Text A How TV Violence Affects Kids
本課主要單詞
1.violence n. 暴力；強烈
violent adj. 暴力的；強烈的
1）Preschool children suffer most from TV violence. （學(xué)齡前兒童受暴力電視節(jié)目的危害深。）
2）People in that country hated the king to the marrow as he ruled the country with violence.（那個國家的人民對國王恨之入骨，因為他用暴力進行統(tǒng)治。）
3）He flung open the door with violence.?。ㄋ脛诺孛腿话验T打開。）
4）The violent blow sent him down on his knees.?。敲土业囊粨羰顾虻乖诘?。）
5）The doctor told him not to do any violent exercise.?。?醫(yī)生囑咐他不要進行劇烈運動。）
2.exposure n. 暴露；揭露；曝光 考試大自考站，你的自考專家！
expose v. 暴露；使曝光；使遭受；使處于…影響之下；展出
1）Too much exposure to sunlight will burn your skin.（過度曬太陽會曬傷皮膚。）
2）The exposure of corruption by the media caught the attention of the public.（傳媒對腐敗的揭露引起了公眾的注意。）
3）She concealed the secret from her parents， fearing the exposure would stun them.（她對父母隱瞞了這個秘密，擔(dān)心秘密暴露會令父母震驚。）
4）How many exposures have you made？ （你拍了幾張照片？考 試 大）
5）His shirt was open， exposing the tattoo on his chest. （他的襯衣敞開了，露出了刺在胸部的文身。）
6）His fatness exposed him to a lot of joking at the office.?。ㄋL得肥胖，因此在辦公室常受取笑。）
7）He was exposed to music when he was a child.?。ㄋ杂资芤魳忿固铡＃?BR> 8）Parents should expose their children to good books.?。ǜ改笐?yīng)讓孩子們讀好書。）
9）He is going to expose all his collections at the auction.?。ㄋ蛩闩馁u時把收藏品全部陳列出來。）
3.allocate v. 分配；把…撥給；把…劃歸
allocation n. 分配；劃撥的款項
1）Some doctors and teachers will be allocated to the villagers to help the people there.（一些醫(yī)生和教師將被派往那些村子幫助那兒的人們。）
2）They were dissatisfied with the way resources were allocated.（他們對資源分配的方式不滿意。）
3）One third of the money has been allocated to the public services.（三分之一的經(jīng)費已撥給了公用事業(yè)。）
4）They said the allocation of seats was unfair.（他們說席位的分配不公平。）
5）He has a $5000 allocation to cover the expenses.（他有一筆5000美元的撥款以應(yīng)付各項支出。）
4. significantly adv. considerably （相當(dāng)數(shù)量地）；meaningfully （有意義地）
significant adj. important，meaningful （意義重大的）
marked，considerable （不必忽略的；相當(dāng)數(shù)量的）
significance n. consequence （意義；影響） implication（含義）
1）Their opinions don't differ significantly from each other.?。ㄋ麄儌z的看法沒有明顯差別。）
2）He said to us significantly that education of the youth would be vital to the future of a country.?。ㄋ馕渡铋L地對我們說年輕人的教育對于一個國家的未來至關(guān)重要。）
3）July 4 is a significant date for Americans.?。▽γ绹藖碚f七月四日是一個意義重大的日子。）
4）There has been a significant increase in juvenule crime in recent years.（近年來，青少年犯罪活動有了相當(dāng)大的增加。）
5）This is an event of great significance. （這是一個非常重大的事件。）
6）It is necessary to attach great significance to environmental protection.（重視環(huán)境保護是必要的。）
5.per prep. 每一，每
1）He earns $3000 per month.（他每月掙3000美元。）
2）We drove at the speed of 70miles per hour.（我們以每小時70英里的速度行駛。）
3）Take the medicine 3times per day.（這藥每日服三次。）
4）They spent more than 20million pounds per year.（他們每年花費兩千萬英鎊。）
6.given prep. considering （考慮到）
1）Given their inexperience， they have done a good job.（考慮到他們?nèi)狈?jīng)驗，這工作他們做得不錯。）
2）Given his age， the old man is in good condition. （考慮到老人的年齡，他的身體狀況很不錯了。）
3）Given my interest in oil painting， this is the best place to study.（考慮到我對油畫的興趣，這是學(xué)習(xí)的好地方。）
4）It seems unreasonable to send him away， given that he is doing quite well.（考慮到他的工作干得很不錯，把他解雇是不合理的。）
7.adopt v. take up （采取）； accept （收養(yǎng)）； officially pass （正式通過）
1）I don't know if I should adopt a positive attitude towards the whole happening.（我不知道我是否應(yīng)該對整個事件采取積極態(tài)度。）
2）Their country adopted press censorship. （他們國家采取了新聞檢查制度。）
3）They adopted an orphan as they had no child of their own.（他們自己沒孩子，所以收養(yǎng)了一個孤兒。）
4）The boy was happy as anything when his parents decided to adopt a puppy.（當(dāng)爸爸媽媽決定收養(yǎng)一條小狗時，那個男孩高興極了。）
5）Congress adopted the new measures. （國會通過了新措施。）
6）The National Congress adopted the government report.（全國人大通過了政府工作報告。）
請注意區(qū)別adopt和adapt
adapt vi. adjust （調(diào)節(jié)；改變…以適應(yīng)）
vt. revise（校準(zhǔn)；調(diào)整；改編）
1）He had to adapt himself to the new condition.（他不得不使自己適應(yīng)新的情況。）
2）Mr. Wang could not adapt himself to the new climate.?。ㄍ跸壬荒苓m應(yīng)新的氣候。）
3）He is adapting the novel for television.（他正把那部小說改編為電視劇。）
8.distinguish v. separate （區(qū)別，辨別）； identify （認出）
1）You have to distinguish facts from rumours if you want to form a correct opinion.（如果想有一個正確的觀點，你得分辨事實和傳聞。）
2）He was distinguished from other boys by his height.（他的身高顯出他與其它男孩的不同。）
3）Some children were unable to distinguish between the letters b and p.?。ㄓ行┖⒆硬荒芊直孀帜竍和p.）
9.fantasy n. 想像；幻想
1）He is always having fantasies about becoming rich.（他總是抱著發(fā)財?shù)幕孟搿＃?BR> 2）To a small child， fantasy and reality are very close to each other .（對幼兒來說，幻想和現(xiàn)實靠得很近。）
請注意區(qū)別fancy，fantasy，imagination
fancy和fantasy多指無事實依據(jù)的憑空想像。Fancy的內(nèi)容多是虛構(gòu)的，幻想的；fantasy的內(nèi)容更是荒誕古怪的。
Imagination的想像多依據(jù)所見所聞或現(xiàn)實內(nèi)容一般是合理的。
1）She went wherever the fancy took her. （她隨興致所至想去哪里就去哪里。）
2）These fantasies are sometimes very dangerous to school children. （對學(xué)齡兒童來說這些古怪念頭是很危險的。）
3）Poets， artists and inventors need imagination. （詩人，藝術(shù)家和發(fā)明家都需要想像力。）
10.underlying adj. 在下面的；根本的；潛在的
1）There are underlying similarities between all human beings.?。ㄈ伺c人之間有著潛在的相似之處。）
2）The underlying theme of the novel is very serious. （這本小說的潛在主題是極其嚴肅的。）
3）Can you understand the underlying meaning of what he said？?。隳芾斫馑f的話的含義嗎？）
4）The underlying structure of this building is no doubt very firm. （這座樓的底層結(jié)構(gòu)無疑是牢固的。）
11.motive n. reason， purpose （動機，目的）
1）Greed was his only motive for receiving bribery. （貪婪是他受賄的原因。）
2）His motive in coming was a wish to achieve mutual understanding. （他來的動機是想達成相互理解。）
3）The little boy opened his sister's mail through motives of curiosity. （那個小男孩出于好奇打開了姐姐的郵件。）
4）You should question his motive before you approve his conduct. （在你贊同他的所作所為之前應(yīng)該先質(zhì)詢他的動機。）
12.subtlety n. delicacy；sensitivity 微妙之處，細微之處；敏銳
subtle adj. 隱約的；微妙的
1）Nobody noticed the subtlety of his remarks. （沒有人聽出他話中的微妙含義。）
2）They can sense each other's intentions with great subtlety. （他們能敏銳地感覺到彼此的意圖。）
3）It is difficult for people from other cultures to master the subtleties of the American joke.?。▽τ趤碜云渌幕娜藖碚f掌握美國笑話的微妙之處是困難的。）
4）His whole attitude has undergone a subtle change. （他的整個態(tài)度已經(jīng)有了微妙的變化。）
5）He dwelt on the subtle distinction between the two words.（他詳述兩個詞詞義的細微差別。）
13.moral adj. 有道德的 n. 道德；寓意
1）He complained that he had witnessed a fall in moral standards.（他抱怨說他目睹了道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的衰落。）
2）Parents are responsible for the children's moral welfare.（父母應(yīng)對孩子道德上的健康成長負責(zé)。）
3）The moral of the story was “A friend in need is a friend indeed ”。（這個故事的教益是“患難之交見真情?！保?BR> 4）I don't know what moral to draw from all this. （我不知道從所有這一切中應(yīng)得出何種教訓(xùn)。）
5）He has no morals and will do anything for money. （他毫無道德，為了錢什么都干得出來。）
14.recovery n. 康復(fù)；收回
recover v. 恢復(fù)；收復(fù)；挽回
1）He is recovered from his illness.?。ㄋ鸦謴?fù)了健康。）
2）She recovered her strength after two days'rest.?。ń?jīng)過兩天的休息，她恢復(fù)了力氣。）
3）The police recovered the stolen watch. （警察追回了失竊的手表。）
4）He said he had to work hard to recover the lost time.?。ㄋf他得努力工作，把失去的時間補回來。）
5）Mr. Wang insisted that the economic recovery was still slow. （王先生堅持認為經(jīng)濟復(fù)蘇還太緩慢。）
6）She made a remarkable recovery from the illness.?。ㄋ钊梭@異地從那場疾病中康復(fù)了。）
7）The recovery of the lost wallet thrilled the whole family. （失落錢包的復(fù)得使全家人興奮不已。）
15.unrealistic adj. impractical （不切實際的）
1）It is unrealistic to expect better conditions in the near future.（在不遠的將來指望有更好的形勢是不現(xiàn)實的。）
2）This demand proved unrealistic and unworkable. （這個要求證明是不切實際且不可行的。）
3）You have unrealistic expectations. （你的期望不切實際。）
16.imitate v. 模仿
imitation n. 模仿
imitative adj. 模仿的；仿制的
1）Many writers imitate the language of Shakespeare. （許多作家模仿莎士比亞的語言。）
2）His handwriting is difficult to imitate. （他的筆跡很難模仿。）
3）Children learn many things by imitation. （兒童通過模仿學(xué)會許多東西。）
4）Acting is an imitative art. （表演是一種模仿性藝術(shù)。）
5）Monkeys are imitative （猴兒愛模仿。）
17.undermine vt. weaken （侵蝕…基礎(chǔ)；暗中破壞；逐漸損害）
1）Many severe colds undermined the old man's health.（多次嚴重的感冒損害了老人的健康。）
2）Failures undermined her confidence. （一再的失敗使她漸漸喪失了信心。）
3）The foundations of the house have been undermined by groundwater.（地下水侵蝕了這座房屋的地基。）
18.jeopardize vt. threaten endanger （使處于危險境地；危及，損害）
1）He jeopardized his life to save the drowning child. （他冒著生命危害救護那個溺水兒童。）
2）He jeopardized his fortune by making bad investments.（他由于投資不當(dāng)而危及自己的財產(chǎn)。）
3）I didn't want to jeopardize my relationship with my new friend. （我不想損害我和新朋友的關(guān)系。）
19.interpret vt. 解釋；口譯
interpretation n. 解釋；口譯
interpreter n. 口譯者
1）Literature helps to interpret life. （文學(xué)有助于闡明人生的意義。）
2）His silence was interpreted as consent. （他的沉默被認為是同意。）
3）People often give different interpretations of the past. （人們往往對過去作出不同的解釋。）
4）He is talking to the foreign guest through an interpreter. （他正通過譯員與外國客人交談。）
20.monitor n. 監(jiān)視器；監(jiān)控器；監(jiān)聽員；班長 v. 監(jiān)聽；監(jiān)視；監(jiān)控
1）The patient was connected to the monitor. （一臺監(jiān)控器連接到病人身上。）
2）He is the monitor of our class. （他是我們班班長。）
3）The police monitored all the phone calls of the suspect. （警察監(jiān)聽了疑犯的所有電話通話。）
4）Water flow will be monitored by computer. （水流將由計算機來監(jiān)測。）
21.initiate vt. 開始；發(fā)起，倡議；接納新成員
1）We should initiate direct talks with the trade unions.（我們應(yīng)該與貿(mào)易聯(lián)合會開始直接對話。）
2）They initiated a new program of reform. （他們開始實施一項新的改革方案。）
3）The club will initiate new members next week. （俱樂部將在下周接納新成員。）
22.restrict vt. 限制；約束
restricted adj. 受限制的；有限的
restriction n. 限制，約束
1）Women in China are no longer restricted to domestic labor now.（現(xiàn)在，中國婦女不再被束縛于家務(wù)勞動了。）
2）He was restricted in his movements. （他的行動受約束。）
3）This rule has a very restricted application （這條規(guī)則的適用范圍極為有限。）
4）The government placed restrictions on sales of weapons. （政府對武器銷售實行限制。）
23.depict vt. portray （描畫，描述）
1）The painter tried to depict the splendour of the sunset. （畫家試圖描繪出日落的壯麗景象。）
2）She went on to depict the confusion of departure （她繼續(xù)描述離開時的混亂情景。）
24.imply v. 暗示，含有的意思
implied adj. 含蓄的
implication n. 含義
1）I don't imply that you are wrong. （我的意思不是說你錯了。）
2）His silence implied consent. （他的緘默表示同意。）
3）I don't understand the implied meaning of this sentence. （我不理解這句話的含義。）
4）The implication of his statement is that I was wrong. （他這話的含義是我錯了。）
25.alternative n. 供選擇的東西 adj. 兩者擇一的；供選擇的
1）He was given the alternative of going on to college or starting to work.（他得在上大學(xué)繼續(xù)求學(xué)和開始工作之間作出選擇。）
2）Is there any alternative to undergoing a surgical operation？?。ǔ饪剖中g(shù)外還有其它辦法嗎？）
3）You have no alternative but to stay here overnight. （你只好留宿一夜，別無他法。）
4）We should explore alternative possibilities in solving the problem.（我們應(yīng)該探求各種供選擇的可能性來解決這個問題。）
5）The alternative plans of having a picnic on taking a boat trip put them in a dilemma.（去野餐或者去乘船旅游二者只能擇一的計劃使他們左右為難。）
本課簡介
越來越多的事實證明，暴力電視節(jié)目對兒童的成長有不良影響，學(xué)齡前兒童受暴力電視節(jié)目的危害尤深，因為他們尚不完全具備辯別事實與 幻想的能力，對人類行為、道德沖突的內(nèi)在動機也不理解。兒童常常把從電視中看到的行為用于現(xiàn)實生活之中。父母還應(yīng)幫助兒童理解他們所看的電視節(jié)目，父母也 要了解幼兒的老師對與戰(zhàn)爭和暴力相關(guān)連的電視節(jié)目及兒童玩具的態(tài)度，并與那些有共識的其他兒童的父母一同努力，尋求各種方法取代觀看暴力電視節(jié)目。
本課語言點
1. For more than a quarter of a century， evidence has been increasing that children's exposure to violence on television has long-lasting effects on their behavior.
a quarter （of）“四分之一”，如：a quarter of a pound（四分之一磅）；a quarter of a century（四分之一世紀）；a quarter of a mile（四分之一英里）；a quarter （of a dollar） （25美分）；a quarter of a million（25萬）；a quarter （of an hour）（15分鐘）。
…that children's exposure to violence on television…
that 引導(dǎo)的是一個同位語從句，這個同位語從句沒有直接跟在名詞evidence的后面，而是被has been increasing隔開了。同位語的作用是對它所說明的名詞作進一步解釋，說明這個名詞指的是誰或什么。如：
1）I had no idea that he told us a lie. （我不知道他對我們說了謊話。）
2）You have to produce enough evidence that he is guilty.（你得拿出足夠的證據(jù)說明他有罪。）
3）There was little possibility that they would succeed. （他們成功的可能性極小。）
4）There can be no doubt that TV violence affects children. （毫無疑問，暴力電視節(jié)目對兒童有不良影響。）
exposure to “暴露于…”，如：
1）The best part of the job was her constant exposure to books.（她這個工作的大優(yōu)點是能經(jīng)常接觸書籍。）
have an effect on “對…有作用（影響）”，如：
1）Constant rain had much effect on the harvest. （持續(xù)的降雨對收成有很大的影響。）
2）The cement factory has much effect on the environment.（水泥廠對環(huán)境的影響很大。）
3）His persuasion had little effect on her.（他的勸說對她沒什么作用。）
2.…the amount of television time allocated each week to violent programs increased significantly.
…the number of violent acts on television…h(huán)as increased…。
上面兩個句子中分別用了amount和number兩個詞。amount用來修飾從體積，重量，金額等方面著眼的東西，一般在of 后接用不可數(shù)名詞；而number則用以修飾可數(shù)的人或物。在第一個句子中，amount of后面用的是不可數(shù)名詞time，第二個句子中number of后面用的是可數(shù)名詞acts.再請看例句：
1）A large amount of money has been spent on this project.（一大筆錢已經(jīng)花在了這個工程上。）
2）The amount of work assigned to him was formidable.（分配給他做的工作量極大。）
3）The number of students of the university has been increasing. （這所大學(xué)的學(xué)生人數(shù)在增加。）
4）The number of tourists to that place is limited.（去那個地方旅游的人數(shù)有限。）
請注意區(qū)別act和action這兩個名詞。①這兩個名詞都表示“行為”，“行動”的意思，常可互換使用。act強調(diào)行為的結(jié)果， 而不涉及行為的動機與性質(zhì)，常是即興，瞬間的舉動；action偏重于動作的方式和過程。②act行為的發(fā)出者可以是人也可以是物；action只是物。 ③在須用不可數(shù)名詞表示總的概念時，多用action，而一般不用act.如：
1）The time has come for action/act.（采取行動的時間了。）
2）The thoughtless young man did another foolish act.（那個魯莽的年輕人又做了件傻事。）
3）Every sudden emotion quickens the action of the heart.（每件突如其來的令人激動的事情都能加快心跳。）
4）Actions speak louder than words.（事實勝于雄辯。）
3.Given the amount of time that children watch television， it has become one of the most powerful models they want to follow.
given在本句中用作介詞，意思是considering， taking into account（考慮到），在詞匯部分我們已作了比較詳細的講解，再請看兩個例句：
1）Given they are fresh from university， they've done a great job.（考慮到他們剛走出大學(xué)校園，他們干得不錯。）
2）Given that he has always been dreaming of visiting the great wall， it seems cruel not to take him to Beijing.（他一直夢想游長城，不帶他去北京似乎太殘酷了。）
除了作“考慮到”解釋外，given還有如下意思：
1）規(guī)定的，特點的（形容詞）
The work must be done within the given time. （工作必須在規(guī)定時間內(nèi)完成。）
2）假設(shè)的；作為前提的（形容詞）
Given the chance， she could have done as well as you have.（如果給他這個機會，她會干得跟你一樣好。）
4.Children naturally often want the toys shown on and advertised during these programs.
Shown on and advertised during these programs 在本句中的作用是分詞短語作定語，相當(dāng)于被動語態(tài)的定語從句，修飾toys.
1）Last night， we saw a documentary dubbed in English.（昨晚，我們看了一部用英文譯制的記錄片。）
2）The play put on by the first-year students was very good.（一年級學(xué)生演出的劇目很好。）
3）The letters written in pencil are from my brother.（那些用鉛筆寫的信是我弟弟帶來的。）
These programs 是 shown on 和advertised during 這兩個詞組中的介詞的共用賓語。如：
He doesn't care about and has no interest in other people’s opinion.（對別人的觀點他不在乎也沒興趣。）
5.With these toys， their play tends to be more imitative than imaginative.
With 在本句中表示原因，意思是“由于，因”，如：
1）He is in bed with flu.（他因患流感臥病在床。）
2）Her eyes were dim with tears.（她的雙眼因淚水而模糊。）
3）The boy's face was white with nervousness.（那個男孩的臉因緊張而發(fā)白。）
tend 的后面接不定式，意思是“易于，往往會”，如：
1）Plants tend to die in hot weather if you don't water them.（植物在炎熱天氣如不澆水容易枯死。）
2）He tends to get impatient if you ask him more than two questions.（如果你問他兩個以上的問題，他往往會不耐煩。）
6.The narrow range of most violence-related toys advertised on television jeopardizes the role of play in helping children make better sense of their own feelings and interpret their world.
在第三單元中，我們已經(jīng)學(xué)過range這個詞，意思是“山脈”，“（在某范圍內(nèi)）變動，變化”。而在本句中，range的意思是“范圍”，如：
1）His reading is of very wide range.（他的閱讀面很廣。）
2）Over the long range， the most important step will be a general tax reform.（從長遠看，重要的步驟是全面實行稅制改革。）
Make sense of 意思是“了解；弄明白”。如：
1）I can not make any sense of what he says.（他的話我弄不懂。）
2）His lecture helped me make better sense of the poem.（他的講解幫助我更好地理解這首詩。）
3）I could make no sense of his carelessly written letter.（我看不懂他馬馬虎虎寫的那封信。）
7.Many preschool teachers do not like to have commercially made toy weapons brought into the classroom and welcome hearing your concerns about this matter.
have…toy weapons brought into the classroom（把玩具武器帶進教室。）have sth. done 是極為常見的用法，如：
1）I need to have my bike repaired.（我需要把自行車修一下。）
2）He had his files destroyed before he left.（在離開前，他把文件都毀了。）
3）She wanted to have the rooms repainted before moving in.（她想在搬入前把房間重新粉刷一遍。）
welcome 在本舉句中作動詞用，這個詞也可以作名詞和形容詞用。請看下面的例句，注意welcome在各例句中的詞類。
1）He ran to the door to welcome his friends. （他向門口跑去，歡迎他的朋友。）
2）Welcome to Beijing.（歡迎到北京來。）
3）Her marriage was not welcomed by the family.（她的婚姻不被家人接受。）
4）They gave her a warm welcome.（他們給她以熱烈歡迎。）
5）He received a hero's welcome at the airport.（他在機場受到英雄般的歡迎。）
6）You are welcome to use my bike.（我的自行車你盡管用。）
7）He is a welcome guest.（他是個受歡迎的客人。）
concern about sth. 意思是“對…的關(guān)心”，在第九單元中，我們學(xué)過be concerned about. 如：
1）We are all concerned about his education.（我們都關(guān)心他的教育。）
2）His parents are very much concerned about his health.（他的父母非常關(guān)心他的健康。）
3）My concern about the matter is known to all.（人人知道我對這件事的關(guān)心。）
本課主要詞組
1. a quarter of 2. expose to
3. have an effect on 4. allocate…to
5. point out 6. distinguish from
7. tend to 8. make sense of
9. apply…to 10. be crazy about
11. put together 12. ask sb. about sth.
13. have sth. done 14. concern about
15. an alternative to sth. 16. look for
Text B Why don't girls think like boys？
短語表達
1. do well
Many people believe that boys do well in science.
Mr. Smith didn't expect that he could do so well in industrial engineering.
2. in one's opinion
In my opinion， what he said could be true.
Parents should be friendly with their children in his opinion.
3. be good at
He is good at English， but he is better at computer.
She is good at imitating other people's way of talking.
4. according to
According to some doctors， only 1 out of 20 patients who had lung cancer could survive.
According to the text， aggression in boys is caused by mothers.
5. on the average
On the average， girls score higher on tests that measure vocabulary， spelling， and memory.
We made 65 miles an hour on the average.
6. be determined by
People's abilities are not determined by sex.
The rise and fall of the prices is determined by supply and demand.
7. be headed by
One of the scientific research teams was headed by Mr. Watson.
This company is headed by John's twin brother.
8. be ready to
He is always ready to help people in need.
She is not ready to take on that kind of responsibility.
9. take notes
He is amazed to see that students take notes on what he says in class.
He decided to take notes of the development of the political events.
10. lean against/on
She felt weak， so leaned against the wall.
He leaned the bike against a tree.
11. insist upon/on
He insisted on paying the meal.
Most companies insist upon having an interview before they accept an employee.
本課主要單詞
1.violence n. 暴力；強烈
violent adj. 暴力的；強烈的
1）Preschool children suffer most from TV violence. （學(xué)齡前兒童受暴力電視節(jié)目的危害深。）
2）People in that country hated the king to the marrow as he ruled the country with violence.（那個國家的人民對國王恨之入骨，因為他用暴力進行統(tǒng)治。）
3）He flung open the door with violence.?。ㄋ脛诺孛腿话验T打開。）
4）The violent blow sent him down on his knees.?。敲土业囊粨羰顾虻乖诘?。）
5）The doctor told him not to do any violent exercise.?。?醫(yī)生囑咐他不要進行劇烈運動。）
2.exposure n. 暴露；揭露；曝光 考試大自考站，你的自考專家！
expose v. 暴露；使曝光；使遭受；使處于…影響之下；展出
1）Too much exposure to sunlight will burn your skin.（過度曬太陽會曬傷皮膚。）
2）The exposure of corruption by the media caught the attention of the public.（傳媒對腐敗的揭露引起了公眾的注意。）
3）She concealed the secret from her parents， fearing the exposure would stun them.（她對父母隱瞞了這個秘密，擔(dān)心秘密暴露會令父母震驚。）
4）How many exposures have you made？ （你拍了幾張照片？考 試 大）
5）His shirt was open， exposing the tattoo on his chest. （他的襯衣敞開了，露出了刺在胸部的文身。）
6）His fatness exposed him to a lot of joking at the office.?。ㄋL得肥胖，因此在辦公室常受取笑。）
7）He was exposed to music when he was a child.?。ㄋ杂资芤魳忿固铡＃?BR> 8）Parents should expose their children to good books.?。ǜ改笐?yīng)讓孩子們讀好書。）
9）He is going to expose all his collections at the auction.?。ㄋ蛩闩馁u時把收藏品全部陳列出來。）
3.allocate v. 分配；把…撥給；把…劃歸
allocation n. 分配；劃撥的款項
1）Some doctors and teachers will be allocated to the villagers to help the people there.（一些醫(yī)生和教師將被派往那些村子幫助那兒的人們。）
2）They were dissatisfied with the way resources were allocated.（他們對資源分配的方式不滿意。）
3）One third of the money has been allocated to the public services.（三分之一的經(jīng)費已撥給了公用事業(yè)。）
4）They said the allocation of seats was unfair.（他們說席位的分配不公平。）
5）He has a $5000 allocation to cover the expenses.（他有一筆5000美元的撥款以應(yīng)付各項支出。）
4. significantly adv. considerably （相當(dāng)數(shù)量地）；meaningfully （有意義地）
significant adj. important，meaningful （意義重大的）
marked，considerable （不必忽略的；相當(dāng)數(shù)量的）
significance n. consequence （意義；影響） implication（含義）
1）Their opinions don't differ significantly from each other.?。ㄋ麄儌z的看法沒有明顯差別。）
2）He said to us significantly that education of the youth would be vital to the future of a country.?。ㄋ馕渡铋L地對我們說年輕人的教育對于一個國家的未來至關(guān)重要。）
3）July 4 is a significant date for Americans.?。▽γ绹藖碚f七月四日是一個意義重大的日子。）
4）There has been a significant increase in juvenule crime in recent years.（近年來，青少年犯罪活動有了相當(dāng)大的增加。）
5）This is an event of great significance. （這是一個非常重大的事件。）
6）It is necessary to attach great significance to environmental protection.（重視環(huán)境保護是必要的。）
5.per prep. 每一，每
1）He earns $3000 per month.（他每月掙3000美元。）
2）We drove at the speed of 70miles per hour.（我們以每小時70英里的速度行駛。）
3）Take the medicine 3times per day.（這藥每日服三次。）
4）They spent more than 20million pounds per year.（他們每年花費兩千萬英鎊。）
6.given prep. considering （考慮到）
1）Given their inexperience， they have done a good job.（考慮到他們?nèi)狈?jīng)驗，這工作他們做得不錯。）
2）Given his age， the old man is in good condition. （考慮到老人的年齡，他的身體狀況很不錯了。）
3）Given my interest in oil painting， this is the best place to study.（考慮到我對油畫的興趣，這是學(xué)習(xí)的好地方。）
4）It seems unreasonable to send him away， given that he is doing quite well.（考慮到他的工作干得很不錯，把他解雇是不合理的。）
7.adopt v. take up （采取）； accept （收養(yǎng)）； officially pass （正式通過）
1）I don't know if I should adopt a positive attitude towards the whole happening.（我不知道我是否應(yīng)該對整個事件采取積極態(tài)度。）
2）Their country adopted press censorship. （他們國家采取了新聞檢查制度。）
3）They adopted an orphan as they had no child of their own.（他們自己沒孩子，所以收養(yǎng)了一個孤兒。）
4）The boy was happy as anything when his parents decided to adopt a puppy.（當(dāng)爸爸媽媽決定收養(yǎng)一條小狗時，那個男孩高興極了。）
5）Congress adopted the new measures. （國會通過了新措施。）
6）The National Congress adopted the government report.（全國人大通過了政府工作報告。）
請注意區(qū)別adopt和adapt
adapt vi. adjust （調(diào)節(jié)；改變…以適應(yīng)）
vt. revise（校準(zhǔn)；調(diào)整；改編）
1）He had to adapt himself to the new condition.（他不得不使自己適應(yīng)新的情況。）
2）Mr. Wang could not adapt himself to the new climate.?。ㄍ跸壬荒苓m應(yīng)新的氣候。）
3）He is adapting the novel for television.（他正把那部小說改編為電視劇。）
8.distinguish v. separate （區(qū)別，辨別）； identify （認出）
1）You have to distinguish facts from rumours if you want to form a correct opinion.（如果想有一個正確的觀點，你得分辨事實和傳聞。）
2）He was distinguished from other boys by his height.（他的身高顯出他與其它男孩的不同。）
3）Some children were unable to distinguish between the letters b and p.?。ㄓ行┖⒆硬荒芊直孀帜竍和p.）
9.fantasy n. 想像；幻想
1）He is always having fantasies about becoming rich.（他總是抱著發(fā)財?shù)幕孟搿＃?BR> 2）To a small child， fantasy and reality are very close to each other .（對幼兒來說，幻想和現(xiàn)實靠得很近。）
請注意區(qū)別fancy，fantasy，imagination
fancy和fantasy多指無事實依據(jù)的憑空想像。Fancy的內(nèi)容多是虛構(gòu)的，幻想的；fantasy的內(nèi)容更是荒誕古怪的。
Imagination的想像多依據(jù)所見所聞或現(xiàn)實內(nèi)容一般是合理的。
1）She went wherever the fancy took her. （她隨興致所至想去哪里就去哪里。）
2）These fantasies are sometimes very dangerous to school children. （對學(xué)齡兒童來說這些古怪念頭是很危險的。）
3）Poets， artists and inventors need imagination. （詩人，藝術(shù)家和發(fā)明家都需要想像力。）
10.underlying adj. 在下面的；根本的；潛在的
1）There are underlying similarities between all human beings.?。ㄈ伺c人之間有著潛在的相似之處。）
2）The underlying theme of the novel is very serious. （這本小說的潛在主題是極其嚴肅的。）
3）Can you understand the underlying meaning of what he said？?。隳芾斫馑f的話的含義嗎？）
4）The underlying structure of this building is no doubt very firm. （這座樓的底層結(jié)構(gòu)無疑是牢固的。）
11.motive n. reason， purpose （動機，目的）
1）Greed was his only motive for receiving bribery. （貪婪是他受賄的原因。）
2）His motive in coming was a wish to achieve mutual understanding. （他來的動機是想達成相互理解。）
3）The little boy opened his sister's mail through motives of curiosity. （那個小男孩出于好奇打開了姐姐的郵件。）
4）You should question his motive before you approve his conduct. （在你贊同他的所作所為之前應(yīng)該先質(zhì)詢他的動機。）
12.subtlety n. delicacy；sensitivity 微妙之處，細微之處；敏銳
subtle adj. 隱約的；微妙的
1）Nobody noticed the subtlety of his remarks. （沒有人聽出他話中的微妙含義。）
2）They can sense each other's intentions with great subtlety. （他們能敏銳地感覺到彼此的意圖。）
3）It is difficult for people from other cultures to master the subtleties of the American joke.?。▽τ趤碜云渌幕娜藖碚f掌握美國笑話的微妙之處是困難的。）
4）His whole attitude has undergone a subtle change. （他的整個態(tài)度已經(jīng)有了微妙的變化。）
5）He dwelt on the subtle distinction between the two words.（他詳述兩個詞詞義的細微差別。）
13.moral adj. 有道德的 n. 道德；寓意
1）He complained that he had witnessed a fall in moral standards.（他抱怨說他目睹了道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的衰落。）
2）Parents are responsible for the children's moral welfare.（父母應(yīng)對孩子道德上的健康成長負責(zé)。）
3）The moral of the story was “A friend in need is a friend indeed ”。（這個故事的教益是“患難之交見真情?！保?BR> 4）I don't know what moral to draw from all this. （我不知道從所有這一切中應(yīng)得出何種教訓(xùn)。）
5）He has no morals and will do anything for money. （他毫無道德，為了錢什么都干得出來。）
14.recovery n. 康復(fù)；收回
recover v. 恢復(fù)；收復(fù)；挽回
1）He is recovered from his illness.?。ㄋ鸦謴?fù)了健康。）
2）She recovered her strength after two days'rest.?。ń?jīng)過兩天的休息，她恢復(fù)了力氣。）
3）The police recovered the stolen watch. （警察追回了失竊的手表。）
4）He said he had to work hard to recover the lost time.?。ㄋf他得努力工作，把失去的時間補回來。）
5）Mr. Wang insisted that the economic recovery was still slow. （王先生堅持認為經(jīng)濟復(fù)蘇還太緩慢。）
6）She made a remarkable recovery from the illness.?。ㄋ钊梭@異地從那場疾病中康復(fù)了。）
7）The recovery of the lost wallet thrilled the whole family. （失落錢包的復(fù)得使全家人興奮不已。）
15.unrealistic adj. impractical （不切實際的）
1）It is unrealistic to expect better conditions in the near future.（在不遠的將來指望有更好的形勢是不現(xiàn)實的。）
2）This demand proved unrealistic and unworkable. （這個要求證明是不切實際且不可行的。）
3）You have unrealistic expectations. （你的期望不切實際。）
16.imitate v. 模仿
imitation n. 模仿
imitative adj. 模仿的；仿制的
1）Many writers imitate the language of Shakespeare. （許多作家模仿莎士比亞的語言。）
2）His handwriting is difficult to imitate. （他的筆跡很難模仿。）
3）Children learn many things by imitation. （兒童通過模仿學(xué)會許多東西。）
4）Acting is an imitative art. （表演是一種模仿性藝術(shù)。）
5）Monkeys are imitative （猴兒愛模仿。）
17.undermine vt. weaken （侵蝕…基礎(chǔ)；暗中破壞；逐漸損害）
1）Many severe colds undermined the old man's health.（多次嚴重的感冒損害了老人的健康。）
2）Failures undermined her confidence. （一再的失敗使她漸漸喪失了信心。）
3）The foundations of the house have been undermined by groundwater.（地下水侵蝕了這座房屋的地基。）
18.jeopardize vt. threaten endanger （使處于危險境地；危及，損害）
1）He jeopardized his life to save the drowning child. （他冒著生命危害救護那個溺水兒童。）
2）He jeopardized his fortune by making bad investments.（他由于投資不當(dāng)而危及自己的財產(chǎn)。）
3）I didn't want to jeopardize my relationship with my new friend. （我不想損害我和新朋友的關(guān)系。）
19.interpret vt. 解釋；口譯
interpretation n. 解釋；口譯
interpreter n. 口譯者
1）Literature helps to interpret life. （文學(xué)有助于闡明人生的意義。）
2）His silence was interpreted as consent. （他的沉默被認為是同意。）
3）People often give different interpretations of the past. （人們往往對過去作出不同的解釋。）
4）He is talking to the foreign guest through an interpreter. （他正通過譯員與外國客人交談。）
20.monitor n. 監(jiān)視器；監(jiān)控器；監(jiān)聽員；班長 v. 監(jiān)聽；監(jiān)視；監(jiān)控
1）The patient was connected to the monitor. （一臺監(jiān)控器連接到病人身上。）
2）He is the monitor of our class. （他是我們班班長。）
3）The police monitored all the phone calls of the suspect. （警察監(jiān)聽了疑犯的所有電話通話。）
4）Water flow will be monitored by computer. （水流將由計算機來監(jiān)測。）
21.initiate vt. 開始；發(fā)起，倡議；接納新成員
1）We should initiate direct talks with the trade unions.（我們應(yīng)該與貿(mào)易聯(lián)合會開始直接對話。）
2）They initiated a new program of reform. （他們開始實施一項新的改革方案。）
3）The club will initiate new members next week. （俱樂部將在下周接納新成員。）
22.restrict vt. 限制；約束
restricted adj. 受限制的；有限的
restriction n. 限制，約束
1）Women in China are no longer restricted to domestic labor now.（現(xiàn)在，中國婦女不再被束縛于家務(wù)勞動了。）
2）He was restricted in his movements. （他的行動受約束。）
3）This rule has a very restricted application （這條規(guī)則的適用范圍極為有限。）
4）The government placed restrictions on sales of weapons. （政府對武器銷售實行限制。）
23.depict vt. portray （描畫，描述）
1）The painter tried to depict the splendour of the sunset. （畫家試圖描繪出日落的壯麗景象。）
2）She went on to depict the confusion of departure （她繼續(xù)描述離開時的混亂情景。）
24.imply v. 暗示，含有的意思
implied adj. 含蓄的
implication n. 含義
1）I don't imply that you are wrong. （我的意思不是說你錯了。）
2）His silence implied consent. （他的緘默表示同意。）
3）I don't understand the implied meaning of this sentence. （我不理解這句話的含義。）
4）The implication of his statement is that I was wrong. （他這話的含義是我錯了。）
25.alternative n. 供選擇的東西 adj. 兩者擇一的；供選擇的
1）He was given the alternative of going on to college or starting to work.（他得在上大學(xué)繼續(xù)求學(xué)和開始工作之間作出選擇。）
2）Is there any alternative to undergoing a surgical operation？?。ǔ饪剖中g(shù)外還有其它辦法嗎？）
3）You have no alternative but to stay here overnight. （你只好留宿一夜，別無他法。）
4）We should explore alternative possibilities in solving the problem.（我們應(yīng)該探求各種供選擇的可能性來解決這個問題。）
5）The alternative plans of having a picnic on taking a boat trip put them in a dilemma.（去野餐或者去乘船旅游二者只能擇一的計劃使他們左右為難。）
本課簡介
越來越多的事實證明，暴力電視節(jié)目對兒童的成長有不良影響，學(xué)齡前兒童受暴力電視節(jié)目的危害尤深，因為他們尚不完全具備辯別事實與 幻想的能力，對人類行為、道德沖突的內(nèi)在動機也不理解。兒童常常把從電視中看到的行為用于現(xiàn)實生活之中。父母還應(yīng)幫助兒童理解他們所看的電視節(jié)目，父母也 要了解幼兒的老師對與戰(zhàn)爭和暴力相關(guān)連的電視節(jié)目及兒童玩具的態(tài)度，并與那些有共識的其他兒童的父母一同努力，尋求各種方法取代觀看暴力電視節(jié)目。
本課語言點
1. For more than a quarter of a century， evidence has been increasing that children's exposure to violence on television has long-lasting effects on their behavior.
a quarter （of）“四分之一”，如：a quarter of a pound（四分之一磅）；a quarter of a century（四分之一世紀）；a quarter of a mile（四分之一英里）；a quarter （of a dollar） （25美分）；a quarter of a million（25萬）；a quarter （of an hour）（15分鐘）。
…that children's exposure to violence on television…
that 引導(dǎo)的是一個同位語從句，這個同位語從句沒有直接跟在名詞evidence的后面，而是被has been increasing隔開了。同位語的作用是對它所說明的名詞作進一步解釋，說明這個名詞指的是誰或什么。如：
1）I had no idea that he told us a lie. （我不知道他對我們說了謊話。）
2）You have to produce enough evidence that he is guilty.（你得拿出足夠的證據(jù)說明他有罪。）
3）There was little possibility that they would succeed. （他們成功的可能性極小。）
4）There can be no doubt that TV violence affects children. （毫無疑問，暴力電視節(jié)目對兒童有不良影響。）
exposure to “暴露于…”，如：
1）The best part of the job was her constant exposure to books.（她這個工作的大優(yōu)點是能經(jīng)常接觸書籍。）
have an effect on “對…有作用（影響）”，如：
1）Constant rain had much effect on the harvest. （持續(xù)的降雨對收成有很大的影響。）
2）The cement factory has much effect on the environment.（水泥廠對環(huán)境的影響很大。）
3）His persuasion had little effect on her.（他的勸說對她沒什么作用。）
2.…the amount of television time allocated each week to violent programs increased significantly.
…the number of violent acts on television…h(huán)as increased…。
上面兩個句子中分別用了amount和number兩個詞。amount用來修飾從體積，重量，金額等方面著眼的東西，一般在of 后接用不可數(shù)名詞；而number則用以修飾可數(shù)的人或物。在第一個句子中，amount of后面用的是不可數(shù)名詞time，第二個句子中number of后面用的是可數(shù)名詞acts.再請看例句：
1）A large amount of money has been spent on this project.（一大筆錢已經(jīng)花在了這個工程上。）
2）The amount of work assigned to him was formidable.（分配給他做的工作量極大。）
3）The number of students of the university has been increasing. （這所大學(xué)的學(xué)生人數(shù)在增加。）
4）The number of tourists to that place is limited.（去那個地方旅游的人數(shù)有限。）
請注意區(qū)別act和action這兩個名詞。①這兩個名詞都表示“行為”，“行動”的意思，常可互換使用。act強調(diào)行為的結(jié)果， 而不涉及行為的動機與性質(zhì)，常是即興，瞬間的舉動；action偏重于動作的方式和過程。②act行為的發(fā)出者可以是人也可以是物；action只是物。 ③在須用不可數(shù)名詞表示總的概念時，多用action，而一般不用act.如：
1）The time has come for action/act.（采取行動的時間了。）
2）The thoughtless young man did another foolish act.（那個魯莽的年輕人又做了件傻事。）
3）Every sudden emotion quickens the action of the heart.（每件突如其來的令人激動的事情都能加快心跳。）
4）Actions speak louder than words.（事實勝于雄辯。）
3.Given the amount of time that children watch television， it has become one of the most powerful models they want to follow.
given在本句中用作介詞，意思是considering， taking into account（考慮到），在詞匯部分我們已作了比較詳細的講解，再請看兩個例句：
1）Given they are fresh from university， they've done a great job.（考慮到他們剛走出大學(xué)校園，他們干得不錯。）
2）Given that he has always been dreaming of visiting the great wall， it seems cruel not to take him to Beijing.（他一直夢想游長城，不帶他去北京似乎太殘酷了。）
除了作“考慮到”解釋外，given還有如下意思：
1）規(guī)定的，特點的（形容詞）
The work must be done within the given time. （工作必須在規(guī)定時間內(nèi)完成。）
2）假設(shè)的；作為前提的（形容詞）
Given the chance， she could have done as well as you have.（如果給他這個機會，她會干得跟你一樣好。）
4.Children naturally often want the toys shown on and advertised during these programs.
Shown on and advertised during these programs 在本句中的作用是分詞短語作定語，相當(dāng)于被動語態(tài)的定語從句，修飾toys.
1）Last night， we saw a documentary dubbed in English.（昨晚，我們看了一部用英文譯制的記錄片。）
2）The play put on by the first-year students was very good.（一年級學(xué)生演出的劇目很好。）
3）The letters written in pencil are from my brother.（那些用鉛筆寫的信是我弟弟帶來的。）
These programs 是 shown on 和advertised during 這兩個詞組中的介詞的共用賓語。如：
He doesn't care about and has no interest in other people’s opinion.（對別人的觀點他不在乎也沒興趣。）
5.With these toys， their play tends to be more imitative than imaginative.
With 在本句中表示原因，意思是“由于，因”，如：
1）He is in bed with flu.（他因患流感臥病在床。）
2）Her eyes were dim with tears.（她的雙眼因淚水而模糊。）
3）The boy's face was white with nervousness.（那個男孩的臉因緊張而發(fā)白。）
tend 的后面接不定式，意思是“易于，往往會”，如：
1）Plants tend to die in hot weather if you don't water them.（植物在炎熱天氣如不澆水容易枯死。）
2）He tends to get impatient if you ask him more than two questions.（如果你問他兩個以上的問題，他往往會不耐煩。）
6.The narrow range of most violence-related toys advertised on television jeopardizes the role of play in helping children make better sense of their own feelings and interpret their world.
在第三單元中，我們已經(jīng)學(xué)過range這個詞，意思是“山脈”，“（在某范圍內(nèi)）變動，變化”。而在本句中，range的意思是“范圍”，如：
1）His reading is of very wide range.（他的閱讀面很廣。）
2）Over the long range， the most important step will be a general tax reform.（從長遠看，重要的步驟是全面實行稅制改革。）
Make sense of 意思是“了解；弄明白”。如：
1）I can not make any sense of what he says.（他的話我弄不懂。）
2）His lecture helped me make better sense of the poem.（他的講解幫助我更好地理解這首詩。）
3）I could make no sense of his carelessly written letter.（我看不懂他馬馬虎虎寫的那封信。）
7.Many preschool teachers do not like to have commercially made toy weapons brought into the classroom and welcome hearing your concerns about this matter.
have…toy weapons brought into the classroom（把玩具武器帶進教室。）have sth. done 是極為常見的用法，如：
1）I need to have my bike repaired.（我需要把自行車修一下。）
2）He had his files destroyed before he left.（在離開前，他把文件都毀了。）
3）She wanted to have the rooms repainted before moving in.（她想在搬入前把房間重新粉刷一遍。）
welcome 在本舉句中作動詞用，這個詞也可以作名詞和形容詞用。請看下面的例句，注意welcome在各例句中的詞類。
1）He ran to the door to welcome his friends. （他向門口跑去，歡迎他的朋友。）
2）Welcome to Beijing.（歡迎到北京來。）
3）Her marriage was not welcomed by the family.（她的婚姻不被家人接受。）
4）They gave her a warm welcome.（他們給她以熱烈歡迎。）
5）He received a hero's welcome at the airport.（他在機場受到英雄般的歡迎。）
6）You are welcome to use my bike.（我的自行車你盡管用。）
7）He is a welcome guest.（他是個受歡迎的客人。）
concern about sth. 意思是“對…的關(guān)心”，在第九單元中，我們學(xué)過be concerned about. 如：
1）We are all concerned about his education.（我們都關(guān)心他的教育。）
2）His parents are very much concerned about his health.（他的父母非常關(guān)心他的健康。）
3）My concern about the matter is known to all.（人人知道我對這件事的關(guān)心。）
本課主要詞組
1. a quarter of 2. expose to
3. have an effect on 4. allocate…to
5. point out 6. distinguish from
7. tend to 8. make sense of
9. apply…to 10. be crazy about
11. put together 12. ask sb. about sth.
13. have sth. done 14. concern about
15. an alternative to sth. 16. look for
Text B Why don't girls think like boys？
短語表達
1. do well
Many people believe that boys do well in science.
Mr. Smith didn't expect that he could do so well in industrial engineering.
2. in one's opinion
In my opinion， what he said could be true.
Parents should be friendly with their children in his opinion.
3. be good at
He is good at English， but he is better at computer.
She is good at imitating other people's way of talking.
4. according to
According to some doctors， only 1 out of 20 patients who had lung cancer could survive.
According to the text， aggression in boys is caused by mothers.
5. on the average
On the average， girls score higher on tests that measure vocabulary， spelling， and memory.
We made 65 miles an hour on the average.
6. be determined by
People's abilities are not determined by sex.
The rise and fall of the prices is determined by supply and demand.
7. be headed by
One of the scientific research teams was headed by Mr. Watson.
This company is headed by John's twin brother.
8. be ready to
He is always ready to help people in need.
She is not ready to take on that kind of responsibility.
9. take notes
He is amazed to see that students take notes on what he says in class.
He decided to take notes of the development of the political events.
10. lean against/on
She felt weak， so leaned against the wall.
He leaned the bike against a tree.
11. insist upon/on
He insisted on paying the meal.
Most companies insist upon having an interview before they accept an employee.