SECTION B SKIMMING AND SCANNING
In this section there are seven passage followed by ten multiple-choice questions. Skim or scan them as required and then mark your answers on your Answer Sheet.
TEXT E First read the question. 51. What is the authors main purpose in the passage? A. to point out the importance of recent advances in archaeology. B. to describe an archaeologists education. C. to explain how archaeology is a source of history. D. to encourage more people to become archaeologist. Now go though Text E quickly to answer question 51. Archaeology is a source of history, not just a humble auxiliary discipline. Archaeological data are historical documents in their own right, not mere illustrations to written texts. Just as much as any other historian, an archaeologist studies and tries to reconstitute the process that has created the human world in which we live —— and us ourselves in so far as we are each creatures of our age and social environment. Archaeological data are all changed in the material world resulting from human action or, more succinctly, the fossilized results of human behavior. The sum total of these constitute what may be called the archaeological record. This record exhibits certain peculiarities and deficiencies the consequences of which produce a rather superficial contrast between archaeological history and the more familiar kind based upon written records. Not all human behavior fossilizes. The words I utter and you hear as vibrations in the air are certainly human changes in the material world any may be of great historical significance. Yet they leave no sort of trace in the archaeological records unless they are captured by a Dictaphone or written down by a clerk. The movement of troops on the battlefield may "change the course of history", but this is equally ephemeral from the archaeologists standpoint. What is perhaps worse is that most organic materials are perishable. Everything made of wood, hide, wool, linen, grass, hair, and similar materials will decay and vanish in dust in a few years or centuries, save under very exceptional conditions. In a relatively brief period the archaeological record is reduced to mere scraps of stone, bone, glass, metal, and earthenware. Still modern by a few lucky finds from peat bogs, deserts, and frozen soils, is able to fill up a good deal of the gap.
51. What is the author's main purpose in the passage?
A) to point out the importance of recent advances in archaeology.
B) to describe an archaeologist's education.
C) to explain how archaeology is a source of history.
D) to encourage more people to become archaeologist.
TEXT F First read the questions. 52. The main subject of the passage is ____ A. famous mathematicians. B. mathematical education. C. tiling the plane. D. irregular polygons. Now go through TEXT F quickly and answer question 52. Marjorie Rice was an unlike candidate for the role of mathematical innovator. She had no formal education in mathematics save a single course required for graduation from high school in 1931. Nonetheless, in 1975 she took up a problem that professional mathematicians had twice left for dead, and showed how much life was in it still. The problem was tessellation, or tiling of the plane, which involves taking a single closed figure —— a triangle, for example, or a rectangle —— and kitting it together with copies of itself so that a plane is covered without any gaps or overlap. A region of this plane would look rather like a jigsaw puzzle whose pieces are all identical. Rice worked primarily with polygons, which consist only of straight lines. More specifically, she worked with convex polygons, in which the line joining any two points on the polygon lies entirely within the polygon itself or on one of its edges. (A five-pointed star, for example, does not qualify as a convex polygon.) By the time Rice took up tiling, its basic properties had been established. Obviously, any square can tile the plane, as many kitchen floors have demonstrated. Equilateral triangles are also a fairly clear-cut case. There is one other regular polygon (a polygon whose angles, and sides, are equal) that can tile the plane: the hexagon. This fact was building their honeycombs. And what of irregular polygons? As it turns out, any triangle or quadrilateral, no matter how devoid of regularity, will tile the plane. On the other hand, no convex polygon with more than six sides can do so, and the three classes of convex hexagons that can were uncovered by the end of the First World War. So the only real question lest by the time Marjorie Rice began her work was which convex pentagons tile the plane.
52. The main subject of the passage is ____
A) famous mathematicians.
B) mathematical education.
C) tiling the plane.
D) irregular polygons.
TEXT G First read the following question. 53. What is the passage mainly about? A. faint dwarf stars. B. the evolutionary cycle of the Sun. C. the Suns fuel problem. D. the dangers of invisible radiation. Now go through TEXT G and answer question 53. When we accept the evidence of our unaided eyes and describe the Sun as a yellow star, we have summed up the most important single fact about it —— at this moment in time. It appears probable, however, that sunlight will be the color we know for only a negligibly small part of the Suns history. Stars, like individuals, age and change. As we look out into space, we see around us stars at all stages of evolution. There are faint blooded dwarfs so cool that their surface temperature is a mere 4,000 degrees Fahrenheit, there are searing ghosts blazing at 100,000 degrees Fahrenheit and almost too hot to be seen for the great part of their radiation is in the invisible ultraviolet range. Obviously, the "daylight" produced by any star depends on its temperature, today (and for ages to come) our Sun is at about 10,000 degrees Fahrenheit and this means that most of the Suns light is concentrated in the yellow band of the spectrum falling slowly in intensity toward both the longer and shorter light waves. That yellow "hump" will shift as the Sun evolves and the light of day will change accordingly. It is natural to assume that as the Sun grows older and uses up its hydrogen fuel —— which it is now doing at the sparkling rate of half a billion tons a second —— it will become steadily colder and colder.
53. What is the passage mainly about?
A) faint dwarf stars.
B) the evolutionary cycle of the Sun.
C) the Sun's fuel problem.
D) the dangers of invisible radiation.
TEXT H First read the following question. 54. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A. the evolution of dance in the twentieth century. B. artists of last century. C. natural movement in dance. D. a pioneer on modern dance. Now go through TEXT H quickly and answer question 54. Many artists late in the last century were in search means to express their individuality. Modern dance was one of the ways some of these people sought to free their creative spirit. At the beginning there was no exacting technique, no foundation from which to build. In later years trial, innovators even drew from what they considered the dread ballet, but first they had to discard all that was academic to that the new could be discovered. The beginning of modern dance were happening before Isadora Duncan, but she was the first person to bring the new dance to general audiences and see it accepted and acclaimed. Her search for natural movement form sent her to nature. She believed movement should be as natural as the swaying of the trees and the rolling of the sea, and should be in harmony with the movements of the Earth. Her great contributions are in three areas. First, she began the expansion of the kinds of movements that could be used in dance. Before Duncan danced, ballet was the only type of dance performed in concert. In the ballet the feet and legs were emphasized, with virtuosity shown by complicated, codified positions and movements. Duncan performed dance by using all her body in the freest possibly way. Her dance stemmed from her soul and spirit. She was one of the pioneers who broke tradition so others might be able to develop the art. Her second contribution lies in dance costume. She discarded corset, ballet shoes, and stiff costumes. There were replaced with flowing Grecian tunics, bare feet, and unbound hair. She believed in the natural body being allowed to move freely, and her dress displayed this ideal. Her third contribution was in the use of music. In her performances she used the symphonies of great masters, including Beethoven and Wagner, which was not the usual custom. She was as exciting and eccentric in her personal life as in her dance.
54. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?
A) the evolution of dance in the twentieth century.
B) artists of last century.
C) natural movement in dance.
D) a pioneer on modern dance.
TEXT I First read the following questions. 55. From the passage we know that Washington is ____ A. a place about 50 kilometers east of Manassas. B. a place 48 kilometers west of Manassas. C. the place where the biggest battle reenactment will take place. D. the place where the first major battle of the American Civil War tool place on July 21, 1861. 56. From the passage we know that to commemorate the first major battle of the American Civil War people have been organizing reenactments since ____ A. 1861. B. the 1960s. C. the 1860s. D. 125 years ago. Now go through TEXT I quickly and answer questions 55 and 56. For four days in hilly fields near this country town, thousands of men will wear brocaded wool uniforms in the summer heat, smoke smelly cheroots by camp fires, pitch canvas tents, eat dried beef —— and wage war. Some 5,000 weekend warriors plan to reenact the first major battle of the American Civil War not far from where it took place 48 kilometers west of Washington 125 years ago. The American Civil War Commemorative Committee of Culpeper, Virginia, the events sponsor, bills this as the biggest battle reenactment ever held in the United States. While the real north-south clash was fought out in one day, on July 21, 1861, the replay will stretch out over four, including preliminary encampment, from July 17 to 20. Those arranging the return of the first battle of Manassas, as southerners call it —— the Battle of Bull Run to Northerners —— expect over 50,000 Civil War buffs to watch the fighting roll across a 200-hectare tract. Some 15,000 artillery shells and a half million rounds of small arms ammunition will be fired in the mock battle. A special effects company is arranging to set off explosions across the landscape, Hollywood war-film fashion, in counterpoint to thunderous fire cannons some of which were used in the original battle. Jack Thompson, a director of the sponsoring committee, says dozens of mock Civil War military units have been created since interest was fanned in the 1960s when reenactments took place on a smaller scale to commemorate the wars centenary. He said these groups, mostly in the south but with delegations from areas as far off as Scotland, Ireland and West Germany, strive to duplicate the uniforms, weapons and lifestyles of 1860s. Organizer Nancy Niero says everything has to be original, or reproduced as precisely as possible. Most authentic Civil War uniforms are too worn, too delicate or too small to fit the modern man, but some of the distinctive originals have been lovingly preserved and now serve as models for exact replicas. Cheating will be barred. That means a ban on using any any sort of clothing, equipment, food or drink which did not exist during the real Civil War. Smokers, for instance, must shun cigarettes. Canned beer, soda and pre-packed food are all out, but a spokesman said:" I guess if anyone gets hurt, well use antibiotics. We wont use leeches."
55. From the passage we know that Washington is ____
A) a place about 50 kilometers east of Manassas.
B) a place 48 kilometers west of Manassas.
C) the place where the biggest battle reenactment will take place.
D) the place where the first major battle of the American Civil War tool place on July 21, 1861.
56. From the passage we know that to commemorate the first major battle of the American Civil War people have been organizing reenactments since ____
A) 1861.
B) the 1960s.
C) the 1860s.
D) 125 years ago.
TEXT J First read the following questions. 57. Surgeons in the early years of this century, compared with modern ones, ____ A. had less to learn about surgery. B. needed more knowledge. C. could perform every operation known today. D. were more trusted by their patients. 58. Today, compared with 1910 ____ A. five times fewer patients die after being operated on. B. 20% fewer of all operation patients die. C. 20% of all operation patients recover. D. operation death have increased by 20%. Now go through TEXT J quickly and answer questions 57 and 58. The need for a surgical operation, especially an emergency operation, almost always comes as a severe shock to the patient and his family. Despite modern advances, most people still have an irrational fear of hospitals and anesthetics. Patients do not often believe they really need surgery —— cutting onto a part of the body as opposed to treatment with drugs. In the early years of this century there was little specialization in surgery. A good surgeon was capable of performing almost every operation that had been devised up to that time. Today the situation is different. Operations are now being carried out that were not even dreamed of fifty years ago. The heart can be safely opened and its valves repaired. Clogged blood vessels can be cleaned out, and broken ones mended or replaced. A lung, the whole stomach, or even part of the brain can be removed and still permit the patient to live a comfortable and satisfactory life. However, not every surgeon wants to, or is qualified to carry our every type of modern operation. The scope of surgery had increased remarkably in this century. Its safety has increased too. Deaths from most operations are about 20% of what they were in 1910 and surgery has been extended in many directions, for example to certain types of birth defects in newborn babies, and, at the other end of the scale, to life-saving operations for octogenarian. The hospital stay after surgery has been shortened to as little as a week for most major operations. Most patients are out of bed on the day after an operation and may be back at work in two or three weeks. Many developments in modern surgery are almost incredible. They include the replacement of damaged blood vessels with simulated ones made of plastics; the replacement of heart valves with plastic substitutes; the transplanting of tissues such as the lens of the eye; the invention of artificial kidney to clean the blood of poisons at regular intervals and the development of heart and lung machined to keep patients alive during very long operations. All these things open a hopeful vista for the future of surgery. One of the most revolutionary areas of modern surgery is that of organ transplants. Until a few years ago, no person, except an identical twin, was able to accept into his body the tissues of another person without reaction against them and eventually killing them. Recently, however, it has been discovered that with the use of x-rays and special drugs, it is possible to graft tissues from one person to another which will survive for periods of a year or more. Kidneys have been successfully transplanted between non-identical twins. Heart and lung transplants have been reasonably successful in animals, though rejection problems in humans have not yet to be solved. Spare parts surgery, the simple routine replacement of all worn-out organs by new ones, is still a dream of the distant future. As yet, surgery is not ready for such miracles. In the meantime, you can be happy if your doctor says to you, "Yes, I think it is possible to operate on you for this condition."
57. Surgeons in the early years of this century, compared with modern ones, ____
A) had less to learn about surgery.
B) needed more knowledge.
C) could perform every operation known today.
D) were more trusted by their patients.
58. Today, compared with 1910 ____
A) five times fewer patients die after being operated on.
B) 20% fewer of all operation patients die.
C) 20% of all operation patients recover.
D) operation death have increased by 20%.
TEXT K First read the following questions. 59. The art of cutting and polishing precious stones remained crude until ____ A. the fourteenth century. B. the fifteenth century. C. the sixteenth century. D. the seventeenth century. 60. Zaire produces ____ A. 70% of all diamonds sold. B. 70% of industrial diamonds sold. C. 70% of all precious stones sold. D. 70% of the worlds blue-white diamonds. Now go though TEXT K quickly and answer questions 59 and 60. Some of the earliest diamonds known came from India. In the eighteenth century they were found in Brazil, and in 1866 huge deposits were found neat Kimberley in South Africa. Though evidence of extensive diamond deposits has recently been found in Siberia, the continent of Africa still produces nearly all the worlds supply of these stones. The most valuable diamonds are large individual crystals of of pure crystalline carbon. Less perfect forms, knows as boart and carbonado are clusters of tiny crystals. Until diamonds are cut and polished, they do not sparkle like those you see on a ring —— they just look like small, blue-gray stones. In a rather crude form, the cutting and polishing of precious stones was an art known to the Ancient Egyptians, and in the Middle Ages it became widespread in north-west Europe. However, a revolutionary change in the methods of cutting and polishing was made in 1476 when Ludwig Van Berquen of Bruges in Belgium invented the use of a swiftly revolving wheel with its edge faced with fine diamond powder. The name boart is given to this fine powder as well as the natural crystalline material already mentioned. It is also given to badly flawed or broken diamond crystals, useless as jewels, that are broken into powder for grinding purposes, the so-called industrial diamonds. Diamond itself is the only material hard enough to cut and polish diamonds —— though recently, high-intensity light beams called lasers have been developed which can bore holes in them. It may be necessary to split or cleave the large stones before they are cut and polished. Every diamond has a natural line of cleavage, along with it may be split by a sharp blow with a cutting edge. A fully cut brilliant diamond has 58 facts, or faces, regularly arranged. For cutting or faceting, the stones are fixed onto copper holders and held against a wheel, edged with a mixture of oil and fine diamond dust, which is revolved at about 2,500 revolutions a minute. Amsterdam and and Antwerp, in Holland and Belgium respectively, have been the center of the diamond cutting and polishing industry for over seven centuries. The jewel value of brilliant diamonds depends greatly on their color, or water as it is called. The usual color of diamonds are white, yellow, brown, green, or blue-white; the blue-white brilliants are the stones of the finest water and so command the highest prices. During their formation some diamonds absorb metallic oxides from the surrounding rocks and take on their color. Thus black, red and even bright pink diamonds have occasionally been found. The trade in diamonds is not only in the valuable gem stones but also in the industrial diamonds mentioned above. Zaire produces 70% of such stones. They are foxed into the rock drills used in mining and civil engineering, also for edging band saws for cutting stone. Diamond-faced tools are used for cutting and drilling glass and fine porcelain, and for dentists drills. They are used as bearings in watches and other finely balanced instruments. Perhaps you own some diamonds without knowing it —— in your wristwatch.
59. The art of cutting and polishing precious stones remained crude until ____
A) the fourteenth century.
B) the fifteenth century.
C) the sixteenth century.
D) the seventeenth century.
60. Zaire produces ____
A) 70% of all diamonds sold.
B) 70% of industrial diamonds sold.
C) 70% of all precious stones sold.
D) 70% of the world's blue-white diamonds.
In this section there are seven passage followed by ten multiple-choice questions. Skim or scan them as required and then mark your answers on your Answer Sheet.
TEXT E First read the question. 51. What is the authors main purpose in the passage? A. to point out the importance of recent advances in archaeology. B. to describe an archaeologists education. C. to explain how archaeology is a source of history. D. to encourage more people to become archaeologist. Now go though Text E quickly to answer question 51. Archaeology is a source of history, not just a humble auxiliary discipline. Archaeological data are historical documents in their own right, not mere illustrations to written texts. Just as much as any other historian, an archaeologist studies and tries to reconstitute the process that has created the human world in which we live —— and us ourselves in so far as we are each creatures of our age and social environment. Archaeological data are all changed in the material world resulting from human action or, more succinctly, the fossilized results of human behavior. The sum total of these constitute what may be called the archaeological record. This record exhibits certain peculiarities and deficiencies the consequences of which produce a rather superficial contrast between archaeological history and the more familiar kind based upon written records. Not all human behavior fossilizes. The words I utter and you hear as vibrations in the air are certainly human changes in the material world any may be of great historical significance. Yet they leave no sort of trace in the archaeological records unless they are captured by a Dictaphone or written down by a clerk. The movement of troops on the battlefield may "change the course of history", but this is equally ephemeral from the archaeologists standpoint. What is perhaps worse is that most organic materials are perishable. Everything made of wood, hide, wool, linen, grass, hair, and similar materials will decay and vanish in dust in a few years or centuries, save under very exceptional conditions. In a relatively brief period the archaeological record is reduced to mere scraps of stone, bone, glass, metal, and earthenware. Still modern by a few lucky finds from peat bogs, deserts, and frozen soils, is able to fill up a good deal of the gap.
51. What is the author's main purpose in the passage?
A) to point out the importance of recent advances in archaeology.
B) to describe an archaeologist's education.
C) to explain how archaeology is a source of history.
D) to encourage more people to become archaeologist.
TEXT F First read the questions. 52. The main subject of the passage is ____ A. famous mathematicians. B. mathematical education. C. tiling the plane. D. irregular polygons. Now go through TEXT F quickly and answer question 52. Marjorie Rice was an unlike candidate for the role of mathematical innovator. She had no formal education in mathematics save a single course required for graduation from high school in 1931. Nonetheless, in 1975 she took up a problem that professional mathematicians had twice left for dead, and showed how much life was in it still. The problem was tessellation, or tiling of the plane, which involves taking a single closed figure —— a triangle, for example, or a rectangle —— and kitting it together with copies of itself so that a plane is covered without any gaps or overlap. A region of this plane would look rather like a jigsaw puzzle whose pieces are all identical. Rice worked primarily with polygons, which consist only of straight lines. More specifically, she worked with convex polygons, in which the line joining any two points on the polygon lies entirely within the polygon itself or on one of its edges. (A five-pointed star, for example, does not qualify as a convex polygon.) By the time Rice took up tiling, its basic properties had been established. Obviously, any square can tile the plane, as many kitchen floors have demonstrated. Equilateral triangles are also a fairly clear-cut case. There is one other regular polygon (a polygon whose angles, and sides, are equal) that can tile the plane: the hexagon. This fact was building their honeycombs. And what of irregular polygons? As it turns out, any triangle or quadrilateral, no matter how devoid of regularity, will tile the plane. On the other hand, no convex polygon with more than six sides can do so, and the three classes of convex hexagons that can were uncovered by the end of the First World War. So the only real question lest by the time Marjorie Rice began her work was which convex pentagons tile the plane.
52. The main subject of the passage is ____
A) famous mathematicians.
B) mathematical education.
C) tiling the plane.
D) irregular polygons.
TEXT G First read the following question. 53. What is the passage mainly about? A. faint dwarf stars. B. the evolutionary cycle of the Sun. C. the Suns fuel problem. D. the dangers of invisible radiation. Now go through TEXT G and answer question 53. When we accept the evidence of our unaided eyes and describe the Sun as a yellow star, we have summed up the most important single fact about it —— at this moment in time. It appears probable, however, that sunlight will be the color we know for only a negligibly small part of the Suns history. Stars, like individuals, age and change. As we look out into space, we see around us stars at all stages of evolution. There are faint blooded dwarfs so cool that their surface temperature is a mere 4,000 degrees Fahrenheit, there are searing ghosts blazing at 100,000 degrees Fahrenheit and almost too hot to be seen for the great part of their radiation is in the invisible ultraviolet range. Obviously, the "daylight" produced by any star depends on its temperature, today (and for ages to come) our Sun is at about 10,000 degrees Fahrenheit and this means that most of the Suns light is concentrated in the yellow band of the spectrum falling slowly in intensity toward both the longer and shorter light waves. That yellow "hump" will shift as the Sun evolves and the light of day will change accordingly. It is natural to assume that as the Sun grows older and uses up its hydrogen fuel —— which it is now doing at the sparkling rate of half a billion tons a second —— it will become steadily colder and colder.
53. What is the passage mainly about?
A) faint dwarf stars.
B) the evolutionary cycle of the Sun.
C) the Sun's fuel problem.
D) the dangers of invisible radiation.
TEXT H First read the following question. 54. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A. the evolution of dance in the twentieth century. B. artists of last century. C. natural movement in dance. D. a pioneer on modern dance. Now go through TEXT H quickly and answer question 54. Many artists late in the last century were in search means to express their individuality. Modern dance was one of the ways some of these people sought to free their creative spirit. At the beginning there was no exacting technique, no foundation from which to build. In later years trial, innovators even drew from what they considered the dread ballet, but first they had to discard all that was academic to that the new could be discovered. The beginning of modern dance were happening before Isadora Duncan, but she was the first person to bring the new dance to general audiences and see it accepted and acclaimed. Her search for natural movement form sent her to nature. She believed movement should be as natural as the swaying of the trees and the rolling of the sea, and should be in harmony with the movements of the Earth. Her great contributions are in three areas. First, she began the expansion of the kinds of movements that could be used in dance. Before Duncan danced, ballet was the only type of dance performed in concert. In the ballet the feet and legs were emphasized, with virtuosity shown by complicated, codified positions and movements. Duncan performed dance by using all her body in the freest possibly way. Her dance stemmed from her soul and spirit. She was one of the pioneers who broke tradition so others might be able to develop the art. Her second contribution lies in dance costume. She discarded corset, ballet shoes, and stiff costumes. There were replaced with flowing Grecian tunics, bare feet, and unbound hair. She believed in the natural body being allowed to move freely, and her dress displayed this ideal. Her third contribution was in the use of music. In her performances she used the symphonies of great masters, including Beethoven and Wagner, which was not the usual custom. She was as exciting and eccentric in her personal life as in her dance.
54. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?
A) the evolution of dance in the twentieth century.
B) artists of last century.
C) natural movement in dance.
D) a pioneer on modern dance.
TEXT I First read the following questions. 55. From the passage we know that Washington is ____ A. a place about 50 kilometers east of Manassas. B. a place 48 kilometers west of Manassas. C. the place where the biggest battle reenactment will take place. D. the place where the first major battle of the American Civil War tool place on July 21, 1861. 56. From the passage we know that to commemorate the first major battle of the American Civil War people have been organizing reenactments since ____ A. 1861. B. the 1960s. C. the 1860s. D. 125 years ago. Now go through TEXT I quickly and answer questions 55 and 56. For four days in hilly fields near this country town, thousands of men will wear brocaded wool uniforms in the summer heat, smoke smelly cheroots by camp fires, pitch canvas tents, eat dried beef —— and wage war. Some 5,000 weekend warriors plan to reenact the first major battle of the American Civil War not far from where it took place 48 kilometers west of Washington 125 years ago. The American Civil War Commemorative Committee of Culpeper, Virginia, the events sponsor, bills this as the biggest battle reenactment ever held in the United States. While the real north-south clash was fought out in one day, on July 21, 1861, the replay will stretch out over four, including preliminary encampment, from July 17 to 20. Those arranging the return of the first battle of Manassas, as southerners call it —— the Battle of Bull Run to Northerners —— expect over 50,000 Civil War buffs to watch the fighting roll across a 200-hectare tract. Some 15,000 artillery shells and a half million rounds of small arms ammunition will be fired in the mock battle. A special effects company is arranging to set off explosions across the landscape, Hollywood war-film fashion, in counterpoint to thunderous fire cannons some of which were used in the original battle. Jack Thompson, a director of the sponsoring committee, says dozens of mock Civil War military units have been created since interest was fanned in the 1960s when reenactments took place on a smaller scale to commemorate the wars centenary. He said these groups, mostly in the south but with delegations from areas as far off as Scotland, Ireland and West Germany, strive to duplicate the uniforms, weapons and lifestyles of 1860s. Organizer Nancy Niero says everything has to be original, or reproduced as precisely as possible. Most authentic Civil War uniforms are too worn, too delicate or too small to fit the modern man, but some of the distinctive originals have been lovingly preserved and now serve as models for exact replicas. Cheating will be barred. That means a ban on using any any sort of clothing, equipment, food or drink which did not exist during the real Civil War. Smokers, for instance, must shun cigarettes. Canned beer, soda and pre-packed food are all out, but a spokesman said:" I guess if anyone gets hurt, well use antibiotics. We wont use leeches."
55. From the passage we know that Washington is ____
A) a place about 50 kilometers east of Manassas.
B) a place 48 kilometers west of Manassas.
C) the place where the biggest battle reenactment will take place.
D) the place where the first major battle of the American Civil War tool place on July 21, 1861.
56. From the passage we know that to commemorate the first major battle of the American Civil War people have been organizing reenactments since ____
A) 1861.
B) the 1960s.
C) the 1860s.
D) 125 years ago.
TEXT J First read the following questions. 57. Surgeons in the early years of this century, compared with modern ones, ____ A. had less to learn about surgery. B. needed more knowledge. C. could perform every operation known today. D. were more trusted by their patients. 58. Today, compared with 1910 ____ A. five times fewer patients die after being operated on. B. 20% fewer of all operation patients die. C. 20% of all operation patients recover. D. operation death have increased by 20%. Now go through TEXT J quickly and answer questions 57 and 58. The need for a surgical operation, especially an emergency operation, almost always comes as a severe shock to the patient and his family. Despite modern advances, most people still have an irrational fear of hospitals and anesthetics. Patients do not often believe they really need surgery —— cutting onto a part of the body as opposed to treatment with drugs. In the early years of this century there was little specialization in surgery. A good surgeon was capable of performing almost every operation that had been devised up to that time. Today the situation is different. Operations are now being carried out that were not even dreamed of fifty years ago. The heart can be safely opened and its valves repaired. Clogged blood vessels can be cleaned out, and broken ones mended or replaced. A lung, the whole stomach, or even part of the brain can be removed and still permit the patient to live a comfortable and satisfactory life. However, not every surgeon wants to, or is qualified to carry our every type of modern operation. The scope of surgery had increased remarkably in this century. Its safety has increased too. Deaths from most operations are about 20% of what they were in 1910 and surgery has been extended in many directions, for example to certain types of birth defects in newborn babies, and, at the other end of the scale, to life-saving operations for octogenarian. The hospital stay after surgery has been shortened to as little as a week for most major operations. Most patients are out of bed on the day after an operation and may be back at work in two or three weeks. Many developments in modern surgery are almost incredible. They include the replacement of damaged blood vessels with simulated ones made of plastics; the replacement of heart valves with plastic substitutes; the transplanting of tissues such as the lens of the eye; the invention of artificial kidney to clean the blood of poisons at regular intervals and the development of heart and lung machined to keep patients alive during very long operations. All these things open a hopeful vista for the future of surgery. One of the most revolutionary areas of modern surgery is that of organ transplants. Until a few years ago, no person, except an identical twin, was able to accept into his body the tissues of another person without reaction against them and eventually killing them. Recently, however, it has been discovered that with the use of x-rays and special drugs, it is possible to graft tissues from one person to another which will survive for periods of a year or more. Kidneys have been successfully transplanted between non-identical twins. Heart and lung transplants have been reasonably successful in animals, though rejection problems in humans have not yet to be solved. Spare parts surgery, the simple routine replacement of all worn-out organs by new ones, is still a dream of the distant future. As yet, surgery is not ready for such miracles. In the meantime, you can be happy if your doctor says to you, "Yes, I think it is possible to operate on you for this condition."
57. Surgeons in the early years of this century, compared with modern ones, ____
A) had less to learn about surgery.
B) needed more knowledge.
C) could perform every operation known today.
D) were more trusted by their patients.
58. Today, compared with 1910 ____
A) five times fewer patients die after being operated on.
B) 20% fewer of all operation patients die.
C) 20% of all operation patients recover.
D) operation death have increased by 20%.
TEXT K First read the following questions. 59. The art of cutting and polishing precious stones remained crude until ____ A. the fourteenth century. B. the fifteenth century. C. the sixteenth century. D. the seventeenth century. 60. Zaire produces ____ A. 70% of all diamonds sold. B. 70% of industrial diamonds sold. C. 70% of all precious stones sold. D. 70% of the worlds blue-white diamonds. Now go though TEXT K quickly and answer questions 59 and 60. Some of the earliest diamonds known came from India. In the eighteenth century they were found in Brazil, and in 1866 huge deposits were found neat Kimberley in South Africa. Though evidence of extensive diamond deposits has recently been found in Siberia, the continent of Africa still produces nearly all the worlds supply of these stones. The most valuable diamonds are large individual crystals of of pure crystalline carbon. Less perfect forms, knows as boart and carbonado are clusters of tiny crystals. Until diamonds are cut and polished, they do not sparkle like those you see on a ring —— they just look like small, blue-gray stones. In a rather crude form, the cutting and polishing of precious stones was an art known to the Ancient Egyptians, and in the Middle Ages it became widespread in north-west Europe. However, a revolutionary change in the methods of cutting and polishing was made in 1476 when Ludwig Van Berquen of Bruges in Belgium invented the use of a swiftly revolving wheel with its edge faced with fine diamond powder. The name boart is given to this fine powder as well as the natural crystalline material already mentioned. It is also given to badly flawed or broken diamond crystals, useless as jewels, that are broken into powder for grinding purposes, the so-called industrial diamonds. Diamond itself is the only material hard enough to cut and polish diamonds —— though recently, high-intensity light beams called lasers have been developed which can bore holes in them. It may be necessary to split or cleave the large stones before they are cut and polished. Every diamond has a natural line of cleavage, along with it may be split by a sharp blow with a cutting edge. A fully cut brilliant diamond has 58 facts, or faces, regularly arranged. For cutting or faceting, the stones are fixed onto copper holders and held against a wheel, edged with a mixture of oil and fine diamond dust, which is revolved at about 2,500 revolutions a minute. Amsterdam and and Antwerp, in Holland and Belgium respectively, have been the center of the diamond cutting and polishing industry for over seven centuries. The jewel value of brilliant diamonds depends greatly on their color, or water as it is called. The usual color of diamonds are white, yellow, brown, green, or blue-white; the blue-white brilliants are the stones of the finest water and so command the highest prices. During their formation some diamonds absorb metallic oxides from the surrounding rocks and take on their color. Thus black, red and even bright pink diamonds have occasionally been found. The trade in diamonds is not only in the valuable gem stones but also in the industrial diamonds mentioned above. Zaire produces 70% of such stones. They are foxed into the rock drills used in mining and civil engineering, also for edging band saws for cutting stone. Diamond-faced tools are used for cutting and drilling glass and fine porcelain, and for dentists drills. They are used as bearings in watches and other finely balanced instruments. Perhaps you own some diamonds without knowing it —— in your wristwatch.
59. The art of cutting and polishing precious stones remained crude until ____
A) the fourteenth century.
B) the fifteenth century.
C) the sixteenth century.
D) the seventeenth century.
60. Zaire produces ____
A) 70% of all diamonds sold.
B) 70% of industrial diamonds sold.
C) 70% of all precious stones sold.
D) 70% of the world's blue-white diamonds.