（8）-ed分詞
1. 分詞的定義
動詞的-ed分詞即過去分詞，是由動詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成，一般只有一種形式。
2. 過去分詞的語法作用：
過去分詞一方面具有動詞的性質(zhì)，另一方面也相當(dāng)于一個(gè)形容詞或副詞，在句中可以作表語、定語、狀語和補(bǔ)足語。
1）過去分詞作表語，主要表示主語的心理感覺或所處的狀態(tài)。如：
Don't touch the glass because it is broken. 不要碰那個(gè)杯子，它是壞的。
He is quite pleased with the design of the dress. 她很喜歡那禮服的式樣。
2）過去分詞做定語：
單個(gè)的過去分詞作定語一般放在名詞的前面，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句。如：
The excited people rushed into the building. 激動的人們奔進(jìn)了大樓。
We need more qualified teachers. 我們需要更多合格的教師。
過去分詞短語作定語通常放在被修飾的詞后面，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句。如：
Is there anything planned for tomorrow？ 明天有什么活動嗎？
The suggestion made by the foreign expert was adopted by the manager. 外國專家提出來的建議被經(jīng)理采納了。
過去分詞作定語也可用作非限制性定語，前后用逗號隔開。如：
The books， written by Lu Xun， are popular with many Chinese people.這些書是魯迅寫的，受到了許多中國人民的喜愛。
The meeting， attended by one thousand students， was a success. 這次會議獲得很大的成功，共有一千個(gè)學(xué)生出席了。
3）過去分詞做狀語：
過去分詞和-ing分詞作狀語一樣，也可以表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、讓步、方式或伴隨情況等。
①表時(shí)間，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句，有時(shí)過去分詞前可加連詞when或while來強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間概念。如：
Seen from the top of the hill， the city looked like a big garden. 從山頂上看，這個(gè)城市就像一個(gè)大花園。
Accepted by the Party， he decided to devote his life to the cause of the Party.
入黨以后，他決定獻(xiàn)身于黨的事業(yè)。
②表原因，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語從句。如：
Deeply moved by the story， the excited people stopped quarrelling with each other.
激動的人們被那個(gè)故事深深地感動了，停止了爭吵。
Encouraged by the speech， the young people made up their minds to take up the struggle.
受到了講演的鼓舞，年輕人決定起來從事斗爭。
③表?xiàng)l件，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件狀語從句，有時(shí)過去分詞前可用if等詞。如：
Given another chance， he will do better.再給他一次機(jī)會，他會做得更好。
Compared with your brother， you should make greater efforts to study English.
和你哥哥相比，你應(yīng)該更加努力學(xué)習(xí)英語。
If heated， water can be turned into steam. 水如果被加熱，會變成水蒸氣。
④表讓步，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)though/although引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句。如：
Exhausted by the running， they went on running after the robber.
盡管已經(jīng)跑得筋疲力盡，他們還是繼續(xù)追趕著那個(gè)強(qiáng)盜。
Laughed at by many people， he continued his study. 盡管被許多人嘲笑，他還是繼續(xù)他的研究。
⑤表方式或伴隨情況。如：
The old man went into the room，supported by his wife.那個(gè)老人在他的妻子的攙扶下走進(jìn)了房間。
Seated at the table， my father and I were talking about my job. 我和父親坐在桌子旁邊討論著我的工作問題。
4）過去分詞作補(bǔ)足語：
過去分詞可以在see， hear， notice， watch， find， get， have， feel， make， leave， keep等詞后與一名詞或代詞構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語，用作賓語補(bǔ)語。如：
When will you go to the hospital and have your tooth examined？ 你什么時(shí)候去醫(yī)院檢查你的牙齒？
When you are making a speech， you should speak louder to make yourself heard.
當(dāng)你在作報(bào)告時(shí)，你應(yīng)該講響一點(diǎn)使自己被人聽清。
當(dāng)這類句子變成被動語態(tài)時(shí)，過去分詞用作主語補(bǔ)語。如：
One of the glasses was found broken. 有人發(fā)現(xiàn)其中一個(gè)杯子破了。
They should be kept informed of the situation there. 應(yīng)該讓他們知道那兒的形勢。
1. 過去分詞作狀語時(shí)，它的邏輯主語一般必須和句子的主語相一致。如：
When asked why he came here， the boy kept silent.當(dāng)那個(gè)男孩被問到為何來這里時(shí)，他沉默不語。
Born and brought up in the countryside， he was interested in biology.
由于在農(nóng)村出生并長大，他對生物很感興趣。
如果過去分詞的邏輯主語和句子主語不一致，必須使用過去分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。
2. 動詞have后所接的三種賓語補(bǔ)語：
have somebody/something do something 不定式作補(bǔ)語必須省去to， 不定式動作由賓語發(fā)出，表示一次性的動作。如：
I had the workers do the job for me. 我讓工人們替我完成了工作。
Jim often has his father help him with his homework. 吉姆經(jīng)常讓他的父親幫助做家庭作業(yè)。
have somebody /something doing something -ing分詞作補(bǔ)語，分詞動作也由賓語發(fā)出，強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的延續(xù)或正在進(jìn)行。如：
They had the tractor working all the time. 他們讓拖拉機(jī)一直工作著。
We won‘t have the child talking to his mother like that. 我們不能讓那個(gè)孩子那樣對他的媽媽說話。
have somebody/something done 過去分詞作補(bǔ)語，賓語和補(bǔ)足語之間有邏輯上的被動關(guān)系，通常有兩種情況：
①主語讓別人做某事，強(qiáng)調(diào)主語的意志。如：
He had his hair cut yesterday. 他昨天理發(fā)了。
Later on the center had a great many new trees planted.后來，這個(gè)中心讓人種了很多樹。
②主語遭到某種不幸或陷入惡劣的環(huán)境，說明賓語的一種無意識的被動行為。如：
He had his leg broken in the match last month.他在上星期的比賽中摔斷了腿。
He had one eye lost in the war. 在戰(zhàn)爭中，他失去了一只眼睛。
1. 分詞的定義
動詞的-ed分詞即過去分詞，是由動詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成，一般只有一種形式。
2. 過去分詞的語法作用：
過去分詞一方面具有動詞的性質(zhì)，另一方面也相當(dāng)于一個(gè)形容詞或副詞，在句中可以作表語、定語、狀語和補(bǔ)足語。
1）過去分詞作表語，主要表示主語的心理感覺或所處的狀態(tài)。如：
Don't touch the glass because it is broken. 不要碰那個(gè)杯子，它是壞的。
He is quite pleased with the design of the dress. 她很喜歡那禮服的式樣。
2）過去分詞做定語：
單個(gè)的過去分詞作定語一般放在名詞的前面，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句。如：
The excited people rushed into the building. 激動的人們奔進(jìn)了大樓。
We need more qualified teachers. 我們需要更多合格的教師。
過去分詞短語作定語通常放在被修飾的詞后面，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句。如：
Is there anything planned for tomorrow？ 明天有什么活動嗎？
The suggestion made by the foreign expert was adopted by the manager. 外國專家提出來的建議被經(jīng)理采納了。
過去分詞作定語也可用作非限制性定語，前后用逗號隔開。如：
The books， written by Lu Xun， are popular with many Chinese people.這些書是魯迅寫的，受到了許多中國人民的喜愛。
The meeting， attended by one thousand students， was a success. 這次會議獲得很大的成功，共有一千個(gè)學(xué)生出席了。
3）過去分詞做狀語：
過去分詞和-ing分詞作狀語一樣，也可以表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、讓步、方式或伴隨情況等。
①表時(shí)間，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句，有時(shí)過去分詞前可加連詞when或while來強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間概念。如：
Seen from the top of the hill， the city looked like a big garden. 從山頂上看，這個(gè)城市就像一個(gè)大花園。
Accepted by the Party， he decided to devote his life to the cause of the Party.
入黨以后，他決定獻(xiàn)身于黨的事業(yè)。
②表原因，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語從句。如：
Deeply moved by the story， the excited people stopped quarrelling with each other.
激動的人們被那個(gè)故事深深地感動了，停止了爭吵。
Encouraged by the speech， the young people made up their minds to take up the struggle.
受到了講演的鼓舞，年輕人決定起來從事斗爭。
③表?xiàng)l件，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件狀語從句，有時(shí)過去分詞前可用if等詞。如：
Given another chance， he will do better.再給他一次機(jī)會，他會做得更好。
Compared with your brother， you should make greater efforts to study English.
和你哥哥相比，你應(yīng)該更加努力學(xué)習(xí)英語。
If heated， water can be turned into steam. 水如果被加熱，會變成水蒸氣。
④表讓步，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)though/although引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句。如：
Exhausted by the running， they went on running after the robber.
盡管已經(jīng)跑得筋疲力盡，他們還是繼續(xù)追趕著那個(gè)強(qiáng)盜。
Laughed at by many people， he continued his study. 盡管被許多人嘲笑，他還是繼續(xù)他的研究。
⑤表方式或伴隨情況。如：
The old man went into the room，supported by his wife.那個(gè)老人在他的妻子的攙扶下走進(jìn)了房間。
Seated at the table， my father and I were talking about my job. 我和父親坐在桌子旁邊討論著我的工作問題。
4）過去分詞作補(bǔ)足語：
過去分詞可以在see， hear， notice， watch， find， get， have， feel， make， leave， keep等詞后與一名詞或代詞構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語，用作賓語補(bǔ)語。如：
When will you go to the hospital and have your tooth examined？ 你什么時(shí)候去醫(yī)院檢查你的牙齒？
When you are making a speech， you should speak louder to make yourself heard.
當(dāng)你在作報(bào)告時(shí)，你應(yīng)該講響一點(diǎn)使自己被人聽清。
當(dāng)這類句子變成被動語態(tài)時(shí)，過去分詞用作主語補(bǔ)語。如：
One of the glasses was found broken. 有人發(fā)現(xiàn)其中一個(gè)杯子破了。
They should be kept informed of the situation there. 應(yīng)該讓他們知道那兒的形勢。
1. 過去分詞作狀語時(shí)，它的邏輯主語一般必須和句子的主語相一致。如：
When asked why he came here， the boy kept silent.當(dāng)那個(gè)男孩被問到為何來這里時(shí)，他沉默不語。
Born and brought up in the countryside， he was interested in biology.
由于在農(nóng)村出生并長大，他對生物很感興趣。
如果過去分詞的邏輯主語和句子主語不一致，必須使用過去分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。
2. 動詞have后所接的三種賓語補(bǔ)語：
have somebody/something do something 不定式作補(bǔ)語必須省去to， 不定式動作由賓語發(fā)出，表示一次性的動作。如：
I had the workers do the job for me. 我讓工人們替我完成了工作。
Jim often has his father help him with his homework. 吉姆經(jīng)常讓他的父親幫助做家庭作業(yè)。
have somebody /something doing something -ing分詞作補(bǔ)語，分詞動作也由賓語發(fā)出，強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的延續(xù)或正在進(jìn)行。如：
They had the tractor working all the time. 他們讓拖拉機(jī)一直工作著。
We won‘t have the child talking to his mother like that. 我們不能讓那個(gè)孩子那樣對他的媽媽說話。
have somebody/something done 過去分詞作補(bǔ)語，賓語和補(bǔ)足語之間有邏輯上的被動關(guān)系，通常有兩種情況：
①主語讓別人做某事，強(qiáng)調(diào)主語的意志。如：
He had his hair cut yesterday. 他昨天理發(fā)了。
Later on the center had a great many new trees planted.后來，這個(gè)中心讓人種了很多樹。
②主語遭到某種不幸或陷入惡劣的環(huán)境，說明賓語的一種無意識的被動行為。如：
He had his leg broken in the match last month.他在上星期的比賽中摔斷了腿。
He had one eye lost in the war. 在戰(zhàn)爭中，他失去了一只眼睛。