Unit23（第68講—第70講）
2. It would almost certainly refer to means of communication that involve the use of words.
在第四單元中我們已經(jīng)學(xué)過(guò)refer to （提到，涉及）這個(gè)短語(yǔ)。再請(qǐng)看幾個(gè)例句。
1）In his speech he referred to the difficulties they had overcome. （在發(fā)言中，他提到了他們所克服的困難。）
2）What he said at the meeting doesn't refer to you. （他在會(huì)上所說(shuō)的不是指你。）
在第二單元和第二十二單元中，我們已學(xué)過(guò)動(dòng)詞involve和名詞involvement，再請(qǐng)看下面的例句，
注意involve在本課文中的意思和用法。
1）If I were you，I wouldn't get myself involved in this problem. （如果我是你，我不會(huì)讓自己卷進(jìn)這個(gè)問(wèn)題中。）
2）She didn't want to be involved in trouble. （她不想卷入糾紛。）
以上兩例句中，involve都是“卷入，陷入，牽涉”的意思。
3）To accept the job would involve my living in London. （若接受這份工作，我必須得住在倫敦。）
4）Building this road will involve the construction of some tunnels. （造這條路包括建造一些隧洞。）
在例句3）和4）中，involve的意思是“必須包括某種結(jié)果”。在involve后面必須用名詞或者動(dòng)名詞。
3. NVC for short.
這是一個(gè)省略句，補(bǔ)充完整應(yīng)該是Non-verbal communication is called NVC for short.
（非語(yǔ)言交際被簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)為/縮寫(xiě)為NVC.）
for short是個(gè)常用短語(yǔ)，意思是“簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)；縮寫(xiě)”。如：
1）Unidentified flying object is called UFO for short. （不明飛行物被簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)為UFO）
2）People's Republic of China is ften written as P.R.C. for short. （中華人民共和國(guó)常被縮寫(xiě)為P.R.C.）
4. …the average European will smile and nod approval.
在第三單元中我們已經(jīng)學(xué)過(guò)average這個(gè)詞。average可以做形容詞、名詞和動(dòng)詞用。如：
1）The average driver thinks that accidents only happen to other people.（司機(jī)一般都認(rèn)為事故只發(fā)生在其他人身人。）
2） We averaged 70 miles an hour. （我們平均每小時(shí)行70公里。）
3）His performance is above the average. （他的成績(jī)?cè)谝话闼街?。?BR> 在本課文的這個(gè)句子中，average做形容詞用，意思是“普通的”。
nod可以用作及物動(dòng)詞、不及物動(dòng)詞和名詞。如：
1）They nodded agreement. （他們點(diǎn)頭表示同意。）
2）He nodded me a welcome when I went in. （我進(jìn)去時(shí)，他向我點(diǎn)頭表示歡迎。）
3）I nodded to him in greeting. （我向他點(diǎn)頭打招呼。）
4）Father nodded in approval when he listened. （父親聽(tīng)著時(shí)點(diǎn)頭表示贊同。）
5）Homer sometimes nods. （智者千慮，必有一失。）
6）He didn't give our plan the nod. （他沒(méi)有同意我們的計(jì)劃。）
5. …because body language is very much tied to culture…
本句中的be tied to sth.意思是be related to， have to do with （與…有關(guān)），如：
1）Many diseases are tied to smoking. （許多疾病與吸煙有關(guān)。）
2） The misunderstanding was tied to cultural differences. （這個(gè)誤會(huì)與文化差異有關(guān)。）
be tied to 也可以表示be restricted by （受…約束），如：
1）She was tied to housework and wouldn't be able to come. （她被家務(wù)事束縛，無(wú)法前來(lái)。）
2）If you have small children， you will be tied to your home. （如果你有小孩子，你就會(huì)被束縛在家了。）
6. Quite a lot of work is now being done on the subject of NVC， which is obviously important， for instance， to managers， who have to deal every day with their staff， and have to understand what other people are feeling if they are to create good working conditions.
本句中，which引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾NVC；who引導(dǎo)的也是非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾managers；what引導(dǎo)的是賓語(yǔ)從句，做understand的賓語(yǔ)。
一般說(shuō)來(lái)，用which引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾表物的先地詞；用who引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句則修飾表人的先行詞；也可用關(guān)系副詞where或when引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句。非限定性定語(yǔ)從句常用逗號(hào)與主句分開(kāi)，而且引導(dǎo)從句的關(guān)系代詞which，that和關(guān)系副詞where， when不能省略。
1）I want to buy the house， which has a garden. （我想買(mǎi)那座房子，它有一個(gè)花園。）
2） The students， who wanted to go out on a picnic， were disappointed when it rained.（學(xué)生們想出去野餐，天下雨了大家都感到失望。）
3）The football match will be put off till next week， when we can get everything ready.（足球賽將推遲到下周，那時(shí)我們能把一切準(zhǔn)備就緒。）
4）The place， where we stayed， has changed so much. （那個(gè)地方我們住過(guò)，那兒的變化很大。）
deal with的意思是“對(duì)付，打交道”。如：
1）He is not easy to deal with. （他不容易打交道。）
2）I don't know how to deal with this situation. （我不知道如何應(yīng)付這種局面。）
7. I expect you understand all those， except perhaps “proximity”。 動(dòng)詞expect通常有如下用法：
1）except + 賓語(yǔ)（名詞或代詞）
I am expecting a letter. （我在等信。）
The teacher is expecting you. （老師在等你。）
2） expect +（賓語(yǔ)）+ 動(dòng)詞不定式
I expect to be back next week. （我預(yù)計(jì)下周回來(lái)。）
I didn't expect him to come so early. （我沒(méi)料到他會(huì)來(lái)得這么早。）
3） expect + that從句
He didn't expect that the work could be so difficult. （他沒(méi)料到這工作會(huì)如此艱難。）
They expected that the war would end soon.（他們期望戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)早日結(jié)束。）
在本課文的句子中，except后面跟的是省略了that的賓語(yǔ)從句。
8. A person who holds a hand over his mouth when he is talking is signaling that he is lacking in confidence.
在第十六單元中我們學(xué)過(guò)lack這個(gè)詞。lack可以用作動(dòng)詞或名詞，lacking用作形容詞。lack和lacking用法如下：
1）lack用作名詞：（for） lack of （因）缺乏
He showed a complete lack of confidence. （他顯得毫無(wú)信心。）
The case was dismissed for lack of evidence. （因缺乏證據(jù)，那個(gè)案子被駁回了。）
2）lack用作及物動(dòng)詞：lack sth
Your article lacks concert example. （你的文章缺少具體的例子。）
She lacks patience in dealing with children. （與孩子打交道她缺少耐心。）
3）lacking用作形容詞：be lacking in sth.
Philip was not lacking in ability. （菲力普并不缺少能力。）
His reception of us was lacking in warmth.（他對(duì)我們的接待缺少熱情。）
9. These are both pretty obvious signals.
通常pretty用作形容詞，而在本句中pretty作副詞用。如：
1）She was happy to live in the pretty valley. （住在美麗的山谷里她很開(kāi)心。）
2）The pretty little girl brought much delight to her family. （那個(gè)漂亮的小姑娘給全家?guī)?lái)了莫大的快樂(lè)。）
3）I will be back pretty soon. （我不久就回來(lái)。）
4）She felt pretty tired. （她感到相當(dāng)累。）
5）I am pretty certain the performance will be a success. （我相當(dāng)有把握演出會(huì)成功。）
10. In fact， non-verbal communication car， as the saying goes， speak volumes.
as the saying goes意思是“正如成語(yǔ)所說(shuō)，俗話(huà)說(shuō)”。在本句中，as the saying goes做插入語(yǔ)。
speak volumes意思是“很有意義；含義很深；充分說(shuō)明”。如：
1）The one photograph speaks volumes. （這一張照片就很有意義。）
2）The look on her face spoke volumes.她的臉色意味深長(zhǎng)。）
3）Her silence spoke volumes for her attitude. （她的沉默清楚地表明了她的態(tài)度。）
本課主要詞組
1. means of
2. involve sth/doing sth
3. refer to
4. agree with
5. communicate sth. to sb.
6. tie to / be tied to
7. in order to
8. be categorized into
9. be common to
10. fiddle with
11. be lacking in
12. start doing sth.
13. and so on
14. in fact
15. give off
16. look away
17. in embarrassment
18. for short
19. as the saying goes
20. speak volumes
Text B body talk
短語(yǔ)表達(dá)
1. talk a liking to
He couldn't understand why the boss suddenly took a liking to him.
2. chances are that…
Chances are that he will not be able to get the job.
3. anything… but
It is not anything you say but something you do that counts.
4. devote to
Father asked him to devote his attention to his study.
5. apart from
Apart from this consideration， there is no other reason why we should not go.
6. be involved in
He was not involved in the scandal.
7. tend to
He tends to get irritated if you press him for an answer.
8. be aware of
He is not aware of the mistake he has made.
9. according to
You have to do according to what he said.
10. complain of
The moment he got in， he began to complain of the weather.
11. let alone
He wouldn't hesitate to die for her， let alone give her some help.
12. be hostile to
No knows why he is so hostile to his brother.
13. impress sb. with sth.
He impressed us with his sincerity.
14. take note of
He didn't take note of the weather forecast and was caught in a heavy rain.
15. go on
I didn't know anything about what was going on outside.
2. It would almost certainly refer to means of communication that involve the use of words.
在第四單元中我們已經(jīng)學(xué)過(guò)refer to （提到，涉及）這個(gè)短語(yǔ)。再請(qǐng)看幾個(gè)例句。
1）In his speech he referred to the difficulties they had overcome. （在發(fā)言中，他提到了他們所克服的困難。）
2）What he said at the meeting doesn't refer to you. （他在會(huì)上所說(shuō)的不是指你。）
在第二單元和第二十二單元中，我們已學(xué)過(guò)動(dòng)詞involve和名詞involvement，再請(qǐng)看下面的例句，
注意involve在本課文中的意思和用法。
1）If I were you，I wouldn't get myself involved in this problem. （如果我是你，我不會(huì)讓自己卷進(jìn)這個(gè)問(wèn)題中。）
2）She didn't want to be involved in trouble. （她不想卷入糾紛。）
以上兩例句中，involve都是“卷入，陷入，牽涉”的意思。
3）To accept the job would involve my living in London. （若接受這份工作，我必須得住在倫敦。）
4）Building this road will involve the construction of some tunnels. （造這條路包括建造一些隧洞。）
在例句3）和4）中，involve的意思是“必須包括某種結(jié)果”。在involve后面必須用名詞或者動(dòng)名詞。
3. NVC for short.
這是一個(gè)省略句，補(bǔ)充完整應(yīng)該是Non-verbal communication is called NVC for short.
（非語(yǔ)言交際被簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)為/縮寫(xiě)為NVC.）
for short是個(gè)常用短語(yǔ)，意思是“簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)；縮寫(xiě)”。如：
1）Unidentified flying object is called UFO for short. （不明飛行物被簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)為UFO）
2）People's Republic of China is ften written as P.R.C. for short. （中華人民共和國(guó)常被縮寫(xiě)為P.R.C.）
4. …the average European will smile and nod approval.
在第三單元中我們已經(jīng)學(xué)過(guò)average這個(gè)詞。average可以做形容詞、名詞和動(dòng)詞用。如：
1）The average driver thinks that accidents only happen to other people.（司機(jī)一般都認(rèn)為事故只發(fā)生在其他人身人。）
2） We averaged 70 miles an hour. （我們平均每小時(shí)行70公里。）
3）His performance is above the average. （他的成績(jī)?cè)谝话闼街?。?BR> 在本課文的這個(gè)句子中，average做形容詞用，意思是“普通的”。
nod可以用作及物動(dòng)詞、不及物動(dòng)詞和名詞。如：
1）They nodded agreement. （他們點(diǎn)頭表示同意。）
2）He nodded me a welcome when I went in. （我進(jìn)去時(shí)，他向我點(diǎn)頭表示歡迎。）
3）I nodded to him in greeting. （我向他點(diǎn)頭打招呼。）
4）Father nodded in approval when he listened. （父親聽(tīng)著時(shí)點(diǎn)頭表示贊同。）
5）Homer sometimes nods. （智者千慮，必有一失。）
6）He didn't give our plan the nod. （他沒(méi)有同意我們的計(jì)劃。）
5. …because body language is very much tied to culture…
本句中的be tied to sth.意思是be related to， have to do with （與…有關(guān)），如：
1）Many diseases are tied to smoking. （許多疾病與吸煙有關(guān)。）
2） The misunderstanding was tied to cultural differences. （這個(gè)誤會(huì)與文化差異有關(guān)。）
be tied to 也可以表示be restricted by （受…約束），如：
1）She was tied to housework and wouldn't be able to come. （她被家務(wù)事束縛，無(wú)法前來(lái)。）
2）If you have small children， you will be tied to your home. （如果你有小孩子，你就會(huì)被束縛在家了。）
6. Quite a lot of work is now being done on the subject of NVC， which is obviously important， for instance， to managers， who have to deal every day with their staff， and have to understand what other people are feeling if they are to create good working conditions.
本句中，which引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾NVC；who引導(dǎo)的也是非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾managers；what引導(dǎo)的是賓語(yǔ)從句，做understand的賓語(yǔ)。
一般說(shuō)來(lái)，用which引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾表物的先地詞；用who引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句則修飾表人的先行詞；也可用關(guān)系副詞where或when引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句。非限定性定語(yǔ)從句常用逗號(hào)與主句分開(kāi)，而且引導(dǎo)從句的關(guān)系代詞which，that和關(guān)系副詞where， when不能省略。
1）I want to buy the house， which has a garden. （我想買(mǎi)那座房子，它有一個(gè)花園。）
2） The students， who wanted to go out on a picnic， were disappointed when it rained.（學(xué)生們想出去野餐，天下雨了大家都感到失望。）
3）The football match will be put off till next week， when we can get everything ready.（足球賽將推遲到下周，那時(shí)我們能把一切準(zhǔn)備就緒。）
4）The place， where we stayed， has changed so much. （那個(gè)地方我們住過(guò)，那兒的變化很大。）
deal with的意思是“對(duì)付，打交道”。如：
1）He is not easy to deal with. （他不容易打交道。）
2）I don't know how to deal with this situation. （我不知道如何應(yīng)付這種局面。）
7. I expect you understand all those， except perhaps “proximity”。 動(dòng)詞expect通常有如下用法：
1）except + 賓語(yǔ)（名詞或代詞）
I am expecting a letter. （我在等信。）
The teacher is expecting you. （老師在等你。）
2） expect +（賓語(yǔ)）+ 動(dòng)詞不定式
I expect to be back next week. （我預(yù)計(jì)下周回來(lái)。）
I didn't expect him to come so early. （我沒(méi)料到他會(huì)來(lái)得這么早。）
3） expect + that從句
He didn't expect that the work could be so difficult. （他沒(méi)料到這工作會(huì)如此艱難。）
They expected that the war would end soon.（他們期望戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)早日結(jié)束。）
在本課文的句子中，except后面跟的是省略了that的賓語(yǔ)從句。
8. A person who holds a hand over his mouth when he is talking is signaling that he is lacking in confidence.
在第十六單元中我們學(xué)過(guò)lack這個(gè)詞。lack可以用作動(dòng)詞或名詞，lacking用作形容詞。lack和lacking用法如下：
1）lack用作名詞：（for） lack of （因）缺乏
He showed a complete lack of confidence. （他顯得毫無(wú)信心。）
The case was dismissed for lack of evidence. （因缺乏證據(jù)，那個(gè)案子被駁回了。）
2）lack用作及物動(dòng)詞：lack sth
Your article lacks concert example. （你的文章缺少具體的例子。）
She lacks patience in dealing with children. （與孩子打交道她缺少耐心。）
3）lacking用作形容詞：be lacking in sth.
Philip was not lacking in ability. （菲力普并不缺少能力。）
His reception of us was lacking in warmth.（他對(duì)我們的接待缺少熱情。）
9. These are both pretty obvious signals.
通常pretty用作形容詞，而在本句中pretty作副詞用。如：
1）She was happy to live in the pretty valley. （住在美麗的山谷里她很開(kāi)心。）
2）The pretty little girl brought much delight to her family. （那個(gè)漂亮的小姑娘給全家?guī)?lái)了莫大的快樂(lè)。）
3）I will be back pretty soon. （我不久就回來(lái)。）
4）She felt pretty tired. （她感到相當(dāng)累。）
5）I am pretty certain the performance will be a success. （我相當(dāng)有把握演出會(huì)成功。）
10. In fact， non-verbal communication car， as the saying goes， speak volumes.
as the saying goes意思是“正如成語(yǔ)所說(shuō)，俗話(huà)說(shuō)”。在本句中，as the saying goes做插入語(yǔ)。
speak volumes意思是“很有意義；含義很深；充分說(shuō)明”。如：
1）The one photograph speaks volumes. （這一張照片就很有意義。）
2）The look on her face spoke volumes.她的臉色意味深長(zhǎng)。）
3）Her silence spoke volumes for her attitude. （她的沉默清楚地表明了她的態(tài)度。）
本課主要詞組
1. means of
2. involve sth/doing sth
3. refer to
4. agree with
5. communicate sth. to sb.
6. tie to / be tied to
7. in order to
8. be categorized into
9. be common to
10. fiddle with
11. be lacking in
12. start doing sth.
13. and so on
14. in fact
15. give off
16. look away
17. in embarrassment
18. for short
19. as the saying goes
20. speak volumes
Text B body talk
短語(yǔ)表達(dá)
1. talk a liking to
He couldn't understand why the boss suddenly took a liking to him.
2. chances are that…
Chances are that he will not be able to get the job.
3. anything… but
It is not anything you say but something you do that counts.
4. devote to
Father asked him to devote his attention to his study.
5. apart from
Apart from this consideration， there is no other reason why we should not go.
6. be involved in
He was not involved in the scandal.
7. tend to
He tends to get irritated if you press him for an answer.
8. be aware of
He is not aware of the mistake he has made.
9. according to
You have to do according to what he said.
10. complain of
The moment he got in， he began to complain of the weather.
11. let alone
He wouldn't hesitate to die for her， let alone give her some help.
12. be hostile to
No knows why he is so hostile to his brother.
13. impress sb. with sth.
He impressed us with his sincerity.
14. take note of
He didn't take note of the weather forecast and was caught in a heavy rain.
15. go on
I didn't know anything about what was going on outside.