Text A The importance of being kind and polite
本課主要單詞
1.frankly adv. 坦白地，直率地；坦率地說(shuō)
1）He frankly admitted that he had made a mistake. （他坦率地承認(rèn)自己犯了個(gè)錯(cuò)誤。）
2）She asked me to tell her frankly what I wished to do. （她讓我坦率地告訴她我希望做什么。）
3）Frankly， he is not easy to get along with. （坦率地說(shuō)，他這個(gè)人不好打交道。）
4）Quite frankly， I don't care about what they may say. （坦率地說(shuō)，我不在乎他們會(huì)說(shuō)什么。）
frank adj. 坦誠(chéng)的 v. 蓋免費(fèi)郵戳于（郵件）；準(zhǔn)許…自由通過(guò)
1）They gave us a frank reply. （他們給了我們一個(gè)坦率的回答。）
2）They have franked these letters. （他們已經(jīng)給這些信件蓋了郵資已付的郵戳。）
3）We are trying to frank him through customs. （我們正努力使他免檢通過(guò)海關(guān)。）
2.boring adj. 令人厭煩的；乏味的
bored adj. 感到厭煩的
bore v. 使厭煩，使厭倦 n. 令人討厭的人或事
boredom n. 厭煩，厭倦；乏味
1）It was such a boring journey that he didn't want to say anything about it.（這次旅行很乏味，他什么也不想提及。）
2）I am bored. I don't have anything to do. （我無(wú)事可做，感到乏味。）
3）Most of the book had bored him， with the exception of one chapter.（除了其中的一章，這本書(shū)的大部分內(nèi)容使他感到乏味。）
4）Sam is such a bore that no one wants to have anything to do with him.（山姆是個(gè)很令人討厭的人，誰(shuí)都不想與他打交道。）
5）She seems so depressed by the boredom of her city life. （城市生活的乏味似乎令她沮喪。）
3.honestly adv. 誠(chéng)實(shí)地；的確
honest adj. 誠(chéng)實(shí)的
honesty n. 誠(chéng)實(shí)
dishonest adj. 不誠(chéng)實(shí)的；不正直的
1）Honestly， I don't know what you’re talking about. （說(shuō)實(shí)在的，我不知道你在講些什么。）
2）You have to answer the following questions honestly. （你得誠(chéng)實(shí)地回答下列問(wèn)題。）
3）He is honest， he doesn't tell lies. （他是老實(shí)人，不說(shuō)謊。）
4）First of all， you should be honest about why you want the money. （首先，你應(yīng)該坦率地說(shuō)為什么要這些錢(qián)。）
5）We have no doubt as to his honesty. （對(duì)他的誠(chéng)實(shí)我們毫不懷疑。）
6）How can you believe such a dishonest person. （你怎么能相信這樣一個(gè)不誠(chéng)實(shí)的人？）
7）He got his money in dishonest ways. （他以不正當(dāng)?shù)姆绞礁沐X(qián)。）
4.impress v. 給…深刻的印象
impression n. 印象；效果，影響
impressive adj. 給人以深刻印象的
1）What I saw and heard there impressed me deeply. （那兒的所見(jiàn)所聞給我留下了深刻的印象。）
2）I was impressed by his high efficiency. （他的高效率給我留下了深刻的印象。）
3）My advice seemed to make no impression on him. （我的勸告似乎對(duì)他不起作用。）
4）She made a very good impression on her employer. （她給雇主留下了極好的印象。）
5）The impressive scene will be always in his mind. （那個(gè)難忘的場(chǎng)面將永遠(yuǎn)留在他的腦海中。）
5.collection n. 收集；收藏品
collect v. （去）??；接；聚集
1）He has a large collection of books. （他有大量的藏書(shū)。）
2）The collection of butterfly specimens takes up all his spare time. （他所有的業(yè)余時(shí)間都用于采集蝴蝶標(biāo)本了。）
3）He likes collecting stamps. （他愛(ài)好集郵。）
4）I have to go and collect my daughter. （我得去接女兒了。）
5）A large crowd collected in front of the building. （那座樓前聚集了一大群人。）
collect 也可以做副詞用，意思是“由受話(huà)人付費(fèi)”，如：
I will call London collect. （我將給倫敦打一個(gè)對(duì)方付費(fèi)的電話(huà)。）
6.misunderstand v. 誤解，誤會(huì)
misunderstanding n. 誤會(huì)；爭(zhēng)執(zhí)
1）Don't misunderstand us， we are here to help， not to make trouble.（別誤解我們的意思，我們是來(lái)幫忙的，不是惹麻煩的。）
2）She misunderstood what her friend said， and went away in a fury. （她誤解了她朋友所說(shuō)的話(huà)，怒氣沖沖地走了。）
3）They had a misunderstanding， but they have become friendly again. （他們?cè)羞^(guò)爭(zhēng)執(zhí)，不過(guò)又言歸于好了。）
4）I don't hope the minor misunderstanding will affect our friendship. （我不希望這點(diǎn)小誤會(huì)會(huì)影響我們的友誼。）
7.friction n. 摩擦；不和，爭(zhēng)執(zhí)
1）Constant friction caused the rope to break. （不斷的摩擦使繩子斷了。）
2）The efficiency of the machine is higher because there is less friction.（由于摩擦力較小，這臺(tái)機(jī)器的效率更高了。）
3）Family frictions can interfere with a child's schoolwork. （家庭中的爭(zhēng)吵會(huì)影響孩子的學(xué)業(yè)。）
4）The friction between the two countries is getting more and more serious. （兩國(guó)之間的摩擦在加劇。）
8.conflict n. 沖突，抵觸 v. 沖突，抵觸
1）The conflict between the two villages lasted for years. （兩個(gè)村子之間的沖突持續(xù)了數(shù)年。）
2）They came into conflict over the ownership of the house. （他們就房屋的所有權(quán)問(wèn)題產(chǎn)生了激烈的爭(zhēng)執(zhí)。）
3）His statement conflicted with what his friend said. （他的說(shuō)法與他的朋友所言截然不同。）
4）My idea might conflict with his. （我的觀點(diǎn)，可能會(huì)與他的觀點(diǎn)相沖突。）
9.enforce v. 實(shí)施，執(zhí)行；強(qiáng)制；強(qiáng)調(diào)
1）The president of our university said time and again that it was necessary to enforce the school regulations.（我們大學(xué)的校長(zhǎng)一再說(shuō)執(zhí)行校規(guī)很有必要。）
2）People were dissatisfied with the government's inability to enforce its law.（人們對(duì)政府無(wú)力執(zhí)行法律十分不滿(mǎn)。）
3）Very often parents enforce their own will on children. （父母常常把自己的意愿強(qiáng)加給孩子們。）
4）Illness enforced him to lie in bed. （疾病迫使他臥床。）
5）You need to enforce you arguments by producing facts and figures. （你需要提出事實(shí)與數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)加強(qiáng)你的論點(diǎn)。）
10.interact v. 相互影響，相互作用，相互交流
interaction n. 相互影響，相互作用
1）Mothers and babies internet in a complex way. （母嬰以一種復(fù)雜的方式相互交流。）
2）Students are encouraged to interact in class in English by the teacher. （老師鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生在課堂上用英語(yǔ)互動(dòng)。）
3）There is a need for more interaction between parents and children. （父母和孩子之間需要更多的相互交流。）
4）They are doing some research on the interaction between seawater and lava.（他們正對(duì)海水與溶巖的相互作用進(jìn)行研究。）
inter-是一個(gè)前綴，表示“相互”：“在…中間”。如：interchange （互換）；intercommunicate （互相聯(lián)系；互相通信）；interdependent （相互依賴(lài)，互相依存）；international （國(guó)際的）；interstate （州際的）；interuniversity （大學(xué)間的）
11.consensus n. 合意；（意見(jiàn)等的）一致；輿論
1）There was a kind of unspoken consensus between them. （他們之間有一種默契。）
2）The consensus was to abandon the project. （大多數(shù)人的意見(jiàn)是放棄該項(xiàng)計(jì)劃。）
3）It is very difficult for them to reach a consensus on what they are going to do.（要就他們將要進(jìn)行的事情達(dá)成大致意見(jiàn)是很困難。）
4）You have to build a consensus with them if you really want to get their help.（如果你真想得到他們的幫助，你得與他們達(dá)成一致意見(jiàn)。）
12.guideline n. 指導(dǎo)方針，準(zhǔn)則，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
1）They are going to adopt new guidelines for national economy. （他們將采取新的國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)指導(dǎo)方針。）
2）Today the moral guidelines are not as obvious as they were. （現(xiàn)在的道德準(zhǔn)則不再以前一樣明確了。）
3）The chemical additives still exceed guidelines set to protect public health.（化學(xué)添加劑仍然超過(guò)了為保護(hù)公眾健康而確定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。）
13.unacceptable adj. 不能接受的，不受歡迎的
acceptable adj. 可接受的
accept v. 接受
1）It is entirely unacceptable to break the law for the sake of money. （為了錢(qián)而犯法是完全不可接受的。）
2）The proposal was unacceptable. （這個(gè)建議是不能接受的。）
3）This is a proposal that is acceptable to all sides. （這是一個(gè)各方面都能接受的建議。）
4）They didn't accept the invitation to attend the evening party. （他們沒(méi)有接受出席晚會(huì)的邀請(qǐng)。）
14.adolescent adj. 青春期的；青少年的 n. （16歲以下的）青少年
adolescence n. 青春期（13-16歲的發(fā)育期）
1）He was afraid that his son had anything to do with the adolescent gang.（他擔(dān)心他兒子與青少年犯罪集團(tuán)有牽連。）
2）This film aimed at adolescents. （這部電影專(zhuān)為青少年拍攝。）
3）His adolescence was not a happy time for him. （他的青春期過(guò)的不快樂(lè)。）
4）Before his parents could realize it Tom had already reached the age of adolescence.（父母還沒(méi)意識(shí)到這個(gè)問(wèn)題，湯姆已到了青春期年齡。）
15.swear v. 詛咒；發(fā)誓 n. 誓言
1）Don't swear in front of the children. （別在孩子們面前罵人。）
2）Will you swear that you were not on the scene？ （你愿意起誓說(shuō)你當(dāng)時(shí)不在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)嗎？）
3）I swear that I will never trust him any more. （我保證再也不相信他了。）
4）He swore by his honor that he would return the money in two weeks.（他以自己的名譽(yù)發(fā)誓保證在兩周內(nèi)還錢(qián)。）
5）They refused to swear on a Bible. （他們拒絕手按圣經(jīng)發(fā)誓。）
6）Don't take his swear seriously. （別拿他的誓言當(dāng)真。）
16.indifferent adj. 冷漠的，不關(guān)心的
indifference n. 冷漠
1）If parents are indifferent to their success， children will fail to make progress.（如果父母漠視孩子的成功，孩子就不會(huì)進(jìn)步。）
2）He is absolutely indifferent to other people's miseries. （他對(duì)別人的痛苦漠不關(guān)心。）
3）He put on an air of indifference. （他擺出了一副滿(mǎn)不在乎的神氣。）
4）She was annoyed by her son's indifference to her. （她兒子對(duì)她的冷漠態(tài)度令她惱怒。）
17.discipline n. 紀(jì)律，訓(xùn)練；學(xué)科 v. 訓(xùn)練；使有紀(jì)律；懲罰
1）The discipline of hard work would do you a lot of good. （艱苦工作的磨練會(huì)對(duì)你大有好處。）
2）The young teacher couldn't keep discipline in her classroom. （那個(gè)年輕的教師無(wú)法維持課堂秩序。）
3）Scientists of many disciplines would work together to solve the problem.（許多學(xué)科的科學(xué)家們將一道來(lái)解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題。）
4）They must learn to discipline themselves. （他們必須學(xué)會(huì)鍛煉自己。）
5）He was disciplined for being late. （他因遲到而受罰。）
18.individual n. 個(gè)人，個(gè)體 adj. 個(gè)別的，單獨(dú)的；獨(dú)特的
1）The freedom of the individual was greatly emphasized in his talk. （他在講話(huà)中十分強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)人的自由。）
2）Handwriting varies from individual to individual. （每個(gè)人的筆跡都不相同。）
3）Each individual leaf on the tree is different. （樹(shù)上的每一片葉子都各不相同。）
4）There was nothing individual about him except a deep scar across his right cheek. （他除了右臉頰有條深疤外別無(wú)特征。）
本課簡(jiǎn)介
在人類(lèi)共同生活的社會(huì)里有一些共認(rèn)的社會(huì)準(zhǔn)則，這些準(zhǔn)則為大多數(shù)人所接受。如果你不能遵循這些準(zhǔn)則，你則會(huì)被看作為一個(gè)缺少文明禮 貌舉止的人。善待他人，尊重他人能給我們帶來(lái)一種優(yōu)勢(shì)，而這種優(yōu)勢(shì)會(huì)幫助我們成功。正因?yàn)槿绱?，我們?yīng)該學(xué)會(huì)在看電影時(shí)保持安靜；在點(diǎn)燃香煙前征得他人同 意；注意選擇接聽(tīng)移動(dòng)電話(huà)的場(chǎng)合；與老師交談時(shí)摘下隨身聽(tīng)的耳機(jī)；滿(mǎn)口含著食物時(shí)不隨意開(kāi)口講話(huà)；該尊稱(chēng)他人時(shí)不隨性而為亂稱(chēng)呼……。這些看似不重要的小 節(jié)恰恰是能反映一個(gè)人的社會(huì)公德的。
本課主要語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)
1. Unless you want to end a relationship， you don't tell another person what you think of her or him like this.
unless在本句中的意思是“if not” （除非，如果不），如：
1）You will fail the exam unless you study harder. （你若不更加努力學(xué)習(xí)，考試會(huì)不及格。）
2）We will go on with the experiment unless something unforeseen happens. （如果不發(fā)生意外，我們將繼續(xù)試驗(yàn)。）
3）I will not go to the party unless he invites me. （如果他不邀請(qǐng)我，我就不去參加聚會(huì)。）
4）Nothing， unless a miracle， can save him. （除非出現(xiàn)奇跡，他無(wú)法得救。）
end在本句中用作動(dòng)詞，意思是“結(jié)束”。如：
1）The meeting did not end until midnight. （會(huì)議開(kāi)到半夜才結(jié)束。）
2）The anti-Japanese War ended in 1945. （抗日戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)于1945年結(jié)束。）
3）He refused to end his four-week tour in such a manner. （他不愿以這種方式結(jié)束為期四周的旅行。）
2. Failing to be impressed by a friend's collection of stamps， yawning when a golfer tells you about what great shot he made… are all things that educated people try not to do.
本句中三個(gè)并列的動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)做主語(yǔ)，整個(gè)句子是一個(gè)“主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)”的句型。如：
1）Smoking is not good for your health. （吸煙有害你的健康。）
2）Making experiment is one way of learning. （實(shí)驗(yàn)是學(xué)習(xí)的一條途徑。）
be impressed by 意思是“給…深刻印象”。如：
1）I was impressed by his talent. （他的才干給我留下了深刻的印象。）
2）He was impressed by the gorgeous sunset. （絢麗的夕陽(yáng)給他留下了深刻的印象。）
golfer意思為“高爾夫球運(yùn)動(dòng)員”，這個(gè)詞是由golf加后綴-er構(gòu)成的，英語(yǔ)中這一類(lèi)詞很多。如：baker （面包師傅），gardener （園?。?，miller （磨坊主），singer （歌唱家），user （使用者。）
1）He tried not to let out the secret. （他試圖不泄露秘密。）
2）We tried not to be misled by them. （我們努力不被他們誤導(dǎo)。）
3. There are no laws enforcing respect.
本句是一個(gè)There be + noun + V-ing 結(jié)構(gòu)，表示存在（有），there失去表示場(chǎng)所的意義。如：
1）There was a fire burning in the fireplace. （壁爐里火在燃燒。）
2）There were two bulldozers knocking the place flat. （兩臺(tái)推土機(jī)把那兒夷平。）
句中的enforce是一個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞，意思是“實(shí)施；強(qiáng)制”。如：
1）It is necessary to enforce discipline in the army. （在部隊(duì)里執(zhí)行紀(jì)律是必要的。）
2）He strongly objected to enforcing obedience on children. （他強(qiáng)烈反對(duì)強(qiáng)迫兒童服從。）
4. These guidelines represent what a majority of people consider acceptable and what they consider unacceptable.
represent在本句中做及物動(dòng)詞用，意思是“代表；體現(xiàn)”。如：
1）The blue lines on the map represent rivers. （地圖上的藍(lán)線(xiàn)代表河流。）
2）These views don't represent the real thinking of the local residents. （那些觀點(diǎn)并不反映當(dāng)?shù)鼐用竦恼鎸?shí)思想。）
句中what引導(dǎo)的是賓語(yǔ)從句，如：
1）I will always remember what my mother said to me before I went to college.（我將永遠(yuǎn)記住我上大學(xué)前媽媽對(duì)我說(shuō)的話(huà)。）
2）I didn't see what they were doing there. （我沒(méi)看見(jiàn)他們?cè)谀莾焊墒裁?。?BR> 3）His idea couldn't represent what the ordinary people really liked.（他的想法不能代表普通百姓真正所喜歡的東西。）
consider是一個(gè)常用動(dòng)詞，通常有以下幾種用法：
1）consider + 賓語(yǔ)
He had no time to consider the matter. （他沒(méi)有時(shí)間考慮這件事。）
2）consider + 賓語(yǔ) + 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)
Some people considered the attack a mistake. （有人認(rèn)為那次進(jìn)攻是個(gè)錯(cuò)誤。）
3）consider + that 從句
We consider that the young man is not guilty. （我們認(rèn)為那個(gè)年輕人無(wú)罪。）
4）consider + V. + ing He considered changing his job. （他考慮換一份工作。）
5）consider to be/as
They consider themselves to be very lucky. （他們認(rèn)為自己很幸運(yùn)。）
He is considered to be an authority. （他被認(rèn)為是權(quán)威。）
They considered the house as beautiful. （他們認(rèn)為那房子很美。）
在上面的三個(gè)例句中，to be和as都可以被省略，因此三例句可以改寫(xiě)為：
They consider themselves lucky.
He is considered an authority.
They consider the house beautiful.
5. They are not even aware that this habit will bother the other members of the audience.
aware這個(gè)形容詞很常用，需好好掌握，在第十二單元中我們已經(jīng)接觸過(guò)這個(gè)詞，在此再鞏固一下。
1）be aware of
If you were aware of all that， you would change your mind. （如果你知道了那一切，你會(huì)改變主意的。）
2）be aware that
He was aware that he had drunk too much. （他知道他喝的太多了。）
bother在本句中做動(dòng)詞用，意思是“打擾”。在bother后用不定式則表示“費(fèi)心去做某事”。如：
1）Don't bother me， I have to finish the work in an hour. （別打擾我，我得在一小時(shí)內(nèi)做完這個(gè)工作。）
2）Don't bother to talk to him. He has no interest in anything. （別費(fèi)心跟他講話(huà)，他對(duì)什么都沒(méi)興趣。）
audience （觀眾，聽(tīng)眾）當(dāng)一個(gè)整體看待，用做單數(shù)；當(dāng)各成員看待，用做復(fù)數(shù)。如：
1）The audience was （were） enjoying the performance. （觀眾在欣賞演出。）
2）That book has a large audience. （那本書(shū)有廣大的讀者。）
6. …the look-at-me phone users whose boring conversations are just as dangerous to our mental health as smoke is to our lungs.
look-at-me是作者自造的復(fù)合形容詞，意思是“看我多神氣”。
as dangerous…as…形容詞的同等比較，意思是“與……同樣危險(xiǎn)”。
這句話(huà)的意思是“如同吸煙有害我們的肺一樣，'那些瞧我多神氣’的移動(dòng)電話(huà)使用者的無(wú)聊談話(huà)有害我們的精神健康?！?BR> 英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中，經(jīng)常會(huì)有不善區(qū)別現(xiàn)在分詞做形容詞和過(guò)去分詞做形容詞的用法和詞意的情況，請(qǐng)看下列例句：
A. interested interesting
1. He is interested in that book.
2. The book is interesting
B. excited exciting
1. We were very excited on hearing the news.
2. The exciting news was soon spread all over the country.
C. bored boring
1. The audience was bored by the speaker's empty talk.
2.The boring lecture made my sleepy.
7. …they listen to their walkmans while the teacher is talking to them.
listen是一個(gè)不及物動(dòng)詞，后面必須加介詞to才可以跟賓語(yǔ)，如：聽(tīng)音樂(lè)（listen to music），聽(tīng)收音機(jī)（listen to the radio），聽(tīng)天氣預(yù)報(bào)（listen to the weather forecast）。請(qǐng)注意，不能丟掉介詞to.
walkman指隨身聽(tīng)。注意其復(fù)數(shù)形式是在后面加-s，而不是把man改成men.
8. Kids who have no idea what being polite means will pay the price sooner or later.
have no idea of sth. 意思是“對(duì)……不理解”。have no idea后面接從句，?？墒∪f，如：
1）He had no idea what was likely to happen next. （他無(wú)法預(yù)料接下去會(huì)出現(xiàn)什么情況。）
2）I have no idea why she left.（我不知道她為什么離去。）
polite是形容詞，前面必須用系動(dòng)詞，而在what從句中，做主語(yǔ)用的系動(dòng)詞be則要變成being.如：
Being honest means telling no lies. （誠(chéng)實(shí)意味著不說(shuō)謊話(huà)。）
句子中的who引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾kids，而what則引導(dǎo)了一個(gè)同位語(yǔ)從句，對(duì)idea的內(nèi)容加以解釋。如：
1）I have no idea what will turn up.
2）I have no idea how soon they will arrive.
3）Word came that they had succeeded.
pay the price意思是“付出代價(jià)”。如：
They will pay the price for their ignorance. （他們將為自己的無(wú)知付出代價(jià)。）
sooner or later意思是“遲早”，如：
You will understand me sooner or later. （你遲早會(huì)理解我的。）
9. When they join the work force， their employers and associates alike will soon realize that the behavior of these rude young people is closer to that of animals than civilized people.
associate在本句中做名詞，意思是“同事”。
alike通常做形容詞用，如：The two brothers are very much alike. （這兩兄弟非常相象。）在本句子，alike作副詞用，意思是“一樣地”。
1）Teachers and students alike will have a 3-week holiday. （老師和學(xué)生一樣將有為期三周的假期。）
2）The book is interesting and instructive alike. （這書(shū)既有趣，也有教益。）
句子中的第一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句。第二個(gè)that則用來(lái)替代前面出現(xiàn)過(guò)的名詞，本句中that替代前面的behavior，意思是“這些粗魯?shù)哪贻p人的行為更接近動(dòng)物的行為?！?BR> 1）By 1990， production in the area is expected to double that of 1980.
2）The weather in Shanghai is milder than that of Beijing.
10. Being polite and showing respect can give us an edge.
Edge在本句中的意思是“優(yōu)勢(shì)”（advantage），如：
1）The edge was with our team. （優(yōu)勢(shì)在我們隊(duì)這邊。）
2）Since he obtained the edge， he was sure to win. （既然他取得了優(yōu)勢(shì)，他一定會(huì)贏。）
3）have an edge over sb. （勝過(guò)某人）
4）maintain a nuclear edge （保持核優(yōu)勢(shì)）
本課主要詞組
1. think of 2. be impressed by
3. fall asleep 4. a trip to
5. interact with 6. a majority of
7. show respect for 8. as well
9. be aware of 10. listen to
11. have no idea 12. pay the price
13. sooner or later 14. be close to
15. because of 16. get ahead
17. give sb. an edge 18. be based on
Text B Why we walk in circles
短語(yǔ)表達(dá)
1.rather than
He came all the way to China for promoting friendship rather than for making money.
He was reading a book rather than watching TV.
2.somewhat
He felt somewhat tired.
This book is somewhat difficult to understand.
3.instead of
Instead of pushing and crowding， he waited quietly for his turn.
He gave us a lot of trouble instead of help.
4.go astray
The letter had gone astray.
Make sure that no sheep go astray.
5.keep from
The poor child was kept from seeing his mother.
The bad weather kept us from getting there as scheduled.
6.cut off
Cut me off if I talk too much.
Gas supplies had now been cut off.
7.be worth
This book is worth reading.
This problem is worth following up.
8.reach one's goal
You have to work hard to reach your goal.
9. such as
Many stories such as these will prove instructive to the children.
10.intend to
He intended to give us an explanation， but he didn't.
I didn't intend to hurt you.
11.no more…than
He is no more a teacher than a writer.
We are no more satisfied than you are.
12.讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的倒裝
Young as he is， he holds an important position in the company.
Smart as they are， they are always modest.
Child as he was， he knew what was the right thing to do.
13.獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)：with ＋名詞＋過(guò)去分詞
With many eyes fixed on her， she felt very nervous.
With all the work completed， we felt greatly relieved.
With all his savings gone， he had to find a job now.
本課主要單詞
1.frankly adv. 坦白地，直率地；坦率地說(shuō)
1）He frankly admitted that he had made a mistake. （他坦率地承認(rèn)自己犯了個(gè)錯(cuò)誤。）
2）She asked me to tell her frankly what I wished to do. （她讓我坦率地告訴她我希望做什么。）
3）Frankly， he is not easy to get along with. （坦率地說(shuō)，他這個(gè)人不好打交道。）
4）Quite frankly， I don't care about what they may say. （坦率地說(shuō)，我不在乎他們會(huì)說(shuō)什么。）
frank adj. 坦誠(chéng)的 v. 蓋免費(fèi)郵戳于（郵件）；準(zhǔn)許…自由通過(guò)
1）They gave us a frank reply. （他們給了我們一個(gè)坦率的回答。）
2）They have franked these letters. （他們已經(jīng)給這些信件蓋了郵資已付的郵戳。）
3）We are trying to frank him through customs. （我們正努力使他免檢通過(guò)海關(guān)。）
2.boring adj. 令人厭煩的；乏味的
bored adj. 感到厭煩的
bore v. 使厭煩，使厭倦 n. 令人討厭的人或事
boredom n. 厭煩，厭倦；乏味
1）It was such a boring journey that he didn't want to say anything about it.（這次旅行很乏味，他什么也不想提及。）
2）I am bored. I don't have anything to do. （我無(wú)事可做，感到乏味。）
3）Most of the book had bored him， with the exception of one chapter.（除了其中的一章，這本書(shū)的大部分內(nèi)容使他感到乏味。）
4）Sam is such a bore that no one wants to have anything to do with him.（山姆是個(gè)很令人討厭的人，誰(shuí)都不想與他打交道。）
5）She seems so depressed by the boredom of her city life. （城市生活的乏味似乎令她沮喪。）
3.honestly adv. 誠(chéng)實(shí)地；的確
honest adj. 誠(chéng)實(shí)的
honesty n. 誠(chéng)實(shí)
dishonest adj. 不誠(chéng)實(shí)的；不正直的
1）Honestly， I don't know what you’re talking about. （說(shuō)實(shí)在的，我不知道你在講些什么。）
2）You have to answer the following questions honestly. （你得誠(chéng)實(shí)地回答下列問(wèn)題。）
3）He is honest， he doesn't tell lies. （他是老實(shí)人，不說(shuō)謊。）
4）First of all， you should be honest about why you want the money. （首先，你應(yīng)該坦率地說(shuō)為什么要這些錢(qián)。）
5）We have no doubt as to his honesty. （對(duì)他的誠(chéng)實(shí)我們毫不懷疑。）
6）How can you believe such a dishonest person. （你怎么能相信這樣一個(gè)不誠(chéng)實(shí)的人？）
7）He got his money in dishonest ways. （他以不正當(dāng)?shù)姆绞礁沐X(qián)。）
4.impress v. 給…深刻的印象
impression n. 印象；效果，影響
impressive adj. 給人以深刻印象的
1）What I saw and heard there impressed me deeply. （那兒的所見(jiàn)所聞給我留下了深刻的印象。）
2）I was impressed by his high efficiency. （他的高效率給我留下了深刻的印象。）
3）My advice seemed to make no impression on him. （我的勸告似乎對(duì)他不起作用。）
4）She made a very good impression on her employer. （她給雇主留下了極好的印象。）
5）The impressive scene will be always in his mind. （那個(gè)難忘的場(chǎng)面將永遠(yuǎn)留在他的腦海中。）
5.collection n. 收集；收藏品
collect v. （去）??；接；聚集
1）He has a large collection of books. （他有大量的藏書(shū)。）
2）The collection of butterfly specimens takes up all his spare time. （他所有的業(yè)余時(shí)間都用于采集蝴蝶標(biāo)本了。）
3）He likes collecting stamps. （他愛(ài)好集郵。）
4）I have to go and collect my daughter. （我得去接女兒了。）
5）A large crowd collected in front of the building. （那座樓前聚集了一大群人。）
collect 也可以做副詞用，意思是“由受話(huà)人付費(fèi)”，如：
I will call London collect. （我將給倫敦打一個(gè)對(duì)方付費(fèi)的電話(huà)。）
6.misunderstand v. 誤解，誤會(huì)
misunderstanding n. 誤會(huì)；爭(zhēng)執(zhí)
1）Don't misunderstand us， we are here to help， not to make trouble.（別誤解我們的意思，我們是來(lái)幫忙的，不是惹麻煩的。）
2）She misunderstood what her friend said， and went away in a fury. （她誤解了她朋友所說(shuō)的話(huà)，怒氣沖沖地走了。）
3）They had a misunderstanding， but they have become friendly again. （他們?cè)羞^(guò)爭(zhēng)執(zhí)，不過(guò)又言歸于好了。）
4）I don't hope the minor misunderstanding will affect our friendship. （我不希望這點(diǎn)小誤會(huì)會(huì)影響我們的友誼。）
7.friction n. 摩擦；不和，爭(zhēng)執(zhí)
1）Constant friction caused the rope to break. （不斷的摩擦使繩子斷了。）
2）The efficiency of the machine is higher because there is less friction.（由于摩擦力較小，這臺(tái)機(jī)器的效率更高了。）
3）Family frictions can interfere with a child's schoolwork. （家庭中的爭(zhēng)吵會(huì)影響孩子的學(xué)業(yè)。）
4）The friction between the two countries is getting more and more serious. （兩國(guó)之間的摩擦在加劇。）
8.conflict n. 沖突，抵觸 v. 沖突，抵觸
1）The conflict between the two villages lasted for years. （兩個(gè)村子之間的沖突持續(xù)了數(shù)年。）
2）They came into conflict over the ownership of the house. （他們就房屋的所有權(quán)問(wèn)題產(chǎn)生了激烈的爭(zhēng)執(zhí)。）
3）His statement conflicted with what his friend said. （他的說(shuō)法與他的朋友所言截然不同。）
4）My idea might conflict with his. （我的觀點(diǎn)，可能會(huì)與他的觀點(diǎn)相沖突。）
9.enforce v. 實(shí)施，執(zhí)行；強(qiáng)制；強(qiáng)調(diào)
1）The president of our university said time and again that it was necessary to enforce the school regulations.（我們大學(xué)的校長(zhǎng)一再說(shuō)執(zhí)行校規(guī)很有必要。）
2）People were dissatisfied with the government's inability to enforce its law.（人們對(duì)政府無(wú)力執(zhí)行法律十分不滿(mǎn)。）
3）Very often parents enforce their own will on children. （父母常常把自己的意愿強(qiáng)加給孩子們。）
4）Illness enforced him to lie in bed. （疾病迫使他臥床。）
5）You need to enforce you arguments by producing facts and figures. （你需要提出事實(shí)與數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)加強(qiáng)你的論點(diǎn)。）
10.interact v. 相互影響，相互作用，相互交流
interaction n. 相互影響，相互作用
1）Mothers and babies internet in a complex way. （母嬰以一種復(fù)雜的方式相互交流。）
2）Students are encouraged to interact in class in English by the teacher. （老師鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生在課堂上用英語(yǔ)互動(dòng)。）
3）There is a need for more interaction between parents and children. （父母和孩子之間需要更多的相互交流。）
4）They are doing some research on the interaction between seawater and lava.（他們正對(duì)海水與溶巖的相互作用進(jìn)行研究。）
inter-是一個(gè)前綴，表示“相互”：“在…中間”。如：interchange （互換）；intercommunicate （互相聯(lián)系；互相通信）；interdependent （相互依賴(lài)，互相依存）；international （國(guó)際的）；interstate （州際的）；interuniversity （大學(xué)間的）
11.consensus n. 合意；（意見(jiàn)等的）一致；輿論
1）There was a kind of unspoken consensus between them. （他們之間有一種默契。）
2）The consensus was to abandon the project. （大多數(shù)人的意見(jiàn)是放棄該項(xiàng)計(jì)劃。）
3）It is very difficult for them to reach a consensus on what they are going to do.（要就他們將要進(jìn)行的事情達(dá)成大致意見(jiàn)是很困難。）
4）You have to build a consensus with them if you really want to get their help.（如果你真想得到他們的幫助，你得與他們達(dá)成一致意見(jiàn)。）
12.guideline n. 指導(dǎo)方針，準(zhǔn)則，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
1）They are going to adopt new guidelines for national economy. （他們將采取新的國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)指導(dǎo)方針。）
2）Today the moral guidelines are not as obvious as they were. （現(xiàn)在的道德準(zhǔn)則不再以前一樣明確了。）
3）The chemical additives still exceed guidelines set to protect public health.（化學(xué)添加劑仍然超過(guò)了為保護(hù)公眾健康而確定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。）
13.unacceptable adj. 不能接受的，不受歡迎的
acceptable adj. 可接受的
accept v. 接受
1）It is entirely unacceptable to break the law for the sake of money. （為了錢(qián)而犯法是完全不可接受的。）
2）The proposal was unacceptable. （這個(gè)建議是不能接受的。）
3）This is a proposal that is acceptable to all sides. （這是一個(gè)各方面都能接受的建議。）
4）They didn't accept the invitation to attend the evening party. （他們沒(méi)有接受出席晚會(huì)的邀請(qǐng)。）
14.adolescent adj. 青春期的；青少年的 n. （16歲以下的）青少年
adolescence n. 青春期（13-16歲的發(fā)育期）
1）He was afraid that his son had anything to do with the adolescent gang.（他擔(dān)心他兒子與青少年犯罪集團(tuán)有牽連。）
2）This film aimed at adolescents. （這部電影專(zhuān)為青少年拍攝。）
3）His adolescence was not a happy time for him. （他的青春期過(guò)的不快樂(lè)。）
4）Before his parents could realize it Tom had already reached the age of adolescence.（父母還沒(méi)意識(shí)到這個(gè)問(wèn)題，湯姆已到了青春期年齡。）
15.swear v. 詛咒；發(fā)誓 n. 誓言
1）Don't swear in front of the children. （別在孩子們面前罵人。）
2）Will you swear that you were not on the scene？ （你愿意起誓說(shuō)你當(dāng)時(shí)不在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)嗎？）
3）I swear that I will never trust him any more. （我保證再也不相信他了。）
4）He swore by his honor that he would return the money in two weeks.（他以自己的名譽(yù)發(fā)誓保證在兩周內(nèi)還錢(qián)。）
5）They refused to swear on a Bible. （他們拒絕手按圣經(jīng)發(fā)誓。）
6）Don't take his swear seriously. （別拿他的誓言當(dāng)真。）
16.indifferent adj. 冷漠的，不關(guān)心的
indifference n. 冷漠
1）If parents are indifferent to their success， children will fail to make progress.（如果父母漠視孩子的成功，孩子就不會(huì)進(jìn)步。）
2）He is absolutely indifferent to other people's miseries. （他對(duì)別人的痛苦漠不關(guān)心。）
3）He put on an air of indifference. （他擺出了一副滿(mǎn)不在乎的神氣。）
4）She was annoyed by her son's indifference to her. （她兒子對(duì)她的冷漠態(tài)度令她惱怒。）
17.discipline n. 紀(jì)律，訓(xùn)練；學(xué)科 v. 訓(xùn)練；使有紀(jì)律；懲罰
1）The discipline of hard work would do you a lot of good. （艱苦工作的磨練會(huì)對(duì)你大有好處。）
2）The young teacher couldn't keep discipline in her classroom. （那個(gè)年輕的教師無(wú)法維持課堂秩序。）
3）Scientists of many disciplines would work together to solve the problem.（許多學(xué)科的科學(xué)家們將一道來(lái)解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題。）
4）They must learn to discipline themselves. （他們必須學(xué)會(huì)鍛煉自己。）
5）He was disciplined for being late. （他因遲到而受罰。）
18.individual n. 個(gè)人，個(gè)體 adj. 個(gè)別的，單獨(dú)的；獨(dú)特的
1）The freedom of the individual was greatly emphasized in his talk. （他在講話(huà)中十分強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)人的自由。）
2）Handwriting varies from individual to individual. （每個(gè)人的筆跡都不相同。）
3）Each individual leaf on the tree is different. （樹(shù)上的每一片葉子都各不相同。）
4）There was nothing individual about him except a deep scar across his right cheek. （他除了右臉頰有條深疤外別無(wú)特征。）
本課簡(jiǎn)介
在人類(lèi)共同生活的社會(huì)里有一些共認(rèn)的社會(huì)準(zhǔn)則，這些準(zhǔn)則為大多數(shù)人所接受。如果你不能遵循這些準(zhǔn)則，你則會(huì)被看作為一個(gè)缺少文明禮 貌舉止的人。善待他人，尊重他人能給我們帶來(lái)一種優(yōu)勢(shì)，而這種優(yōu)勢(shì)會(huì)幫助我們成功。正因?yàn)槿绱?，我們?yīng)該學(xué)會(huì)在看電影時(shí)保持安靜；在點(diǎn)燃香煙前征得他人同 意；注意選擇接聽(tīng)移動(dòng)電話(huà)的場(chǎng)合；與老師交談時(shí)摘下隨身聽(tīng)的耳機(jī)；滿(mǎn)口含著食物時(shí)不隨意開(kāi)口講話(huà)；該尊稱(chēng)他人時(shí)不隨性而為亂稱(chēng)呼……。這些看似不重要的小 節(jié)恰恰是能反映一個(gè)人的社會(huì)公德的。
本課主要語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)
1. Unless you want to end a relationship， you don't tell another person what you think of her or him like this.
unless在本句中的意思是“if not” （除非，如果不），如：
1）You will fail the exam unless you study harder. （你若不更加努力學(xué)習(xí)，考試會(huì)不及格。）
2）We will go on with the experiment unless something unforeseen happens. （如果不發(fā)生意外，我們將繼續(xù)試驗(yàn)。）
3）I will not go to the party unless he invites me. （如果他不邀請(qǐng)我，我就不去參加聚會(huì)。）
4）Nothing， unless a miracle， can save him. （除非出現(xiàn)奇跡，他無(wú)法得救。）
end在本句中用作動(dòng)詞，意思是“結(jié)束”。如：
1）The meeting did not end until midnight. （會(huì)議開(kāi)到半夜才結(jié)束。）
2）The anti-Japanese War ended in 1945. （抗日戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)于1945年結(jié)束。）
3）He refused to end his four-week tour in such a manner. （他不愿以這種方式結(jié)束為期四周的旅行。）
2. Failing to be impressed by a friend's collection of stamps， yawning when a golfer tells you about what great shot he made… are all things that educated people try not to do.
本句中三個(gè)并列的動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)做主語(yǔ)，整個(gè)句子是一個(gè)“主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)”的句型。如：
1）Smoking is not good for your health. （吸煙有害你的健康。）
2）Making experiment is one way of learning. （實(shí)驗(yàn)是學(xué)習(xí)的一條途徑。）
be impressed by 意思是“給…深刻印象”。如：
1）I was impressed by his talent. （他的才干給我留下了深刻的印象。）
2）He was impressed by the gorgeous sunset. （絢麗的夕陽(yáng)給他留下了深刻的印象。）
golfer意思為“高爾夫球運(yùn)動(dòng)員”，這個(gè)詞是由golf加后綴-er構(gòu)成的，英語(yǔ)中這一類(lèi)詞很多。如：baker （面包師傅），gardener （園?。?，miller （磨坊主），singer （歌唱家），user （使用者。）
1）He tried not to let out the secret. （他試圖不泄露秘密。）
2）We tried not to be misled by them. （我們努力不被他們誤導(dǎo)。）
3. There are no laws enforcing respect.
本句是一個(gè)There be + noun + V-ing 結(jié)構(gòu)，表示存在（有），there失去表示場(chǎng)所的意義。如：
1）There was a fire burning in the fireplace. （壁爐里火在燃燒。）
2）There were two bulldozers knocking the place flat. （兩臺(tái)推土機(jī)把那兒夷平。）
句中的enforce是一個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞，意思是“實(shí)施；強(qiáng)制”。如：
1）It is necessary to enforce discipline in the army. （在部隊(duì)里執(zhí)行紀(jì)律是必要的。）
2）He strongly objected to enforcing obedience on children. （他強(qiáng)烈反對(duì)強(qiáng)迫兒童服從。）
4. These guidelines represent what a majority of people consider acceptable and what they consider unacceptable.
represent在本句中做及物動(dòng)詞用，意思是“代表；體現(xiàn)”。如：
1）The blue lines on the map represent rivers. （地圖上的藍(lán)線(xiàn)代表河流。）
2）These views don't represent the real thinking of the local residents. （那些觀點(diǎn)并不反映當(dāng)?shù)鼐用竦恼鎸?shí)思想。）
句中what引導(dǎo)的是賓語(yǔ)從句，如：
1）I will always remember what my mother said to me before I went to college.（我將永遠(yuǎn)記住我上大學(xué)前媽媽對(duì)我說(shuō)的話(huà)。）
2）I didn't see what they were doing there. （我沒(méi)看見(jiàn)他們?cè)谀莾焊墒裁?。?BR> 3）His idea couldn't represent what the ordinary people really liked.（他的想法不能代表普通百姓真正所喜歡的東西。）
consider是一個(gè)常用動(dòng)詞，通常有以下幾種用法：
1）consider + 賓語(yǔ)
He had no time to consider the matter. （他沒(méi)有時(shí)間考慮這件事。）
2）consider + 賓語(yǔ) + 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)
Some people considered the attack a mistake. （有人認(rèn)為那次進(jìn)攻是個(gè)錯(cuò)誤。）
3）consider + that 從句
We consider that the young man is not guilty. （我們認(rèn)為那個(gè)年輕人無(wú)罪。）
4）consider + V. + ing He considered changing his job. （他考慮換一份工作。）
5）consider to be/as
They consider themselves to be very lucky. （他們認(rèn)為自己很幸運(yùn)。）
He is considered to be an authority. （他被認(rèn)為是權(quán)威。）
They considered the house as beautiful. （他們認(rèn)為那房子很美。）
在上面的三個(gè)例句中，to be和as都可以被省略，因此三例句可以改寫(xiě)為：
They consider themselves lucky.
He is considered an authority.
They consider the house beautiful.
5. They are not even aware that this habit will bother the other members of the audience.
aware這個(gè)形容詞很常用，需好好掌握，在第十二單元中我們已經(jīng)接觸過(guò)這個(gè)詞，在此再鞏固一下。
1）be aware of
If you were aware of all that， you would change your mind. （如果你知道了那一切，你會(huì)改變主意的。）
2）be aware that
He was aware that he had drunk too much. （他知道他喝的太多了。）
bother在本句中做動(dòng)詞用，意思是“打擾”。在bother后用不定式則表示“費(fèi)心去做某事”。如：
1）Don't bother me， I have to finish the work in an hour. （別打擾我，我得在一小時(shí)內(nèi)做完這個(gè)工作。）
2）Don't bother to talk to him. He has no interest in anything. （別費(fèi)心跟他講話(huà)，他對(duì)什么都沒(méi)興趣。）
audience （觀眾，聽(tīng)眾）當(dāng)一個(gè)整體看待，用做單數(shù)；當(dāng)各成員看待，用做復(fù)數(shù)。如：
1）The audience was （were） enjoying the performance. （觀眾在欣賞演出。）
2）That book has a large audience. （那本書(shū)有廣大的讀者。）
6. …the look-at-me phone users whose boring conversations are just as dangerous to our mental health as smoke is to our lungs.
look-at-me是作者自造的復(fù)合形容詞，意思是“看我多神氣”。
as dangerous…as…形容詞的同等比較，意思是“與……同樣危險(xiǎn)”。
這句話(huà)的意思是“如同吸煙有害我們的肺一樣，'那些瞧我多神氣’的移動(dòng)電話(huà)使用者的無(wú)聊談話(huà)有害我們的精神健康?！?BR> 英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中，經(jīng)常會(huì)有不善區(qū)別現(xiàn)在分詞做形容詞和過(guò)去分詞做形容詞的用法和詞意的情況，請(qǐng)看下列例句：
A. interested interesting
1. He is interested in that book.
2. The book is interesting
B. excited exciting
1. We were very excited on hearing the news.
2. The exciting news was soon spread all over the country.
C. bored boring
1. The audience was bored by the speaker's empty talk.
2.The boring lecture made my sleepy.
7. …they listen to their walkmans while the teacher is talking to them.
listen是一個(gè)不及物動(dòng)詞，后面必須加介詞to才可以跟賓語(yǔ)，如：聽(tīng)音樂(lè)（listen to music），聽(tīng)收音機(jī)（listen to the radio），聽(tīng)天氣預(yù)報(bào)（listen to the weather forecast）。請(qǐng)注意，不能丟掉介詞to.
walkman指隨身聽(tīng)。注意其復(fù)數(shù)形式是在后面加-s，而不是把man改成men.
8. Kids who have no idea what being polite means will pay the price sooner or later.
have no idea of sth. 意思是“對(duì)……不理解”。have no idea后面接從句，?？墒∪f，如：
1）He had no idea what was likely to happen next. （他無(wú)法預(yù)料接下去會(huì)出現(xiàn)什么情況。）
2）I have no idea why she left.（我不知道她為什么離去。）
polite是形容詞，前面必須用系動(dòng)詞，而在what從句中，做主語(yǔ)用的系動(dòng)詞be則要變成being.如：
Being honest means telling no lies. （誠(chéng)實(shí)意味著不說(shuō)謊話(huà)。）
句子中的who引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾kids，而what則引導(dǎo)了一個(gè)同位語(yǔ)從句，對(duì)idea的內(nèi)容加以解釋。如：
1）I have no idea what will turn up.
2）I have no idea how soon they will arrive.
3）Word came that they had succeeded.
pay the price意思是“付出代價(jià)”。如：
They will pay the price for their ignorance. （他們將為自己的無(wú)知付出代價(jià)。）
sooner or later意思是“遲早”，如：
You will understand me sooner or later. （你遲早會(huì)理解我的。）
9. When they join the work force， their employers and associates alike will soon realize that the behavior of these rude young people is closer to that of animals than civilized people.
associate在本句中做名詞，意思是“同事”。
alike通常做形容詞用，如：The two brothers are very much alike. （這兩兄弟非常相象。）在本句子，alike作副詞用，意思是“一樣地”。
1）Teachers and students alike will have a 3-week holiday. （老師和學(xué)生一樣將有為期三周的假期。）
2）The book is interesting and instructive alike. （這書(shū)既有趣，也有教益。）
句子中的第一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句。第二個(gè)that則用來(lái)替代前面出現(xiàn)過(guò)的名詞，本句中that替代前面的behavior，意思是“這些粗魯?shù)哪贻p人的行為更接近動(dòng)物的行為?！?BR> 1）By 1990， production in the area is expected to double that of 1980.
2）The weather in Shanghai is milder than that of Beijing.
10. Being polite and showing respect can give us an edge.
Edge在本句中的意思是“優(yōu)勢(shì)”（advantage），如：
1）The edge was with our team. （優(yōu)勢(shì)在我們隊(duì)這邊。）
2）Since he obtained the edge， he was sure to win. （既然他取得了優(yōu)勢(shì)，他一定會(huì)贏。）
3）have an edge over sb. （勝過(guò)某人）
4）maintain a nuclear edge （保持核優(yōu)勢(shì)）
本課主要詞組
1. think of 2. be impressed by
3. fall asleep 4. a trip to
5. interact with 6. a majority of
7. show respect for 8. as well
9. be aware of 10. listen to
11. have no idea 12. pay the price
13. sooner or later 14. be close to
15. because of 16. get ahead
17. give sb. an edge 18. be based on
Text B Why we walk in circles
短語(yǔ)表達(dá)
1.rather than
He came all the way to China for promoting friendship rather than for making money.
He was reading a book rather than watching TV.
2.somewhat
He felt somewhat tired.
This book is somewhat difficult to understand.
3.instead of
Instead of pushing and crowding， he waited quietly for his turn.
He gave us a lot of trouble instead of help.
4.go astray
The letter had gone astray.
Make sure that no sheep go astray.
5.keep from
The poor child was kept from seeing his mother.
The bad weather kept us from getting there as scheduled.
6.cut off
Cut me off if I talk too much.
Gas supplies had now been cut off.
7.be worth
This book is worth reading.
This problem is worth following up.
8.reach one's goal
You have to work hard to reach your goal.
9. such as
Many stories such as these will prove instructive to the children.
10.intend to
He intended to give us an explanation， but he didn't.
I didn't intend to hurt you.
11.no more…than
He is no more a teacher than a writer.
We are no more satisfied than you are.
12.讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的倒裝
Young as he is， he holds an important position in the company.
Smart as they are， they are always modest.
Child as he was， he knew what was the right thing to do.
13.獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)：with ＋名詞＋過(guò)去分詞
With many eyes fixed on her， she felt very nervous.
With all the work completed， we felt greatly relieved.
With all his savings gone， he had to find a job now.