11.concentrate on
You will find it easier to concentrate on the reading material if you read in a quiet place.
12.be familiar with
I am mot familiar with the person you mentioned just now.
13.be aware of
He was not aware of the danger when he was walking toward the building.
14.look up
If you look up the word in the dictionary you will find it has two different pronunciations.
15.slow down
You have to slow down or you may get a fine.
16.be alert to
Be alert to new words and you will enlarge your vocabulary.
17.add to
His explanation added to my confusion.