Text A How TV Violence Affects Kids
本課主要單詞
1.violence n. 暴力；強(qiáng)烈
violent adj. 暴力的；強(qiáng)烈的
1）Preschool children suffer most from TV violence. （學(xué)齡前兒童受暴力電視節(jié)目的危害深。）
2）People in that country hated the king to the marrow as he ruled the country with violence.（那個(gè)國(guó)家的人民對(duì)國(guó)王恨之入骨，因?yàn)樗帽┝M(jìn)行統(tǒng)治。）
3）He flung open the door with violence.?。ㄋ脛诺孛腿话验T打開(kāi)。）
4）The violent blow sent him down on his knees.?。敲土业囊粨羰顾虻乖诘?。）
5）The doctor told him not to do any violent exercise.?。?醫(yī)生囑咐他不要進(jìn)行劇烈運(yùn)動(dòng)。）
2.exposure n. 暴露；揭露；曝光 考試大自考站，你的自考專家！
expose v. 暴露；使曝光；使遭受；使處于…影響之下；展出
1）Too much exposure to sunlight will burn your skin.（過(guò)度曬太陽(yáng)會(huì)曬傷皮膚。）
2）The exposure of corruption by the media caught the attention of the public.（傳媒對(duì)腐敗的揭露引起了公眾的注意。）
3）She concealed the secret from her parents， fearing the exposure would stun them.（她對(duì)父母隱瞞了這個(gè)秘密，擔(dān)心秘密暴露會(huì)令父母震驚。）
4）How many exposures have you made？?。闩牧藥讖堈掌?？考 試 大）
5）His shirt was open， exposing the tattoo on his chest.?。ㄋ囊r衣敞開(kāi)了，露出了刺在胸部的文身。）
6）His fatness exposed him to a lot of joking at the office. （他長(zhǎng)得肥胖，因此在辦公室常受取笑。）
7）He was exposed to music when he was a child. （他自幼受音樂(lè)薰陶。）
8）Parents should expose their children to good books.?。ǜ改笐?yīng)讓孩子們讀好書。）
9）He is going to expose all his collections at the auction.?。ㄋ蛩闩馁u時(shí)把收藏品全部陳列出來(lái)。）
3.allocate v. 分配；把…撥給；把…劃歸
allocation n. 分配；劃撥的款項(xiàng)
1）Some doctors and teachers will be allocated to the villagers to help the people there.（一些醫(yī)生和教師將被派往那些村子幫助那兒的人們。）
2）They were dissatisfied with the way resources were allocated.（他們對(duì)資源分配的方式不滿意。）
3）One third of the money has been allocated to the public services.（三分之一的經(jīng)費(fèi)已撥給了公用事業(yè)。）
4）They said the allocation of seats was unfair.（他們說(shuō)席位的分配不公平。）
5）He has a $5000 allocation to cover the expenses.（他有一筆5000美元的撥款以應(yīng)付各項(xiàng)支出。）
4. significantly adv. considerably （相當(dāng)數(shù)量地）；meaningfully （有意義地）
significant adj. important，meaningful （意義重大的）
marked，considerable （不必忽略的；相當(dāng)數(shù)量的）
significance n. consequence （意義；影響） implication（含義）
1）Their opinions don't differ significantly from each other.?。ㄋ麄儌z的看法沒(méi)有明顯差別。）
2）He said to us significantly that education of the youth would be vital to the future of a country.?。ㄋ馕渡铋L(zhǎng)地對(duì)我們說(shuō)年輕人的教育對(duì)于一個(gè)國(guó)家的未來(lái)至關(guān)重要。）
3）July 4 is a significant date for Americans.?。▽?duì)美國(guó)人來(lái)說(shuō)七月四日是一個(gè)意義重大的日子。）
4）There has been a significant increase in juvenule crime in recent years.（近年來(lái)，青少年犯罪活動(dòng)有了相當(dāng)大的增加。）
5）This is an event of great significance.?。ㄟ@是一個(gè)非常重大的事件。）
6）It is necessary to attach great significance to environmental protection.（重視環(huán)境保護(hù)是必要的。）
5.per prep. 每一，每
1）He earns $3000 per month.（他每月掙3000美元。）
2）We drove at the speed of 70miles per hour.（我們以每小時(shí)70英里的速度行駛。）
3）Take the medicine 3times per day.（這藥每日服三次。）
4）They spent more than 20million pounds per year.（他們每年花費(fèi)兩千萬(wàn)英鎊。）
6.given prep. considering （考慮到）
1）Given their inexperience， they have done a good job.（考慮到他們?nèi)狈?jīng)驗(yàn)，這工作他們做得不錯(cuò)。）
2）Given his age， the old man is in good condition.?。紤]到老人的年齡，他的身體狀況很不錯(cuò)了。）
3）Given my interest in oil painting， this is the best place to study.（考慮到我對(duì)油畫的興趣，這是學(xué)習(xí)的好地方。）
4）It seems unreasonable to send him away， given that he is doing quite well.（考慮到他的工作干得很不錯(cuò)，把他解雇是不合理的。）
7.adopt v. take up （采?。?accept （收養(yǎng)）； officially pass （正式通過(guò)）
1）I don't know if I should adopt a positive attitude towards the whole happening.（我不知道我是否應(yīng)該對(duì)整個(gè)事件采取積極態(tài)度。）
2）Their country adopted press censorship. （他們國(guó)家采取了新聞檢查制度。）
3）They adopted an orphan as they had no child of their own.（他們自己沒(méi)孩子，所以收養(yǎng)了一個(gè)孤兒。）
4）The boy was happy as anything when his parents decided to adopt a puppy.（當(dāng)爸爸媽媽決定收養(yǎng)一條小狗時(shí)，那個(gè)男孩高興極了。）
5）Congress adopted the new measures. （國(guó)會(huì)通過(guò)了新措施。）
6）The National Congress adopted the government report.（全國(guó)人大通過(guò)了政府工作報(bào)告。）
請(qǐng)注意區(qū)別adopt和adapt
adapt vi. adjust （調(diào)節(jié)；改變…以適應(yīng)）
vt. revise（校準(zhǔn)；調(diào)整；改編）
1）He had to adapt himself to the new condition.（他不得不使自己適應(yīng)新的情況。）
2）Mr. Wang could not adapt himself to the new climate. （王先生不能適應(yīng)新的氣候。）
3）He is adapting the novel for television.（他正把那部小說(shuō)改編為電視劇。）
8.distinguish v. separate （區(qū)別，辨別）； identify （認(rèn)出）
1）You have to distinguish facts from rumours if you want to form a correct opinion.（如果想有一個(gè)正確的觀點(diǎn)，你得分辨事實(shí)和傳聞。）
2）He was distinguished from other boys by his height.（他的身高顯出他與其它男孩的不同。）
3）Some children were unable to distinguish between the letters b and p.?。ㄓ行┖⒆硬荒芊直孀帜竍和p.）
9.fantasy n. 想像；幻想
1）He is always having fantasies about becoming rich.（他總是抱著發(fā)財(cái)?shù)幕孟?。?BR> 2）To a small child， fantasy and reality are very close to each other .（對(duì)幼兒來(lái)說(shuō)，幻想和現(xiàn)實(shí)靠得很近。）
請(qǐng)注意區(qū)別fancy，fantasy，imagination
fancy和fantasy多指無(wú)事實(shí)依據(jù)的憑空想像。Fancy的內(nèi)容多是虛構(gòu)的，幻想的；fantasy的內(nèi)容更是荒誕古怪的。
Imagination的想像多依據(jù)所見(jiàn)所聞或現(xiàn)實(shí)內(nèi)容一般是合理的。
1）She went wherever the fancy took her. （她隨興致所至想去哪里就去哪里。）
2）These fantasies are sometimes very dangerous to school children. （對(duì)學(xué)齡兒童來(lái)說(shuō)這些古怪念頭是很危險(xiǎn)的。）
3）Poets， artists and inventors need imagination. （詩(shī)人，藝術(shù)家和發(fā)明家都需要想像力。）
10.underlying adj. 在下面的；根本的；潛在的
1）There are underlying similarities between all human beings. （人與人之間有著潛在的相似之處。）
2）The underlying theme of the novel is very serious. （這本小說(shuō)的潛在主題是極其嚴(yán)肅的。）
3）Can you understand the underlying meaning of what he said？?。隳芾斫馑f(shuō)的話的含義嗎？）
4）The underlying structure of this building is no doubt very firm. （這座樓的底層結(jié)構(gòu)無(wú)疑是牢固的。）
11.motive n. reason， purpose （動(dòng)機(jī)，目的）
1）Greed was his only motive for receiving bribery. （貪婪是他受賄的原因。）
2）His motive in coming was a wish to achieve mutual understanding. （他來(lái)的動(dòng)機(jī)是想達(dá)成相互理解。）
3）The little boy opened his sister's mail through motives of curiosity. （那個(gè)小男孩出于好奇打開(kāi)了姐姐的郵件。）
4）You should question his motive before you approve his conduct. （在你贊同他的所作所為之前應(yīng)該先質(zhì)詢他的動(dòng)機(jī)。）
12.subtlety n. delicacy；sensitivity 微妙之處，細(xì)微之處；敏銳
subtle adj. 隱約的；微妙的
1）Nobody noticed the subtlety of his remarks. （沒(méi)有人聽(tīng)出他話中的微妙含義。）
2）They can sense each other's intentions with great subtlety. （他們能敏銳地感覺(jué)到彼此的意圖。）
3）It is difficult for people from other cultures to master the subtleties of the American joke. （對(duì)于來(lái)自其他文化的人來(lái)說(shuō)掌握美國(guó)笑話的微妙之處是困難的。）
4）His whole attitude has undergone a subtle change. （他的整個(gè)態(tài)度已經(jīng)有了微妙的變化。）
5）He dwelt on the subtle distinction between the two words.（他詳述兩個(gè)詞詞義的細(xì)微差別。）
13.moral adj. 有道德的 n. 道德；寓意
1）He complained that he had witnessed a fall in moral standards.（他抱怨說(shuō)他目睹了道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的衰落。）
2）Parents are responsible for the children's moral welfare.（父母應(yīng)對(duì)孩子道德上的健康成長(zhǎng)負(fù)責(zé)。）
3）The moral of the story was “A friend in need is a friend indeed ”。（這個(gè)故事的教益是“患難之交見(jiàn)真情。”）
4）I don't know what moral to draw from all this. （我不知道從所有這一切中應(yīng)得出何種教訓(xùn)。）
5）He has no morals and will do anything for money. （他毫無(wú)道德，為了錢什么都干得出來(lái)。）
14.recovery n. 康復(fù)；收回
recover v. 恢復(fù)；收復(fù)；挽回
1）He is recovered from his illness.?。ㄋ鸦謴?fù)了健康。）
2）She recovered her strength after two days'rest. （經(jīng)過(guò)兩天的休息，她恢復(fù)了力氣。）
3）The police recovered the stolen watch.?。ň熳坊亓耸Ц`的手表。）
4）He said he had to work hard to recover the lost time.?。ㄋf(shuō)他得努力工作，把失去的時(shí)間補(bǔ)回來(lái)。）
5）Mr. Wang insisted that the economic recovery was still slow. （王先生堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇還太緩慢。）
6）She made a remarkable recovery from the illness.?。ㄋ钊梭@異地從那場(chǎng)疾病中康復(fù)了。）
7）The recovery of the lost wallet thrilled the whole family.?。ㄊ溴X包的復(fù)得使全家人興奮不已。）
15.unrealistic adj. impractical （不切實(shí)際的）
1）It is unrealistic to expect better conditions in the near future.（在不遠(yuǎn)的將來(lái)指望有更好的形勢(shì)是不現(xiàn)實(shí)的。）
2）This demand proved unrealistic and unworkable. （這個(gè)要求證明是不切實(shí)際且不可行的。）
3）You have unrealistic expectations. （你的期望不切實(shí)際。）
16.imitate v. 模仿
imitation n. 模仿
imitative adj. 模仿的；仿制的
1）Many writers imitate the language of Shakespeare. （許多作家模仿莎士比亞的語(yǔ)言。）
2）His handwriting is difficult to imitate. （他的筆跡很難模仿。）
3）Children learn many things by imitation. （兒童通過(guò)模仿學(xué)會(huì)許多東西。）
4）Acting is an imitative art. （表演是一種模仿性藝術(shù)。）
5）Monkeys are imitative （猴兒愛(ài)模仿。）
17.undermine vt. weaken （侵蝕…基礎(chǔ)；暗中破壞；逐漸損害）
1）Many severe colds undermined the old man's health.（多次嚴(yán)重的感冒損害了老人的健康。）
2）Failures undermined her confidence. （一再的失敗使她漸漸喪失了信心。）
3）The foundations of the house have been undermined by groundwater.（地下水侵蝕了這座房屋的地基。）
18.jeopardize vt. threaten endanger （使處于危險(xiǎn)境地；危及，損害）
1）He jeopardized his life to save the drowning child. （他冒著生命危害救護(hù)那個(gè)溺水兒童。）
2）He jeopardized his fortune by making bad investments.（他由于投資不當(dāng)而危及自己的財(cái)產(chǎn)。）
3）I didn't want to jeopardize my relationship with my new friend. （我不想損害我和新朋友的關(guān)系。）
19.interpret vt. 解釋；口譯
interpretation n. 解釋；口譯
interpreter n. 口譯者
1）Literature helps to interpret life. （文學(xué)有助于闡明人生的意義。）
2）His silence was interpreted as consent. （他的沉默被認(rèn)為是同意。）
3）People often give different interpretations of the past. （人們往往對(duì)過(guò)去作出不同的解釋。）
4）He is talking to the foreign guest through an interpreter. （他正通過(guò)譯員與外國(guó)客人交談。）
20.monitor n. 監(jiān)視器；監(jiān)控器；監(jiān)聽(tīng)員；班長(zhǎng) v. 監(jiān)聽(tīng)；監(jiān)視；監(jiān)控
1）The patient was connected to the monitor. （一臺(tái)監(jiān)控器連接到病人身上。）
2）He is the monitor of our class. （他是我們班班長(zhǎng)。）
3）The police monitored all the phone calls of the suspect. （警察監(jiān)聽(tīng)了疑犯的所有電話通話。）
4）Water flow will be monitored by computer. （水流將由計(jì)算機(jī)來(lái)監(jiān)測(cè)。）
21.initiate vt. 開(kāi)始；發(fā)起，倡議；接納新成員
1）We should initiate direct talks with the trade unions.（我們應(yīng)該與貿(mào)易聯(lián)合會(huì)開(kāi)始直接對(duì)話。）
2）They initiated a new program of reform. （他們開(kāi)始實(shí)施一項(xiàng)新的改革方案。）
3）The club will initiate new members next week. （俱樂(lè)部將在下周接納新成員。）
22.restrict vt. 限制；約束
restricted adj. 受限制的；有限的
restriction n. 限制，約束
1）Women in China are no longer restricted to domestic labor now.（現(xiàn)在，中國(guó)婦女不再被束縛于家務(wù)勞動(dòng)了。）
2）He was restricted in his movements. （他的行動(dòng)受約束。）
3）This rule has a very restricted application （這條規(guī)則的適用范圍極為有限。）
4）The government placed restrictions on sales of weapons. （政府對(duì)武器銷售實(shí)行限制。）
23.depict vt. portray （描畫，描述）
1）The painter tried to depict the splendour of the sunset. （畫家試圖描繪出日落的壯麗景象。）
2）She went on to depict the confusion of departure （她繼續(xù)描述離開(kāi)時(shí)的混亂情景。）
24.imply v. 暗示，含有的意思
implied adj. 含蓄的
implication n. 含義
1）I don't imply that you are wrong. （我的意思不是說(shuō)你錯(cuò)了。）
2）His silence implied consent. （他的緘默表示同意。）
3）I don't understand the implied meaning of this sentence. （我不理解這句話的含義。）
4）The implication of his statement is that I was wrong. （他這話的含義是我錯(cuò)了。）
25.alternative n. 供選擇的東西 adj. 兩者擇一的；供選擇的
1）He was given the alternative of going on to college or starting to work.（他得在上大學(xué)繼續(xù)求學(xué)和開(kāi)始工作之間作出選擇。）
2）Is there any alternative to undergoing a surgical operation？?。ǔ饪剖中g(shù)外還有其它辦法嗎？）
3）You have no alternative but to stay here overnight. （你只好留宿一夜，別無(wú)他法。）
4）We should explore alternative possibilities in solving the problem.（我們應(yīng)該探求各種供選擇的可能性來(lái)解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題。）
5）The alternative plans of having a picnic on taking a boat trip put them in a dilemma.（去野餐或者去乘船旅游二者只能擇一的計(jì)劃使他們左右為難。）
本課簡(jiǎn)介
越來(lái)越多的事實(shí)證明，暴力電視節(jié)目對(duì)兒童的成長(zhǎng)有不良影響，學(xué)齡前兒童受暴力電視節(jié)目的危害尤深，因?yàn)樗麄兩胁煌耆邆滢q別事實(shí)與 幻想的能力，對(duì)人類行為、道德沖突的內(nèi)在動(dòng)機(jī)也不理解。兒童常常把從電視中看到的行為用于現(xiàn)實(shí)生活之中。父母還應(yīng)幫助兒童理解他們所看的電視節(jié)目，父母也 要了解幼兒的老師對(duì)與戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和暴力相關(guān)連的電視節(jié)目及兒童玩具的態(tài)度，并與那些有共識(shí)的其他兒童的父母一同努力，尋求各種方法取代觀看暴力電視節(jié)目。
本課語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)
1. For more than a quarter of a century， evidence has been increasing that children's exposure to violence on television has long-lasting effects on their behavior.
a quarter （of）“四分之一”，如：a quarter of a pound（四分之一磅）；a quarter of a century（四分之一世紀(jì)）；a quarter of a mile（四分之一英里）；a quarter （of a dollar） （25美分）；a quarter of a million（25萬(wàn)）；a quarter （of an hour）（15分鐘）。
…that children's exposure to violence on television…
that 引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)同位語(yǔ)從句，這個(gè)同位語(yǔ)從句沒(méi)有直接跟在名詞evidence的后面，而是被has been increasing隔開(kāi)了。同位語(yǔ)的作用是對(duì)它所說(shuō)明的名詞作進(jìn)一步解釋，說(shuō)明這個(gè)名詞指的是誰(shuí)或什么。如：
1）I had no idea that he told us a lie. （我不知道他對(duì)我們說(shuō)了謊話。）
2）You have to produce enough evidence that he is guilty.（你得拿出足夠的證據(jù)說(shuō)明他有罪。）
3）There was little possibility that they would succeed. （他們成功的可能性極小。）
4）There can be no doubt that TV violence affects children. （毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，暴力電視節(jié)目對(duì)兒童有不良影響。）
exposure to “暴露于…”，如：
1）The best part of the job was her constant exposure to books.（她這個(gè)工作的大優(yōu)點(diǎn)是能經(jīng)常接觸書籍。）
have an effect on “對(duì)…有作用（影響）”，如：
1）Constant rain had much effect on the harvest. （持續(xù)的降雨對(duì)收成有很大的影響。）
2）The cement factory has much effect on the environment.（水泥廠對(duì)環(huán)境的影響很大。）
3）His persuasion had little effect on her.（他的勸說(shuō)對(duì)她沒(méi)什么作用。）
2.…the amount of television time allocated each week to violent programs increased significantly.
…the number of violent acts on television…h(huán)as increased…。
上面兩個(gè)句子中分別用了amount和number兩個(gè)詞。amount用來(lái)修飾從體積，重量，金額等方面著眼的東西，一般在of 后接用不可數(shù)名詞；而number則用以修飾可數(shù)的人或物。在第一個(gè)句子中，amount of后面用的是不可數(shù)名詞time，第二個(gè)句子中number of后面用的是可數(shù)名詞acts.再請(qǐng)看例句：
1）A large amount of money has been spent on this project.（一大筆錢已經(jīng)花在了這個(gè)工程上。）
2）The amount of work assigned to him was formidable.（分配給他做的工作量極大。）
3）The number of students of the university has been increasing. （這所大學(xué)的學(xué)生人數(shù)在增加。）
4）The number of tourists to that place is limited.（去那個(gè)地方旅游的人數(shù)有限。）
請(qǐng)注意區(qū)別act和action這兩個(gè)名詞。①這兩個(gè)名詞都表示“行為”，“行動(dòng)”的意思，?？苫Q使用。act強(qiáng)調(diào)行為的結(jié)果， 而不涉及行為的動(dòng)機(jī)與性質(zhì)，常是即興，瞬間的舉動(dòng)；action偏重于動(dòng)作的方式和過(guò)程。②act行為的發(fā)出者可以是人也可以是物；action只是物。 ③在須用不可數(shù)名詞表示總的概念時(shí)，多用action，而一般不用act.如：
1）The time has come for action/act.（采取行動(dòng)的時(shí)間了。）
2）The thoughtless young man did another foolish act.（那個(gè)魯莽的年輕人又做了件傻事。）
3）Every sudden emotion quickens the action of the heart.（每件突如其來(lái)的令人激動(dòng)的事情都能加快心跳。）
4）Actions speak louder than words.（事實(shí)勝于雄辯。）
3.Given the amount of time that children watch television， it has become one of the most powerful models they want to follow.
given在本句中用作介詞，意思是considering， taking into account（考慮到），在詞匯部分我們已作了比較詳細(xì)的講解，再請(qǐng)看兩個(gè)例句：
1）Given they are fresh from university， they've done a great job.（考慮到他們剛走出大學(xué)校園，他們干得不錯(cuò)。）
2）Given that he has always been dreaming of visiting the great wall， it seems cruel not to take him to Beijing.（他一直夢(mèng)想游長(zhǎng)城，不帶他去北京似乎太殘酷了。）
除了作“考慮到”解釋外，given還有如下意思：
1）規(guī)定的，特點(diǎn)的（形容詞）
The work must be done within the given time. （工作必須在規(guī)定時(shí)間內(nèi)完成。）
2）假設(shè)的；作為前提的（形容詞）
Given the chance， she could have done as well as you have.（如果給他這個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)，她會(huì)干得跟你一樣好。）
4.Children naturally often want the toys shown on and advertised during these programs.
Shown on and advertised during these programs 在本句中的作用是分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的定語(yǔ)從句，修飾toys.
1）Last night， we saw a documentary dubbed in English.（昨晚，我們看了一部用英文譯制的記錄片。）
2）The play put on by the first-year students was very good.（一年級(jí)學(xué)生演出的劇目很好。）
3）The letters written in pencil are from my brother.（那些用鉛筆寫的信是我弟弟帶來(lái)的。）
These programs 是 shown on 和advertised during 這兩個(gè)詞組中的介詞的共用賓語(yǔ)。如：
He doesn't care about and has no interest in other people’s opinion.（對(duì)別人的觀點(diǎn)他不在乎也沒(méi)興趣。）
5.With these toys， their play tends to be more imitative than imaginative.
With 在本句中表示原因，意思是“由于，因”，如：
1）He is in bed with flu.（他因患流感臥病在床。）
2）Her eyes were dim with tears.（她的雙眼因淚水而模糊。）
3）The boy's face was white with nervousness.（那個(gè)男孩的臉因緊張而發(fā)白。）
tend 的后面接不定式，意思是“易于，往往會(huì)”，如：
1）Plants tend to die in hot weather if you don't water them.（植物在炎熱天氣如不澆水容易枯死。）
2）He tends to get impatient if you ask him more than two questions.（如果你問(wèn)他兩個(gè)以上的問(wèn)題，他往往會(huì)不耐煩。）
6.The narrow range of most violence-related toys advertised on television jeopardizes the role of play in helping children make better sense of their own feelings and interpret their world.
在第三單元中，我們已經(jīng)學(xué)過(guò)range這個(gè)詞，意思是“山脈”，“（在某范圍內(nèi)）變動(dòng)，變化”。而在本句中，range的意思是“范圍”，如：
1）His reading is of very wide range.（他的閱讀面很廣。）
2）Over the long range， the most important step will be a general tax reform.（從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)看，重要的步驟是全面實(shí)行稅制改革。）
Make sense of 意思是“了解；弄明白”。如：
1）I can not make any sense of what he says.（他的話我弄不懂。）
2）His lecture helped me make better sense of the poem.（他的講解幫助我更好地理解這首詩(shī)。）
3）I could make no sense of his carelessly written letter.（我看不懂他馬馬虎虎寫的那封信。）
7.Many preschool teachers do not like to have commercially made toy weapons brought into the classroom and welcome hearing your concerns about this matter.
have…toy weapons brought into the classroom（把玩具武器帶進(jìn)教室。）have sth. done 是極為常見(jiàn)的用法，如：
1）I need to have my bike repaired.（我需要把自行車修一下。）
2）He had his files destroyed before he left.（在離開(kāi)前，他把文件都?xì)Я?。?BR> 3）She wanted to have the rooms repainted before moving in.（她想在搬入前把房間重新粉刷一遍。）
welcome 在本舉句中作動(dòng)詞用，這個(gè)詞也可以作名詞和形容詞用。請(qǐng)看下面的例句，注意welcome在各例句中的詞類。
1）He ran to the door to welcome his friends. （他向門口跑去，歡迎他的朋友。）
2）Welcome to Beijing.（歡迎到北京來(lái)。）
3）Her marriage was not welcomed by the family.（她的婚姻不被家人接受。）
4）They gave her a warm welcome.（他們給她以熱烈歡迎。）
5）He received a hero's welcome at the airport.（他在機(jī)場(chǎng)受到英雄般的歡迎。）
6）You are welcome to use my bike.（我的自行車你盡管用。）
7）He is a welcome guest.（他是個(gè)受歡迎的客人。）
concern about sth. 意思是“對(duì)…的關(guān)心”，在第九單元中，我們學(xué)過(guò)be concerned about. 如：
1）We are all concerned about his education.（我們都關(guān)心他的教育。）
2）His parents are very much concerned about his health.（他的父母非常關(guān)心他的健康。）
3）My concern about the matter is known to all.（人人知道我對(duì)這件事的關(guān)心。）
本課主要詞組
1. a quarter of 2. expose to
3. have an effect on 4. allocate…to
5. point out 6. distinguish from
7. tend to 8. make sense of
9. apply…to 10. be crazy about
11. put together 12. ask sb. about sth.
13. have sth. done 14. concern about
15. an alternative to sth. 16. look for
Text B Why don't girls think like boys？
短語(yǔ)表達(dá)
1. do well
Many people believe that boys do well in science.
Mr. Smith didn't expect that he could do so well in industrial engineering.
2. in one's opinion
In my opinion， what he said could be true.
Parents should be friendly with their children in his opinion.
3. be good at
He is good at English， but he is better at computer.
She is good at imitating other people's way of talking.
4. according to
According to some doctors， only 1 out of 20 patients who had lung cancer could survive.
According to the text， aggression in boys is caused by mothers.
5. on the average
On the average， girls score higher on tests that measure vocabulary， spelling， and memory.
We made 65 miles an hour on the average.
6. be determined by
People's abilities are not determined by sex.
The rise and fall of the prices is determined by supply and demand.
7. be headed by
One of the scientific research teams was headed by Mr. Watson.
This company is headed by John's twin brother.
8. be ready to
He is always ready to help people in need.
She is not ready to take on that kind of responsibility.
9. take notes
He is amazed to see that students take notes on what he says in class.
He decided to take notes of the development of the political events.
10. lean against/on
She felt weak， so leaned against the wall.
He leaned the bike against a tree.
11. insist upon/on
He insisted on paying the meal.
Most companies insist upon having an interview before they accept an employee.
本課主要單詞
1.violence n. 暴力；強(qiáng)烈
violent adj. 暴力的；強(qiáng)烈的
1）Preschool children suffer most from TV violence. （學(xué)齡前兒童受暴力電視節(jié)目的危害深。）
2）People in that country hated the king to the marrow as he ruled the country with violence.（那個(gè)國(guó)家的人民對(duì)國(guó)王恨之入骨，因?yàn)樗帽┝M(jìn)行統(tǒng)治。）
3）He flung open the door with violence.?。ㄋ脛诺孛腿话验T打開(kāi)。）
4）The violent blow sent him down on his knees.?。敲土业囊粨羰顾虻乖诘?。）
5）The doctor told him not to do any violent exercise.?。?醫(yī)生囑咐他不要進(jìn)行劇烈運(yùn)動(dòng)。）
2.exposure n. 暴露；揭露；曝光 考試大自考站，你的自考專家！
expose v. 暴露；使曝光；使遭受；使處于…影響之下；展出
1）Too much exposure to sunlight will burn your skin.（過(guò)度曬太陽(yáng)會(huì)曬傷皮膚。）
2）The exposure of corruption by the media caught the attention of the public.（傳媒對(duì)腐敗的揭露引起了公眾的注意。）
3）She concealed the secret from her parents， fearing the exposure would stun them.（她對(duì)父母隱瞞了這個(gè)秘密，擔(dān)心秘密暴露會(huì)令父母震驚。）
4）How many exposures have you made？?。闩牧藥讖堈掌?？考 試 大）
5）His shirt was open， exposing the tattoo on his chest.?。ㄋ囊r衣敞開(kāi)了，露出了刺在胸部的文身。）
6）His fatness exposed him to a lot of joking at the office. （他長(zhǎng)得肥胖，因此在辦公室常受取笑。）
7）He was exposed to music when he was a child. （他自幼受音樂(lè)薰陶。）
8）Parents should expose their children to good books.?。ǜ改笐?yīng)讓孩子們讀好書。）
9）He is going to expose all his collections at the auction.?。ㄋ蛩闩馁u時(shí)把收藏品全部陳列出來(lái)。）
3.allocate v. 分配；把…撥給；把…劃歸
allocation n. 分配；劃撥的款項(xiàng)
1）Some doctors and teachers will be allocated to the villagers to help the people there.（一些醫(yī)生和教師將被派往那些村子幫助那兒的人們。）
2）They were dissatisfied with the way resources were allocated.（他們對(duì)資源分配的方式不滿意。）
3）One third of the money has been allocated to the public services.（三分之一的經(jīng)費(fèi)已撥給了公用事業(yè)。）
4）They said the allocation of seats was unfair.（他們說(shuō)席位的分配不公平。）
5）He has a $5000 allocation to cover the expenses.（他有一筆5000美元的撥款以應(yīng)付各項(xiàng)支出。）
4. significantly adv. considerably （相當(dāng)數(shù)量地）；meaningfully （有意義地）
significant adj. important，meaningful （意義重大的）
marked，considerable （不必忽略的；相當(dāng)數(shù)量的）
significance n. consequence （意義；影響） implication（含義）
1）Their opinions don't differ significantly from each other.?。ㄋ麄儌z的看法沒(méi)有明顯差別。）
2）He said to us significantly that education of the youth would be vital to the future of a country.?。ㄋ馕渡铋L(zhǎng)地對(duì)我們說(shuō)年輕人的教育對(duì)于一個(gè)國(guó)家的未來(lái)至關(guān)重要。）
3）July 4 is a significant date for Americans.?。▽?duì)美國(guó)人來(lái)說(shuō)七月四日是一個(gè)意義重大的日子。）
4）There has been a significant increase in juvenule crime in recent years.（近年來(lái)，青少年犯罪活動(dòng)有了相當(dāng)大的增加。）
5）This is an event of great significance.?。ㄟ@是一個(gè)非常重大的事件。）
6）It is necessary to attach great significance to environmental protection.（重視環(huán)境保護(hù)是必要的。）
5.per prep. 每一，每
1）He earns $3000 per month.（他每月掙3000美元。）
2）We drove at the speed of 70miles per hour.（我們以每小時(shí)70英里的速度行駛。）
3）Take the medicine 3times per day.（這藥每日服三次。）
4）They spent more than 20million pounds per year.（他們每年花費(fèi)兩千萬(wàn)英鎊。）
6.given prep. considering （考慮到）
1）Given their inexperience， they have done a good job.（考慮到他們?nèi)狈?jīng)驗(yàn)，這工作他們做得不錯(cuò)。）
2）Given his age， the old man is in good condition.?。紤]到老人的年齡，他的身體狀況很不錯(cuò)了。）
3）Given my interest in oil painting， this is the best place to study.（考慮到我對(duì)油畫的興趣，這是學(xué)習(xí)的好地方。）
4）It seems unreasonable to send him away， given that he is doing quite well.（考慮到他的工作干得很不錯(cuò)，把他解雇是不合理的。）
7.adopt v. take up （采?。?accept （收養(yǎng)）； officially pass （正式通過(guò)）
1）I don't know if I should adopt a positive attitude towards the whole happening.（我不知道我是否應(yīng)該對(duì)整個(gè)事件采取積極態(tài)度。）
2）Their country adopted press censorship. （他們國(guó)家采取了新聞檢查制度。）
3）They adopted an orphan as they had no child of their own.（他們自己沒(méi)孩子，所以收養(yǎng)了一個(gè)孤兒。）
4）The boy was happy as anything when his parents decided to adopt a puppy.（當(dāng)爸爸媽媽決定收養(yǎng)一條小狗時(shí)，那個(gè)男孩高興極了。）
5）Congress adopted the new measures. （國(guó)會(huì)通過(guò)了新措施。）
6）The National Congress adopted the government report.（全國(guó)人大通過(guò)了政府工作報(bào)告。）
請(qǐng)注意區(qū)別adopt和adapt
adapt vi. adjust （調(diào)節(jié)；改變…以適應(yīng)）
vt. revise（校準(zhǔn)；調(diào)整；改編）
1）He had to adapt himself to the new condition.（他不得不使自己適應(yīng)新的情況。）
2）Mr. Wang could not adapt himself to the new climate. （王先生不能適應(yīng)新的氣候。）
3）He is adapting the novel for television.（他正把那部小說(shuō)改編為電視劇。）
8.distinguish v. separate （區(qū)別，辨別）； identify （認(rèn)出）
1）You have to distinguish facts from rumours if you want to form a correct opinion.（如果想有一個(gè)正確的觀點(diǎn)，你得分辨事實(shí)和傳聞。）
2）He was distinguished from other boys by his height.（他的身高顯出他與其它男孩的不同。）
3）Some children were unable to distinguish between the letters b and p.?。ㄓ行┖⒆硬荒芊直孀帜竍和p.）
9.fantasy n. 想像；幻想
1）He is always having fantasies about becoming rich.（他總是抱著發(fā)財(cái)?shù)幕孟?。?BR> 2）To a small child， fantasy and reality are very close to each other .（對(duì)幼兒來(lái)說(shuō)，幻想和現(xiàn)實(shí)靠得很近。）
請(qǐng)注意區(qū)別fancy，fantasy，imagination
fancy和fantasy多指無(wú)事實(shí)依據(jù)的憑空想像。Fancy的內(nèi)容多是虛構(gòu)的，幻想的；fantasy的內(nèi)容更是荒誕古怪的。
Imagination的想像多依據(jù)所見(jiàn)所聞或現(xiàn)實(shí)內(nèi)容一般是合理的。
1）She went wherever the fancy took her. （她隨興致所至想去哪里就去哪里。）
2）These fantasies are sometimes very dangerous to school children. （對(duì)學(xué)齡兒童來(lái)說(shuō)這些古怪念頭是很危險(xiǎn)的。）
3）Poets， artists and inventors need imagination. （詩(shī)人，藝術(shù)家和發(fā)明家都需要想像力。）
10.underlying adj. 在下面的；根本的；潛在的
1）There are underlying similarities between all human beings. （人與人之間有著潛在的相似之處。）
2）The underlying theme of the novel is very serious. （這本小說(shuō)的潛在主題是極其嚴(yán)肅的。）
3）Can you understand the underlying meaning of what he said？?。隳芾斫馑f(shuō)的話的含義嗎？）
4）The underlying structure of this building is no doubt very firm. （這座樓的底層結(jié)構(gòu)無(wú)疑是牢固的。）
11.motive n. reason， purpose （動(dòng)機(jī)，目的）
1）Greed was his only motive for receiving bribery. （貪婪是他受賄的原因。）
2）His motive in coming was a wish to achieve mutual understanding. （他來(lái)的動(dòng)機(jī)是想達(dá)成相互理解。）
3）The little boy opened his sister's mail through motives of curiosity. （那個(gè)小男孩出于好奇打開(kāi)了姐姐的郵件。）
4）You should question his motive before you approve his conduct. （在你贊同他的所作所為之前應(yīng)該先質(zhì)詢他的動(dòng)機(jī)。）
12.subtlety n. delicacy；sensitivity 微妙之處，細(xì)微之處；敏銳
subtle adj. 隱約的；微妙的
1）Nobody noticed the subtlety of his remarks. （沒(méi)有人聽(tīng)出他話中的微妙含義。）
2）They can sense each other's intentions with great subtlety. （他們能敏銳地感覺(jué)到彼此的意圖。）
3）It is difficult for people from other cultures to master the subtleties of the American joke. （對(duì)于來(lái)自其他文化的人來(lái)說(shuō)掌握美國(guó)笑話的微妙之處是困難的。）
4）His whole attitude has undergone a subtle change. （他的整個(gè)態(tài)度已經(jīng)有了微妙的變化。）
5）He dwelt on the subtle distinction between the two words.（他詳述兩個(gè)詞詞義的細(xì)微差別。）
13.moral adj. 有道德的 n. 道德；寓意
1）He complained that he had witnessed a fall in moral standards.（他抱怨說(shuō)他目睹了道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的衰落。）
2）Parents are responsible for the children's moral welfare.（父母應(yīng)對(duì)孩子道德上的健康成長(zhǎng)負(fù)責(zé)。）
3）The moral of the story was “A friend in need is a friend indeed ”。（這個(gè)故事的教益是“患難之交見(jiàn)真情。”）
4）I don't know what moral to draw from all this. （我不知道從所有這一切中應(yīng)得出何種教訓(xùn)。）
5）He has no morals and will do anything for money. （他毫無(wú)道德，為了錢什么都干得出來(lái)。）
14.recovery n. 康復(fù)；收回
recover v. 恢復(fù)；收復(fù)；挽回
1）He is recovered from his illness.?。ㄋ鸦謴?fù)了健康。）
2）She recovered her strength after two days'rest. （經(jīng)過(guò)兩天的休息，她恢復(fù)了力氣。）
3）The police recovered the stolen watch.?。ň熳坊亓耸Ц`的手表。）
4）He said he had to work hard to recover the lost time.?。ㄋf(shuō)他得努力工作，把失去的時(shí)間補(bǔ)回來(lái)。）
5）Mr. Wang insisted that the economic recovery was still slow. （王先生堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇還太緩慢。）
6）She made a remarkable recovery from the illness.?。ㄋ钊梭@異地從那場(chǎng)疾病中康復(fù)了。）
7）The recovery of the lost wallet thrilled the whole family.?。ㄊ溴X包的復(fù)得使全家人興奮不已。）
15.unrealistic adj. impractical （不切實(shí)際的）
1）It is unrealistic to expect better conditions in the near future.（在不遠(yuǎn)的將來(lái)指望有更好的形勢(shì)是不現(xiàn)實(shí)的。）
2）This demand proved unrealistic and unworkable. （這個(gè)要求證明是不切實(shí)際且不可行的。）
3）You have unrealistic expectations. （你的期望不切實(shí)際。）
16.imitate v. 模仿
imitation n. 模仿
imitative adj. 模仿的；仿制的
1）Many writers imitate the language of Shakespeare. （許多作家模仿莎士比亞的語(yǔ)言。）
2）His handwriting is difficult to imitate. （他的筆跡很難模仿。）
3）Children learn many things by imitation. （兒童通過(guò)模仿學(xué)會(huì)許多東西。）
4）Acting is an imitative art. （表演是一種模仿性藝術(shù)。）
5）Monkeys are imitative （猴兒愛(ài)模仿。）
17.undermine vt. weaken （侵蝕…基礎(chǔ)；暗中破壞；逐漸損害）
1）Many severe colds undermined the old man's health.（多次嚴(yán)重的感冒損害了老人的健康。）
2）Failures undermined her confidence. （一再的失敗使她漸漸喪失了信心。）
3）The foundations of the house have been undermined by groundwater.（地下水侵蝕了這座房屋的地基。）
18.jeopardize vt. threaten endanger （使處于危險(xiǎn)境地；危及，損害）
1）He jeopardized his life to save the drowning child. （他冒著生命危害救護(hù)那個(gè)溺水兒童。）
2）He jeopardized his fortune by making bad investments.（他由于投資不當(dāng)而危及自己的財(cái)產(chǎn)。）
3）I didn't want to jeopardize my relationship with my new friend. （我不想損害我和新朋友的關(guān)系。）
19.interpret vt. 解釋；口譯
interpretation n. 解釋；口譯
interpreter n. 口譯者
1）Literature helps to interpret life. （文學(xué)有助于闡明人生的意義。）
2）His silence was interpreted as consent. （他的沉默被認(rèn)為是同意。）
3）People often give different interpretations of the past. （人們往往對(duì)過(guò)去作出不同的解釋。）
4）He is talking to the foreign guest through an interpreter. （他正通過(guò)譯員與外國(guó)客人交談。）
20.monitor n. 監(jiān)視器；監(jiān)控器；監(jiān)聽(tīng)員；班長(zhǎng) v. 監(jiān)聽(tīng)；監(jiān)視；監(jiān)控
1）The patient was connected to the monitor. （一臺(tái)監(jiān)控器連接到病人身上。）
2）He is the monitor of our class. （他是我們班班長(zhǎng)。）
3）The police monitored all the phone calls of the suspect. （警察監(jiān)聽(tīng)了疑犯的所有電話通話。）
4）Water flow will be monitored by computer. （水流將由計(jì)算機(jī)來(lái)監(jiān)測(cè)。）
21.initiate vt. 開(kāi)始；發(fā)起，倡議；接納新成員
1）We should initiate direct talks with the trade unions.（我們應(yīng)該與貿(mào)易聯(lián)合會(huì)開(kāi)始直接對(duì)話。）
2）They initiated a new program of reform. （他們開(kāi)始實(shí)施一項(xiàng)新的改革方案。）
3）The club will initiate new members next week. （俱樂(lè)部將在下周接納新成員。）
22.restrict vt. 限制；約束
restricted adj. 受限制的；有限的
restriction n. 限制，約束
1）Women in China are no longer restricted to domestic labor now.（現(xiàn)在，中國(guó)婦女不再被束縛于家務(wù)勞動(dòng)了。）
2）He was restricted in his movements. （他的行動(dòng)受約束。）
3）This rule has a very restricted application （這條規(guī)則的適用范圍極為有限。）
4）The government placed restrictions on sales of weapons. （政府對(duì)武器銷售實(shí)行限制。）
23.depict vt. portray （描畫，描述）
1）The painter tried to depict the splendour of the sunset. （畫家試圖描繪出日落的壯麗景象。）
2）She went on to depict the confusion of departure （她繼續(xù)描述離開(kāi)時(shí)的混亂情景。）
24.imply v. 暗示，含有的意思
implied adj. 含蓄的
implication n. 含義
1）I don't imply that you are wrong. （我的意思不是說(shuō)你錯(cuò)了。）
2）His silence implied consent. （他的緘默表示同意。）
3）I don't understand the implied meaning of this sentence. （我不理解這句話的含義。）
4）The implication of his statement is that I was wrong. （他這話的含義是我錯(cuò)了。）
25.alternative n. 供選擇的東西 adj. 兩者擇一的；供選擇的
1）He was given the alternative of going on to college or starting to work.（他得在上大學(xué)繼續(xù)求學(xué)和開(kāi)始工作之間作出選擇。）
2）Is there any alternative to undergoing a surgical operation？?。ǔ饪剖中g(shù)外還有其它辦法嗎？）
3）You have no alternative but to stay here overnight. （你只好留宿一夜，別無(wú)他法。）
4）We should explore alternative possibilities in solving the problem.（我們應(yīng)該探求各種供選擇的可能性來(lái)解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題。）
5）The alternative plans of having a picnic on taking a boat trip put them in a dilemma.（去野餐或者去乘船旅游二者只能擇一的計(jì)劃使他們左右為難。）
本課簡(jiǎn)介
越來(lái)越多的事實(shí)證明，暴力電視節(jié)目對(duì)兒童的成長(zhǎng)有不良影響，學(xué)齡前兒童受暴力電視節(jié)目的危害尤深，因?yàn)樗麄兩胁煌耆邆滢q別事實(shí)與 幻想的能力，對(duì)人類行為、道德沖突的內(nèi)在動(dòng)機(jī)也不理解。兒童常常把從電視中看到的行為用于現(xiàn)實(shí)生活之中。父母還應(yīng)幫助兒童理解他們所看的電視節(jié)目，父母也 要了解幼兒的老師對(duì)與戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和暴力相關(guān)連的電視節(jié)目及兒童玩具的態(tài)度，并與那些有共識(shí)的其他兒童的父母一同努力，尋求各種方法取代觀看暴力電視節(jié)目。
本課語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)
1. For more than a quarter of a century， evidence has been increasing that children's exposure to violence on television has long-lasting effects on their behavior.
a quarter （of）“四分之一”，如：a quarter of a pound（四分之一磅）；a quarter of a century（四分之一世紀(jì)）；a quarter of a mile（四分之一英里）；a quarter （of a dollar） （25美分）；a quarter of a million（25萬(wàn)）；a quarter （of an hour）（15分鐘）。
…that children's exposure to violence on television…
that 引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)同位語(yǔ)從句，這個(gè)同位語(yǔ)從句沒(méi)有直接跟在名詞evidence的后面，而是被has been increasing隔開(kāi)了。同位語(yǔ)的作用是對(duì)它所說(shuō)明的名詞作進(jìn)一步解釋，說(shuō)明這個(gè)名詞指的是誰(shuí)或什么。如：
1）I had no idea that he told us a lie. （我不知道他對(duì)我們說(shuō)了謊話。）
2）You have to produce enough evidence that he is guilty.（你得拿出足夠的證據(jù)說(shuō)明他有罪。）
3）There was little possibility that they would succeed. （他們成功的可能性極小。）
4）There can be no doubt that TV violence affects children. （毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，暴力電視節(jié)目對(duì)兒童有不良影響。）
exposure to “暴露于…”，如：
1）The best part of the job was her constant exposure to books.（她這個(gè)工作的大優(yōu)點(diǎn)是能經(jīng)常接觸書籍。）
have an effect on “對(duì)…有作用（影響）”，如：
1）Constant rain had much effect on the harvest. （持續(xù)的降雨對(duì)收成有很大的影響。）
2）The cement factory has much effect on the environment.（水泥廠對(duì)環(huán)境的影響很大。）
3）His persuasion had little effect on her.（他的勸說(shuō)對(duì)她沒(méi)什么作用。）
2.…the amount of television time allocated each week to violent programs increased significantly.
…the number of violent acts on television…h(huán)as increased…。
上面兩個(gè)句子中分別用了amount和number兩個(gè)詞。amount用來(lái)修飾從體積，重量，金額等方面著眼的東西，一般在of 后接用不可數(shù)名詞；而number則用以修飾可數(shù)的人或物。在第一個(gè)句子中，amount of后面用的是不可數(shù)名詞time，第二個(gè)句子中number of后面用的是可數(shù)名詞acts.再請(qǐng)看例句：
1）A large amount of money has been spent on this project.（一大筆錢已經(jīng)花在了這個(gè)工程上。）
2）The amount of work assigned to him was formidable.（分配給他做的工作量極大。）
3）The number of students of the university has been increasing. （這所大學(xué)的學(xué)生人數(shù)在增加。）
4）The number of tourists to that place is limited.（去那個(gè)地方旅游的人數(shù)有限。）
請(qǐng)注意區(qū)別act和action這兩個(gè)名詞。①這兩個(gè)名詞都表示“行為”，“行動(dòng)”的意思，?？苫Q使用。act強(qiáng)調(diào)行為的結(jié)果， 而不涉及行為的動(dòng)機(jī)與性質(zhì)，常是即興，瞬間的舉動(dòng)；action偏重于動(dòng)作的方式和過(guò)程。②act行為的發(fā)出者可以是人也可以是物；action只是物。 ③在須用不可數(shù)名詞表示總的概念時(shí)，多用action，而一般不用act.如：
1）The time has come for action/act.（采取行動(dòng)的時(shí)間了。）
2）The thoughtless young man did another foolish act.（那個(gè)魯莽的年輕人又做了件傻事。）
3）Every sudden emotion quickens the action of the heart.（每件突如其來(lái)的令人激動(dòng)的事情都能加快心跳。）
4）Actions speak louder than words.（事實(shí)勝于雄辯。）
3.Given the amount of time that children watch television， it has become one of the most powerful models they want to follow.
given在本句中用作介詞，意思是considering， taking into account（考慮到），在詞匯部分我們已作了比較詳細(xì)的講解，再請(qǐng)看兩個(gè)例句：
1）Given they are fresh from university， they've done a great job.（考慮到他們剛走出大學(xué)校園，他們干得不錯(cuò)。）
2）Given that he has always been dreaming of visiting the great wall， it seems cruel not to take him to Beijing.（他一直夢(mèng)想游長(zhǎng)城，不帶他去北京似乎太殘酷了。）
除了作“考慮到”解釋外，given還有如下意思：
1）規(guī)定的，特點(diǎn)的（形容詞）
The work must be done within the given time. （工作必須在規(guī)定時(shí)間內(nèi)完成。）
2）假設(shè)的；作為前提的（形容詞）
Given the chance， she could have done as well as you have.（如果給他這個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)，她會(huì)干得跟你一樣好。）
4.Children naturally often want the toys shown on and advertised during these programs.
Shown on and advertised during these programs 在本句中的作用是分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的定語(yǔ)從句，修飾toys.
1）Last night， we saw a documentary dubbed in English.（昨晚，我們看了一部用英文譯制的記錄片。）
2）The play put on by the first-year students was very good.（一年級(jí)學(xué)生演出的劇目很好。）
3）The letters written in pencil are from my brother.（那些用鉛筆寫的信是我弟弟帶來(lái)的。）
These programs 是 shown on 和advertised during 這兩個(gè)詞組中的介詞的共用賓語(yǔ)。如：
He doesn't care about and has no interest in other people’s opinion.（對(duì)別人的觀點(diǎn)他不在乎也沒(méi)興趣。）
5.With these toys， their play tends to be more imitative than imaginative.
With 在本句中表示原因，意思是“由于，因”，如：
1）He is in bed with flu.（他因患流感臥病在床。）
2）Her eyes were dim with tears.（她的雙眼因淚水而模糊。）
3）The boy's face was white with nervousness.（那個(gè)男孩的臉因緊張而發(fā)白。）
tend 的后面接不定式，意思是“易于，往往會(huì)”，如：
1）Plants tend to die in hot weather if you don't water them.（植物在炎熱天氣如不澆水容易枯死。）
2）He tends to get impatient if you ask him more than two questions.（如果你問(wèn)他兩個(gè)以上的問(wèn)題，他往往會(huì)不耐煩。）
6.The narrow range of most violence-related toys advertised on television jeopardizes the role of play in helping children make better sense of their own feelings and interpret their world.
在第三單元中，我們已經(jīng)學(xué)過(guò)range這個(gè)詞，意思是“山脈”，“（在某范圍內(nèi)）變動(dòng)，變化”。而在本句中，range的意思是“范圍”，如：
1）His reading is of very wide range.（他的閱讀面很廣。）
2）Over the long range， the most important step will be a general tax reform.（從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)看，重要的步驟是全面實(shí)行稅制改革。）
Make sense of 意思是“了解；弄明白”。如：
1）I can not make any sense of what he says.（他的話我弄不懂。）
2）His lecture helped me make better sense of the poem.（他的講解幫助我更好地理解這首詩(shī)。）
3）I could make no sense of his carelessly written letter.（我看不懂他馬馬虎虎寫的那封信。）
7.Many preschool teachers do not like to have commercially made toy weapons brought into the classroom and welcome hearing your concerns about this matter.
have…toy weapons brought into the classroom（把玩具武器帶進(jìn)教室。）have sth. done 是極為常見(jiàn)的用法，如：
1）I need to have my bike repaired.（我需要把自行車修一下。）
2）He had his files destroyed before he left.（在離開(kāi)前，他把文件都?xì)Я?。?BR> 3）She wanted to have the rooms repainted before moving in.（她想在搬入前把房間重新粉刷一遍。）
welcome 在本舉句中作動(dòng)詞用，這個(gè)詞也可以作名詞和形容詞用。請(qǐng)看下面的例句，注意welcome在各例句中的詞類。
1）He ran to the door to welcome his friends. （他向門口跑去，歡迎他的朋友。）
2）Welcome to Beijing.（歡迎到北京來(lái)。）
3）Her marriage was not welcomed by the family.（她的婚姻不被家人接受。）
4）They gave her a warm welcome.（他們給她以熱烈歡迎。）
5）He received a hero's welcome at the airport.（他在機(jī)場(chǎng)受到英雄般的歡迎。）
6）You are welcome to use my bike.（我的自行車你盡管用。）
7）He is a welcome guest.（他是個(gè)受歡迎的客人。）
concern about sth. 意思是“對(duì)…的關(guān)心”，在第九單元中，我們學(xué)過(guò)be concerned about. 如：
1）We are all concerned about his education.（我們都關(guān)心他的教育。）
2）His parents are very much concerned about his health.（他的父母非常關(guān)心他的健康。）
3）My concern about the matter is known to all.（人人知道我對(duì)這件事的關(guān)心。）
本課主要詞組
1. a quarter of 2. expose to
3. have an effect on 4. allocate…to
5. point out 6. distinguish from
7. tend to 8. make sense of
9. apply…to 10. be crazy about
11. put together 12. ask sb. about sth.
13. have sth. done 14. concern about
15. an alternative to sth. 16. look for
Text B Why don't girls think like boys？
短語(yǔ)表達(dá)
1. do well
Many people believe that boys do well in science.
Mr. Smith didn't expect that he could do so well in industrial engineering.
2. in one's opinion
In my opinion， what he said could be true.
Parents should be friendly with their children in his opinion.
3. be good at
He is good at English， but he is better at computer.
She is good at imitating other people's way of talking.
4. according to
According to some doctors， only 1 out of 20 patients who had lung cancer could survive.
According to the text， aggression in boys is caused by mothers.
5. on the average
On the average， girls score higher on tests that measure vocabulary， spelling， and memory.
We made 65 miles an hour on the average.
6. be determined by
People's abilities are not determined by sex.
The rise and fall of the prices is determined by supply and demand.
7. be headed by
One of the scientific research teams was headed by Mr. Watson.
This company is headed by John's twin brother.
8. be ready to
He is always ready to help people in need.
She is not ready to take on that kind of responsibility.
9. take notes
He is amazed to see that students take notes on what he says in class.
He decided to take notes of the development of the political events.
10. lean against/on
She felt weak， so leaned against the wall.
He leaned the bike against a tree.
11. insist upon/on
He insisted on paying the meal.
Most companies insist upon having an interview before they accept an employee.