17. consistent adj. 堅(jiān)持的,一貫的,與…符合
consistency n. 一致,連貫,堅(jiān)持
1) The professor had a consistent attitude towards all his students. (這位教授對(duì)他所有的學(xué)生一視同仁。)
2) His deeds are not consistent with his words. (他們言行不一致。)
3) The manager's statement was consistent with the fact. (經(jīng)理的說法與事實(shí)相符。)
4) There is no consistency between the movie and the book. (電影和書的情節(jié)不符。)
5) Her rude behavior is not in consistency with her usual polite nature.(她的粗魯行為和她平時(shí)斯文的性情不相符合。)
18. systematically adv. 有系統(tǒng)地;有計(jì)劃地
systematic adj. 有系統(tǒng)的,有條理的
1) They did everything systematically. (他們有條不紊地做了一切。)
2) Do you have a systematic plan for the project? (對(duì)于這項(xiàng)工程你們有系統(tǒng)計(jì)劃嗎?)
3) These skills are developed in a systematic way. (這些技能是有計(jì)劃地發(fā)展的。)
本課簡介
本文作者指出生活中有許多不確定的事物,這種種的不確定支配著我們的語言。我們的日常話語中很多probably,many,soon,great,little一類的詞。不確定的語言主要有三類。一是如probably,possibly,surely一類詞,代表了一種主觀的可能,是可定量的。二是如many,often,soon一類詞,這類詞雖可定量,但他們表示的是一個(gè)知之不確的數(shù)量。三是如fat,rich,drunk一類詞,這類詞不可能轉(zhuǎn)化為任何可接受的數(shù)目,因?yàn)椴煌娜速x予它們不同的價(jià)值觀。
在特定的上下文中,這些詞是有什么意義?與使用者的年齡有何關(guān)聯(lián)?作者告訴我們?nèi)齻€(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果。一,數(shù)量取決于所涉及的事物;二,所涉及的事物總量的大小會(huì)影響到一種說法被賦予的數(shù)值。三,年齡的影響極為明顯。
本課主要語言點(diǎn)
1. Uncertainty spreads through our lives so thoroughly that it dominates our language.
動(dòng)詞spread的過去式和過去分詞與動(dòng)詞原形是一樣的。本句中的spread意思是becomes known or shared by more and more people (散布),如:
1) News of the air crash spread quickly. (飛機(jī)墜毀的消息很快傳播開了。)
2) He is making a lecture tour to spread his political influence. (他在作巡回演講以擴(kuò)大自己的政治影響。)
3) People seem to love spreading gossip. (人們似乎愛傳閑話。)
spread這個(gè)詞還可以做名詞用,再請(qǐng)看幾個(gè)例子,注意spread的意思和詞類:
1)A scene of property spreads out before us. (一幅欣欣向榮的景象展現(xiàn)在我們面前。)
2) The spread of education benefits many girls. (教育的普及使許多女孩得益。)
3)He was spreading peanut butter on bread. (他正往面包上涂花生醬。)
4) Many people died as a result of the spread of fire. (火勢蔓延致使多人喪生。)
5)You many consider spreading the work load. (你可以考慮把工作分?jǐn)傄幌?。?BR> lives是life的復(fù)數(shù)形式。life做可數(shù)名詞用時(shí),意思是“生命”,“一生,壽命”,如:
1)He nearly lost his life. (他幾乎送了命。)
2) Fourteen children lost their lives in the fire. (十四個(gè)孩子在火中喪生。)
3) People spend their lives worrying about wealth and health. (人們一生都在為金錢和健康擔(dān)憂。)
2. Our everyday speech is made up in large part of words…
in part意為“在某種程度上;部分地”;in large part則表示“很大部分”,如:
1) Some forms of mental illness are caused in part by lack of communication.
(有些形式的精神疾病部分是由于缺少交流引起的。)
2) The driver should in large part be responsible for the accident. (司機(jī)應(yīng)為這起事故負(fù)大部分責(zé)任。)
Be made up of 意思是“由…組成”,如:
1) The medical team is made up of 4 doctors and 2 nurses. (那個(gè)醫(yī)療隊(duì)由4名醫(yī)生和2名護(hù)士組成。)
2) His class is made up of 50 students. (他的班級(jí)由50名學(xué)生組成。)
3. Atomic war is likely to destroy forever the nation that wages it.
在前面我們已多次碰到be likely to, 我們提到過be likely的主語可以是it,也可以是其他名詞,如:
1) It is likely that he will be here in 30 minutes. (他過30分鐘可能會(huì)到這兒。)
2) The disease is likely to spread. (這種疾病可能會(huì)傳播。)
It is likely that the disease will spread.
forever是副詞,意思是for good, completely (永遠(yuǎn)地),如:
They will vanish forever into the twilight. (他們將永遠(yuǎn)消失在黃昏里。)
forever與進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)連用,表示“老是,不斷”,如:
1)She is forever asking to borrow something. (她沒完沒了地向人借東西。)
2) The teacher was forever spotting trivial errors in their calculations. (老師總是在他們的計(jì)算中發(fā)現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤。)
that wages it是定語從句,修飾nation.Wage在本句中用作動(dòng)詞,意思是start(發(fā)起,開展),如:They waged a campaign against nuclear tests. (他們開展了反核試驗(yàn)運(yùn)動(dòng)。)
4. Lacking any standard for estimating the probability, we are left with the judgment of the editorial writer.
句中的lack 是一個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞,意思是“缺乏”,lack也可用作不及物動(dòng)詞和名詞,請(qǐng)看下面的例句,注意lack的用法。
1)He wasn't a stern man, in spite of his lack of humor. (盡管他缺少幽默感,但他不是一個(gè)苛刻的人。)
2) Lack of funding is making our job more difficult. (資金短缺使我們的工作更加困難。)
3) There was no lack of hands. (人手并不缺。)
4) He is lacking in responsibility. (他不夠負(fù)責(zé)。)
5) Your statement lacks detail. (你的敘述不夠詳盡具體。)
leave sth. with sb. 意思是“把…留給某人”,如:
1) Leave your telephone number with the secretary. (把你的電話號(hào)碼留給秘書。)
2) He left his bicycle with his brother when he went on holiday. (他去度假時(shí),把自行車放在他弟弟那兒。)
5. Indeed, it has a value just because it allows us to express judgments when a precise quantitative statement is out of the question.
allow sb. to do sth. 意思是“允許某人做某事”,如:
1)They were allowed to stay there longer. (他們被允許在那兒時(shí)間呆長點(diǎn)。)
2) He allowed me to take two books. (他允許我拿兩本書。)
請(qǐng)注意區(qū)別out of the question和out of question:
out of the question意為“不可能的”,“辦不到的”。如:
1) I haven't finished my homework yet, going shopping now is out of the question.
(我還沒做完作業(yè),現(xiàn)在去購物是不可能的。)
2) Going swimming at this time of the year is out of the question. (一年中這個(gè)時(shí)候游泳是不可能的。)
out of question意為“毫無疑問”。如:
1)Getting some help from her is out of question. (得到她的幫助不成問題。)
2)It is out of question to get the job. (得到那份工作沒問題。)
6. …which are also quantifiable but denote not so much a condition of certainty as a quantity imprecisely known;
not so much…as…意思是“與其說…不如說…”。如:
1)He is not so much a reporter as a writer. (與其說他是一個(gè)記者,還不如說他是個(gè)作家。)
2)His achievement was made not so much because of luck as because of hard work.
(他取得的成就與其說是由于運(yùn)氣,不如說是由于努力。)
7. …which can not be reduced to any accepted number because they are given different values by different people.
reduce的意思是make sth. smaller in size or amount or less in degree (減少,減輕),如:
1)They have promised to reduce the cost. (他們已經(jīng)答應(yīng)降低成本。)
2)The workforce would have to be reduced by 50%. (勞動(dòng)力將減少百分之五十。)
reduce sb. to a particular state指處于(某種狀態(tài));使艱難(處境),用被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí),表示“迫使”。如:
1) He was reduced to begging in the old days. (在舊社會(huì)他被逼得討飯。)
2) The old lady was reduced to despair. (老太太陷入了絕望。)
在課文中的這個(gè)句子里,be reduced to意思是“使化為,使變?yōu)椤保纾?BR> 1) This kind of analysis reduce the problem to its simplest form. (這種分析方法使問題變得為簡單。)
2) He had always wanted to reduce his thoughts to writing. (他一直想把自己的思想變成文字。)
consistency n. 一致,連貫,堅(jiān)持
1) The professor had a consistent attitude towards all his students. (這位教授對(duì)他所有的學(xué)生一視同仁。)
2) His deeds are not consistent with his words. (他們言行不一致。)
3) The manager's statement was consistent with the fact. (經(jīng)理的說法與事實(shí)相符。)
4) There is no consistency between the movie and the book. (電影和書的情節(jié)不符。)
5) Her rude behavior is not in consistency with her usual polite nature.(她的粗魯行為和她平時(shí)斯文的性情不相符合。)
18. systematically adv. 有系統(tǒng)地;有計(jì)劃地
systematic adj. 有系統(tǒng)的,有條理的
1) They did everything systematically. (他們有條不紊地做了一切。)
2) Do you have a systematic plan for the project? (對(duì)于這項(xiàng)工程你們有系統(tǒng)計(jì)劃嗎?)
3) These skills are developed in a systematic way. (這些技能是有計(jì)劃地發(fā)展的。)
本課簡介
本文作者指出生活中有許多不確定的事物,這種種的不確定支配著我們的語言。我們的日常話語中很多probably,many,soon,great,little一類的詞。不確定的語言主要有三類。一是如probably,possibly,surely一類詞,代表了一種主觀的可能,是可定量的。二是如many,often,soon一類詞,這類詞雖可定量,但他們表示的是一個(gè)知之不確的數(shù)量。三是如fat,rich,drunk一類詞,這類詞不可能轉(zhuǎn)化為任何可接受的數(shù)目,因?yàn)椴煌娜速x予它們不同的價(jià)值觀。
在特定的上下文中,這些詞是有什么意義?與使用者的年齡有何關(guān)聯(lián)?作者告訴我們?nèi)齻€(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果。一,數(shù)量取決于所涉及的事物;二,所涉及的事物總量的大小會(huì)影響到一種說法被賦予的數(shù)值。三,年齡的影響極為明顯。
本課主要語言點(diǎn)
1. Uncertainty spreads through our lives so thoroughly that it dominates our language.
動(dòng)詞spread的過去式和過去分詞與動(dòng)詞原形是一樣的。本句中的spread意思是becomes known or shared by more and more people (散布),如:
1) News of the air crash spread quickly. (飛機(jī)墜毀的消息很快傳播開了。)
2) He is making a lecture tour to spread his political influence. (他在作巡回演講以擴(kuò)大自己的政治影響。)
3) People seem to love spreading gossip. (人們似乎愛傳閑話。)
spread這個(gè)詞還可以做名詞用,再請(qǐng)看幾個(gè)例子,注意spread的意思和詞類:
1)A scene of property spreads out before us. (一幅欣欣向榮的景象展現(xiàn)在我們面前。)
2) The spread of education benefits many girls. (教育的普及使許多女孩得益。)
3)He was spreading peanut butter on bread. (他正往面包上涂花生醬。)
4) Many people died as a result of the spread of fire. (火勢蔓延致使多人喪生。)
5)You many consider spreading the work load. (你可以考慮把工作分?jǐn)傄幌?。?BR> lives是life的復(fù)數(shù)形式。life做可數(shù)名詞用時(shí),意思是“生命”,“一生,壽命”,如:
1)He nearly lost his life. (他幾乎送了命。)
2) Fourteen children lost their lives in the fire. (十四個(gè)孩子在火中喪生。)
3) People spend their lives worrying about wealth and health. (人們一生都在為金錢和健康擔(dān)憂。)
2. Our everyday speech is made up in large part of words…
in part意為“在某種程度上;部分地”;in large part則表示“很大部分”,如:
1) Some forms of mental illness are caused in part by lack of communication.
(有些形式的精神疾病部分是由于缺少交流引起的。)
2) The driver should in large part be responsible for the accident. (司機(jī)應(yīng)為這起事故負(fù)大部分責(zé)任。)
Be made up of 意思是“由…組成”,如:
1) The medical team is made up of 4 doctors and 2 nurses. (那個(gè)醫(yī)療隊(duì)由4名醫(yī)生和2名護(hù)士組成。)
2) His class is made up of 50 students. (他的班級(jí)由50名學(xué)生組成。)
3. Atomic war is likely to destroy forever the nation that wages it.
在前面我們已多次碰到be likely to, 我們提到過be likely的主語可以是it,也可以是其他名詞,如:
1) It is likely that he will be here in 30 minutes. (他過30分鐘可能會(huì)到這兒。)
2) The disease is likely to spread. (這種疾病可能會(huì)傳播。)
It is likely that the disease will spread.
forever是副詞,意思是for good, completely (永遠(yuǎn)地),如:
They will vanish forever into the twilight. (他們將永遠(yuǎn)消失在黃昏里。)
forever與進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)連用,表示“老是,不斷”,如:
1)She is forever asking to borrow something. (她沒完沒了地向人借東西。)
2) The teacher was forever spotting trivial errors in their calculations. (老師總是在他們的計(jì)算中發(fā)現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤。)
that wages it是定語從句,修飾nation.Wage在本句中用作動(dòng)詞,意思是start(發(fā)起,開展),如:They waged a campaign against nuclear tests. (他們開展了反核試驗(yàn)運(yùn)動(dòng)。)
4. Lacking any standard for estimating the probability, we are left with the judgment of the editorial writer.
句中的lack 是一個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞,意思是“缺乏”,lack也可用作不及物動(dòng)詞和名詞,請(qǐng)看下面的例句,注意lack的用法。
1)He wasn't a stern man, in spite of his lack of humor. (盡管他缺少幽默感,但他不是一個(gè)苛刻的人。)
2) Lack of funding is making our job more difficult. (資金短缺使我們的工作更加困難。)
3) There was no lack of hands. (人手并不缺。)
4) He is lacking in responsibility. (他不夠負(fù)責(zé)。)
5) Your statement lacks detail. (你的敘述不夠詳盡具體。)
leave sth. with sb. 意思是“把…留給某人”,如:
1) Leave your telephone number with the secretary. (把你的電話號(hào)碼留給秘書。)
2) He left his bicycle with his brother when he went on holiday. (他去度假時(shí),把自行車放在他弟弟那兒。)
5. Indeed, it has a value just because it allows us to express judgments when a precise quantitative statement is out of the question.
allow sb. to do sth. 意思是“允許某人做某事”,如:
1)They were allowed to stay there longer. (他們被允許在那兒時(shí)間呆長點(diǎn)。)
2) He allowed me to take two books. (他允許我拿兩本書。)
請(qǐng)注意區(qū)別out of the question和out of question:
out of the question意為“不可能的”,“辦不到的”。如:
1) I haven't finished my homework yet, going shopping now is out of the question.
(我還沒做完作業(yè),現(xiàn)在去購物是不可能的。)
2) Going swimming at this time of the year is out of the question. (一年中這個(gè)時(shí)候游泳是不可能的。)
out of question意為“毫無疑問”。如:
1)Getting some help from her is out of question. (得到她的幫助不成問題。)
2)It is out of question to get the job. (得到那份工作沒問題。)
6. …which are also quantifiable but denote not so much a condition of certainty as a quantity imprecisely known;
not so much…as…意思是“與其說…不如說…”。如:
1)He is not so much a reporter as a writer. (與其說他是一個(gè)記者,還不如說他是個(gè)作家。)
2)His achievement was made not so much because of luck as because of hard work.
(他取得的成就與其說是由于運(yùn)氣,不如說是由于努力。)
7. …which can not be reduced to any accepted number because they are given different values by different people.
reduce的意思是make sth. smaller in size or amount or less in degree (減少,減輕),如:
1)They have promised to reduce the cost. (他們已經(jīng)答應(yīng)降低成本。)
2)The workforce would have to be reduced by 50%. (勞動(dòng)力將減少百分之五十。)
reduce sb. to a particular state指處于(某種狀態(tài));使艱難(處境),用被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí),表示“迫使”。如:
1) He was reduced to begging in the old days. (在舊社會(huì)他被逼得討飯。)
2) The old lady was reduced to despair. (老太太陷入了絕望。)
在課文中的這個(gè)句子里,be reduced to意思是“使化為,使變?yōu)椤保纾?BR> 1) This kind of analysis reduce the problem to its simplest form. (這種分析方法使問題變得為簡單。)
2) He had always wanted to reduce his thoughts to writing. (他一直想把自己的思想變成文字。)