18.rightful adj. 合法的;正義的;正當(dāng)?shù)?BR> 請(qǐng)注意區(qū)別right和rightful.Right強(qiáng)調(diào)同事實(shí)沒(méi)有偏差,rightful指事物符合道德或法律的約束。
1)He regained his rightful place on the English throne.(他恢復(fù)了應(yīng)屬于他的英國(guó)王位。)
2)The rightful heir should obtain his rightful inheritance.(合法的繼承人應(yīng)獲得其合法的繼承權(quán)。)
3)It is the right approach to the command of grammar.(這是掌握語(yǔ)法的正確途徑。)
4)I believe what he said is right.(我相信他說(shuō)的是對(duì)的。)
本課簡(jiǎn)介
今天,地圖上上為北標(biāo)示在我們的眼里極其自然。很難想像出會(huì)有一幅不以上為北的地圖。但是當(dāng)我們?cè)噲D去了解地圖繪制的歷史時(shí),我們會(huì)有超乎想像的發(fā)現(xiàn)。
世界上古老的地圖繪于公元前3800年。幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以后,是古希臘人開(kāi)始用相對(duì)科學(xué)的方式來(lái)繪制地圖,其杰出的先驅(qū)是托勒密。古巴比倫人以扁平的圓盤(pán)狀來(lái)展現(xiàn)地球,而托勒密則以球狀來(lái)展現(xiàn)地球。鑒于當(dāng)時(shí)人們的知識(shí)的狀態(tài),托勒密在繪制地圖時(shí)也出了種種差錯(cuò),但是他是標(biāo)示地圖的上方為北方的第一人。
到了中世紀(jì),歐洲教會(huì)嚴(yán)重阻礙了科學(xué)的發(fā)展。因?yàn)橐啡隼涫腔浇痰氖サ?,于是地圖的上方便改換為東方。直到十四世紀(jì),由于貿(mào)易的發(fā)展,以及人們對(duì)指南針的日益加劇的依賴(lài),北方終又成為地圖的上方。
本課主要句型
1. Now it is hard to visualize a map that does not feature north at the top, but this was not always so.
本句中it做形式主語(yǔ)(formal subject),to visualize a map……。是真正的主語(yǔ)(real subject)。用it 做形式主語(yǔ), 主要是因?yàn)橹髡Z(yǔ)較長(zhǎng),謂語(yǔ)較短,于是不定式常放在謂語(yǔ)的后面。例如:
1)It is necessary to tell him the news as soon as possible.(盡快把這消息告訴他是很必要的。)
2)It took us 30 minutes to get there by bus.(坐公共汽車(chē)到那兒花了我們30分鐘時(shí)間。)
3)It made us very angry to see him talk to the old man in such an impolite manner.(看到他以如此不禮貌的方式與那位老人談話(huà),我們非常氣憤。)
4)How much did it cost you to send the parcel express?(速遞這個(gè)包裹花了你多少錢(qián)?)
請(qǐng)翻譯下列句子,注意用做形式主語(yǔ):
1)掌握一門(mén)外語(yǔ)不是一件容易的事。
2)能來(lái)參加這個(gè)晚宴是我們的榮幸。
3)我們不幫助他們是錯(cuò)誤的。
4)他們拒絕采納這個(gè)建議是不明智的。
上面的四個(gè)句子可以翻譯為:
1)It is not easy to master a foreign language.
2)It is our honor to be present at this dinner party.
3)It was a mistake for us not to help them.
4)It is unwise of them to turn sown the suggestion.
Visualize是一個(gè)動(dòng)詞,意思是 imagine (想像)。在詞匯部分我們講到過(guò)-ize是動(dòng)詞后綴。常用在形容詞后面構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞,如:localize(局部化,地方化), urbanize (城市化),nationalize (使國(guó)有化), finalize(后定下來(lái))visualize 這個(gè)動(dòng)詞,我們?cè)诘谒膯卧幸呀?jīng)學(xué)過(guò),請(qǐng)把下面兩個(gè)句子譯成英語(yǔ),注意使用 visualize:
1)我難以想像等待著我的將會(huì)是什么。
2)一整天,他都在想像著將在教堂舉行的婚禮。
這兩句話(huà)可以譯為:
1)I cannot visualize what is waiting for me.
2)He has been visualizing the wedding ceremony to be held at the church for the whole day.
……this was not always so中的 so 是個(gè)代詞,意思是“如此,這樣”,如:
1)――I think you made the wrong decision.
――Is that so? (是這樣嗎?)
2)It is not necessary to find out why it is so.(去了解為什么如此是沒(méi)有必要的。)
3)I believe so.(我相信是這樣。)
2. The oldest known map in the accepted sense of the word was drawn about 3,800BC,and represents the river Euphrates flowing through northern Mesopotamia,Irag.
本句中的known是過(guò)去分詞做形容詞用,意思是“已知的”,在某些語(yǔ)境中,known意為“的”。如:
1)This is the most dangerous substance known to man.(這是人類(lèi)已知的危險(xiǎn)的物質(zhì)。)
2)It has become a well known holiday resort.(這兒已成為的度假勝地。)
in the…sense of the word 意思是“就這個(gè)詞的…意義上而言”,如:
1)It is a miracle in the true sense of the word.(這是真正的奇跡。)
2)That is an adventure in every sense of the word.(那才叫冒險(xiǎn)。)
sense是個(gè)常用詞,請(qǐng)看下面的句子,注意sense的詞意。
1)He has a great sense of humor.(他很有幽默感。)
2)There is some common sense in what he says.(他所說(shuō)的話(huà)有些道理。)
3)What's the sense of doing that since it is already late?(既然已經(jīng)晚了,做那件事還有什么意義呢?)
4)She came to her senses after a blood transfusion. (輸血之后,他蘇醒過(guò)來(lái)。)
5)In a sense what he said is true.(在某種意義上說(shuō),他說(shuō)的話(huà)是正確的。)
6)Her explanation doesn't make any sense.(她的解釋講不通。)
7)I cannot make sense of what has written.(她寫(xiě)的東西我弄不懂。)
3. This and others that followed it, were little more than rough sketches of localized features; it was not until many centuries later that the ancient Greeks placed the science of map-making on a sound-footing.
本句中的前一個(gè)it是代指上句中的the oldest known map. Little more than 的意思是 almost no more than(只不過(guò)是)。請(qǐng)注意下列句子中的little的意思:
1)He is little better than a bookworm. (他簡(jiǎn)直跟書(shū)呆子差不多。)
2)That is little short of open scorn.(那簡(jiǎn)直就是公然藐視。)
It was not until…that…。是一個(gè)常見(jiàn)的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型,意思是“直到…才”。如:
1)It was not until the cat emerged from behind the bushes that I noticed it.(直到貓從灌木后面出來(lái),我才注意到它。)
2)It was not until he called me that I realized there was a meeting in the afternoon.(直到他給我打電話(huà)我才想起下午有個(gè)會(huì)。)
3)It was not until several weeks later that the stolen car was found.(幾個(gè)星期以后那輛失竊的汽車(chē)才被找到。)
請(qǐng)翻譯下列句子,注意使用上述句型。
1)直到20世紀(jì)60年代人類(lèi)才實(shí)現(xiàn)登上月球的夢(mèng)想。
2)直到昨天他才被告知真相。
3)直到媽媽來(lái)幼兒園接他,那孩子才停止哭泣。
這三個(gè)句子可以翻譯為:
1)It was not until the 1960S that man realized the dream of landing on the moon.
2)It was not until yesterday that he was told the truth.
3)It was not until mother came to the kinder-garter to collect him that the boy stopped crying.
place sth. on a sound footing 意思是“把…置于堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)上”。
4. The last great scientist of the classical period,he was the first to draw a map that was based on all available knowledge,rather than guess or imagination.
The last great scientist of the classical period, 在本句中做同位語(yǔ),對(duì)主語(yǔ)he作進(jìn)一步的補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。
Be based on 意思是“以……為基礎(chǔ)”。
Guess在句中做名詞用,意思是“推測(cè),猜想”。
Rather than在本句中的意思相當(dāng)于instead of “而不是”。
1)I have used some simple words rather than the difficult ones.(我用了一些簡(jiǎn)單詞匯而不是難詞。)
2)He bought two books rather than one.(他買(mǎi)了兩本書(shū)而不是一本。)
3)Rather than go back on his word, he kept his promise.(他沒(méi)有食言,而是言而有信。)
5. Given the state of knowledge of those times, he got things wrong, ……
在第十五單元中,我們學(xué)過(guò)given這個(gè)介詞,意思是“考慮到”,在本句中g(shù)iven仍是這個(gè)意思,請(qǐng)?jiān)倏磧蓚€(gè)例句:
1)Given the poor working condition, you cannot expect the workers to be very efficient.(考慮到工作條件差,你不能指望工人們的效率很高。
2)Given the bad weather, we have to change our plan.(基于天氣不好,我們得改變計(jì)劃。)
Times在本句中的意思是“時(shí)代”,如:
1)The times are different,women are now equal to man.(時(shí)代不同了,現(xiàn)在男女平等了。)
2)In modern times,the development of science and technology is accelerating.(近代科學(xué)技術(shù)在加速發(fā)展。)
3)In the difficult times,many people died of hunger.(在那限難時(shí)世,許多人因饑餓而死。)
6. …since Ptolemy had calculated wrongly the size of the Atlantic and was unaware that the pacific ocean existed.
本句中的since引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)從句,如:
1)Since so many people are absent,we'd better put off the meeting.(既然如此多的人缺席,我們好將此會(huì)延期。)
2)I won't blame you since you know nothing about it.(既然你對(duì)此一無(wú)所知,我就不會(huì)怪你。)
Unaware與aware一樣是形容詞,其用法也與aware相同,be unaware of…,be unaware that…。
1)I was unaware of his presence.(我沒(méi)注意到他在場(chǎng)。)
2)He was unaware that he had been followed.(他不知道他被跟蹤了。)
1)He regained his rightful place on the English throne.(他恢復(fù)了應(yīng)屬于他的英國(guó)王位。)
2)The rightful heir should obtain his rightful inheritance.(合法的繼承人應(yīng)獲得其合法的繼承權(quán)。)
3)It is the right approach to the command of grammar.(這是掌握語(yǔ)法的正確途徑。)
4)I believe what he said is right.(我相信他說(shuō)的是對(duì)的。)
本課簡(jiǎn)介
今天,地圖上上為北標(biāo)示在我們的眼里極其自然。很難想像出會(huì)有一幅不以上為北的地圖。但是當(dāng)我們?cè)噲D去了解地圖繪制的歷史時(shí),我們會(huì)有超乎想像的發(fā)現(xiàn)。
世界上古老的地圖繪于公元前3800年。幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以后,是古希臘人開(kāi)始用相對(duì)科學(xué)的方式來(lái)繪制地圖,其杰出的先驅(qū)是托勒密。古巴比倫人以扁平的圓盤(pán)狀來(lái)展現(xiàn)地球,而托勒密則以球狀來(lái)展現(xiàn)地球。鑒于當(dāng)時(shí)人們的知識(shí)的狀態(tài),托勒密在繪制地圖時(shí)也出了種種差錯(cuò),但是他是標(biāo)示地圖的上方為北方的第一人。
到了中世紀(jì),歐洲教會(huì)嚴(yán)重阻礙了科學(xué)的發(fā)展。因?yàn)橐啡隼涫腔浇痰氖サ?,于是地圖的上方便改換為東方。直到十四世紀(jì),由于貿(mào)易的發(fā)展,以及人們對(duì)指南針的日益加劇的依賴(lài),北方終又成為地圖的上方。
本課主要句型
1. Now it is hard to visualize a map that does not feature north at the top, but this was not always so.
本句中it做形式主語(yǔ)(formal subject),to visualize a map……。是真正的主語(yǔ)(real subject)。用it 做形式主語(yǔ), 主要是因?yàn)橹髡Z(yǔ)較長(zhǎng),謂語(yǔ)較短,于是不定式常放在謂語(yǔ)的后面。例如:
1)It is necessary to tell him the news as soon as possible.(盡快把這消息告訴他是很必要的。)
2)It took us 30 minutes to get there by bus.(坐公共汽車(chē)到那兒花了我們30分鐘時(shí)間。)
3)It made us very angry to see him talk to the old man in such an impolite manner.(看到他以如此不禮貌的方式與那位老人談話(huà),我們非常氣憤。)
4)How much did it cost you to send the parcel express?(速遞這個(gè)包裹花了你多少錢(qián)?)
請(qǐng)翻譯下列句子,注意用做形式主語(yǔ):
1)掌握一門(mén)外語(yǔ)不是一件容易的事。
2)能來(lái)參加這個(gè)晚宴是我們的榮幸。
3)我們不幫助他們是錯(cuò)誤的。
4)他們拒絕采納這個(gè)建議是不明智的。
上面的四個(gè)句子可以翻譯為:
1)It is not easy to master a foreign language.
2)It is our honor to be present at this dinner party.
3)It was a mistake for us not to help them.
4)It is unwise of them to turn sown the suggestion.
Visualize是一個(gè)動(dòng)詞,意思是 imagine (想像)。在詞匯部分我們講到過(guò)-ize是動(dòng)詞后綴。常用在形容詞后面構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞,如:localize(局部化,地方化), urbanize (城市化),nationalize (使國(guó)有化), finalize(后定下來(lái))visualize 這個(gè)動(dòng)詞,我們?cè)诘谒膯卧幸呀?jīng)學(xué)過(guò),請(qǐng)把下面兩個(gè)句子譯成英語(yǔ),注意使用 visualize:
1)我難以想像等待著我的將會(huì)是什么。
2)一整天,他都在想像著將在教堂舉行的婚禮。
這兩句話(huà)可以譯為:
1)I cannot visualize what is waiting for me.
2)He has been visualizing the wedding ceremony to be held at the church for the whole day.
……this was not always so中的 so 是個(gè)代詞,意思是“如此,這樣”,如:
1)――I think you made the wrong decision.
――Is that so? (是這樣嗎?)
2)It is not necessary to find out why it is so.(去了解為什么如此是沒(méi)有必要的。)
3)I believe so.(我相信是這樣。)
2. The oldest known map in the accepted sense of the word was drawn about 3,800BC,and represents the river Euphrates flowing through northern Mesopotamia,Irag.
本句中的known是過(guò)去分詞做形容詞用,意思是“已知的”,在某些語(yǔ)境中,known意為“的”。如:
1)This is the most dangerous substance known to man.(這是人類(lèi)已知的危險(xiǎn)的物質(zhì)。)
2)It has become a well known holiday resort.(這兒已成為的度假勝地。)
in the…sense of the word 意思是“就這個(gè)詞的…意義上而言”,如:
1)It is a miracle in the true sense of the word.(這是真正的奇跡。)
2)That is an adventure in every sense of the word.(那才叫冒險(xiǎn)。)
sense是個(gè)常用詞,請(qǐng)看下面的句子,注意sense的詞意。
1)He has a great sense of humor.(他很有幽默感。)
2)There is some common sense in what he says.(他所說(shuō)的話(huà)有些道理。)
3)What's the sense of doing that since it is already late?(既然已經(jīng)晚了,做那件事還有什么意義呢?)
4)She came to her senses after a blood transfusion. (輸血之后,他蘇醒過(guò)來(lái)。)
5)In a sense what he said is true.(在某種意義上說(shuō),他說(shuō)的話(huà)是正確的。)
6)Her explanation doesn't make any sense.(她的解釋講不通。)
7)I cannot make sense of what has written.(她寫(xiě)的東西我弄不懂。)
3. This and others that followed it, were little more than rough sketches of localized features; it was not until many centuries later that the ancient Greeks placed the science of map-making on a sound-footing.
本句中的前一個(gè)it是代指上句中的the oldest known map. Little more than 的意思是 almost no more than(只不過(guò)是)。請(qǐng)注意下列句子中的little的意思:
1)He is little better than a bookworm. (他簡(jiǎn)直跟書(shū)呆子差不多。)
2)That is little short of open scorn.(那簡(jiǎn)直就是公然藐視。)
It was not until…that…。是一個(gè)常見(jiàn)的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型,意思是“直到…才”。如:
1)It was not until the cat emerged from behind the bushes that I noticed it.(直到貓從灌木后面出來(lái),我才注意到它。)
2)It was not until he called me that I realized there was a meeting in the afternoon.(直到他給我打電話(huà)我才想起下午有個(gè)會(huì)。)
3)It was not until several weeks later that the stolen car was found.(幾個(gè)星期以后那輛失竊的汽車(chē)才被找到。)
請(qǐng)翻譯下列句子,注意使用上述句型。
1)直到20世紀(jì)60年代人類(lèi)才實(shí)現(xiàn)登上月球的夢(mèng)想。
2)直到昨天他才被告知真相。
3)直到媽媽來(lái)幼兒園接他,那孩子才停止哭泣。
這三個(gè)句子可以翻譯為:
1)It was not until the 1960S that man realized the dream of landing on the moon.
2)It was not until yesterday that he was told the truth.
3)It was not until mother came to the kinder-garter to collect him that the boy stopped crying.
place sth. on a sound footing 意思是“把…置于堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)上”。
4. The last great scientist of the classical period,he was the first to draw a map that was based on all available knowledge,rather than guess or imagination.
The last great scientist of the classical period, 在本句中做同位語(yǔ),對(duì)主語(yǔ)he作進(jìn)一步的補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。
Be based on 意思是“以……為基礎(chǔ)”。
Guess在句中做名詞用,意思是“推測(cè),猜想”。
Rather than在本句中的意思相當(dāng)于instead of “而不是”。
1)I have used some simple words rather than the difficult ones.(我用了一些簡(jiǎn)單詞匯而不是難詞。)
2)He bought two books rather than one.(他買(mǎi)了兩本書(shū)而不是一本。)
3)Rather than go back on his word, he kept his promise.(他沒(méi)有食言,而是言而有信。)
5. Given the state of knowledge of those times, he got things wrong, ……
在第十五單元中,我們學(xué)過(guò)given這個(gè)介詞,意思是“考慮到”,在本句中g(shù)iven仍是這個(gè)意思,請(qǐng)?jiān)倏磧蓚€(gè)例句:
1)Given the poor working condition, you cannot expect the workers to be very efficient.(考慮到工作條件差,你不能指望工人們的效率很高。
2)Given the bad weather, we have to change our plan.(基于天氣不好,我們得改變計(jì)劃。)
Times在本句中的意思是“時(shí)代”,如:
1)The times are different,women are now equal to man.(時(shí)代不同了,現(xiàn)在男女平等了。)
2)In modern times,the development of science and technology is accelerating.(近代科學(xué)技術(shù)在加速發(fā)展。)
3)In the difficult times,many people died of hunger.(在那限難時(shí)世,許多人因饑餓而死。)
6. …since Ptolemy had calculated wrongly the size of the Atlantic and was unaware that the pacific ocean existed.
本句中的since引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)從句,如:
1)Since so many people are absent,we'd better put off the meeting.(既然如此多的人缺席,我們好將此會(huì)延期。)
2)I won't blame you since you know nothing about it.(既然你對(duì)此一無(wú)所知,我就不會(huì)怪你。)
Unaware與aware一樣是形容詞,其用法也與aware相同,be unaware of…,be unaware that…。
1)I was unaware of his presence.(我沒(méi)注意到他在場(chǎng)。)
2)He was unaware that he had been followed.(他不知道他被跟蹤了。)