Text A Families
本課主要單詞
1.definition n. 定義，釋義
define v. 解釋；給…定義；明確表示
He simply said it was very difficult for him to give a definition for that word.（他只是說要他給那個詞下個定義是很困難的。）
The dictionary gives us several definitions， which makes me more confused about the meaning of this word. （辭典給了我們好幾個釋義，這使我對該詞的意思更加困惑。）
People define him as a genius. （人們說他是天才。）
I have already defined my position on that issue. （我已經(jīng)明確表示了我在這個問題上的立場。）
2.marriage n. 婚姻，結(jié)婚
marry v. 結(jié)婚
married adj. 結(jié)了婚的
No one expected that their marriage could break up because of a misunderstanding.（誰也沒想到他們的婚姻竟會因為誤解而破裂。）
Her second marriage lasted only 6 weeks. （她的第二次婚姻只維持了六個星期。）
They are in love with each other and wish to marry. （他們彼此相愛，希望結(jié)婚。）
Her parents said they wouldn't allow her to marry that poor young man.（她的父母說他們不會允許她與那個窮苦的年輕人結(jié)婚。）
He was 35， married with two children. （他35歲，已婚，有兩個孩子。）
She was married to the young artist last month. （她上個月與那位年輕的藝術(shù)家結(jié)了婚。）
（請注意：要表述某人同某人結(jié)婚，不能用sb. marries / married with sb. else，而應(yīng)該用sb. marries/married sb. else 或者sb. is/was married to sb. else 來表述。）
3.descend v. 下降；傳下，遺傳；墮落
descendant n. 子孫，后裔
ascend v. 上升；登高；追溯到某個時期
ascendant n. 優(yōu)勢；祖先（與descendant相對而言） adj. 優(yōu)勢的
The sun descended behind the hills. （太陽下了山。）
The customs have descended to our generation. （這些習(xí)俗一直傳到我們這一代。）
He was so poor that he descended to begging. （他窮得只好乞討度日。）
As descendants of the early settlers， they were tolerant and hardworking.（作為早期移民的后裔，他們?nèi)棠投趧?。?BR> They are descendants of an Indian tribe. （他們是一支印第安部落的后裔。）
The airplane ascended into the cloud. （飛機高高飛入云端。）
Queen Victoria ascended ascended the throne in 1837.（維多利亞女王于1837年登上王位。）
His party is no longer in the ascendant. （他那一派已經(jīng)優(yōu)勢不再。）
We still have the ascendant position in world politics. （我們在國際政治中仍占優(yōu)勢地位。）
4.ancestor n. 祖先，祖宗
His ancestors came to America on the Mayflower. （他的祖先乘“五月花”號來到美洲。）
Their grandfathers were the ancestors of some of the well-known families in Boston.（他們的祖父輩是波士頓幾家望族的祖先。）
ancestry n. [總稱] 列祖列宗；血統(tǒng)
He was born of good ancestry. （他出身名門。）
She is an American of German ancestry. （她是德國血統(tǒng)的美國人。）
5.household n. 家庭，戶；一家人
adj. 家庭的，家常的
How many people are there in your household？ （你們家有幾口人？）
Early in the morning the household got into a car and headed for the beach.（一大早，全家人坐上汽車往海邊駛?cè)?。?BR> Household chores are not just women's work. （家務(wù)雜事不只是婦女的活。）
Einstein is a household name in the civilized world. （愛因斯坦是文明世界里家喻戶曉的名字。）
6.relative n. 親屬，親戚 adj. 相對的
His wife had to visit some of her relatives for a few days. （他妻子需要幾天時間去看娘家的親戚。）
The apes are man's closest relatives. （猿是與人類親緣關(guān)系為接近的動物。）
He told me that his aunt was his only immediate relative. （他告訴我說姑母是他的至親。）
All human values are relative. （人類的一切價值標(biāo)準(zhǔn)都是相對的。）
The Jackson's are living in relative comfort now. （現(xiàn)在，杰克遜一家生活過得比較舒適。）
7.traditional adj. 傳統(tǒng)的
tradition n. 傳統(tǒng)
Alice said she would be happy to have a traditional Chinese wedding.（愛麗絲說能有一個傳統(tǒng)的中國婚禮她會很開心。）
More and more Westerners believe in traditional Chinese medicine now.（現(xiàn)在，越來越多的西方人相信傳統(tǒng)中醫(yī)了。）
He reassured his grandfather that he would keep up the family tradition by all means.（他向祖父保證，他會盡一切可能保持家庭傳統(tǒng)。）
In his lecture he talked briefly about the history and traditions of the movement.（在他的講座中，他簡述了那次運動的歷史和傳統(tǒng)。）
8.security n. 完全；保障；把握
secure v. 保衛(wèi)，保證，獲得 adj. 完全的
We are all concerned for the security of the passengers. （我們都很擔(dān)心旅客的安全。）
Children rely on their parents for love and security. （孩子們靠父母給他們愛和完全感。）
The girl delivered her speech with great security. （那個女孩滿懷信心地講演著。）
She felt secure only when she made sure that both doors were locked.（只有確信兩道門都鎖上了時，她才感到放心。）
We all dream of living a quiet and secure life. （我們都夢想過上平靜、安定的生活。）
His carefulness secured him from making more mistakes. （他的細(xì)心保證了他不犯更多的錯誤。）
His father couldn't believe that he secured such a good job. （他父親不相信他找到了這么好的一份工作。）
（注意：securities 指證券）
9.basically adv. 基本上；從根本上說，大致說來
basic adj. 基礎(chǔ)的，根本的；初步的；主要的
base n. 基礎(chǔ)，根據(jù)；基地 v. 把…基于
My work is basically to train students' ability in reading and writing.（從根本上說，我的工作是訓(xùn)練學(xué)生的讀、寫能力。）
There are basically two types of families： nuclear families and extended families.（大致說來，有兩類家庭：核心家庭和大家庭。）
The basic theme of these stories is more or less the same. （這些故事的主題大致相同。）
They are trying to solve the basic economic problems. （他們正試圖解決那些基本的經(jīng)濟問題。）
What is your basic aim in life？ （你基本的生活目標(biāo)是什么？）
The base of his argument is that our after service is not very satisfactory.（他的論據(jù)是我們的售后服務(wù)不十分令人滿意。）
The weary soldiers marched back to their base. （疲憊不堪的士兵們列隊返回基地。）
We should base our opinions on facts. （我們的觀點應(yīng)該基于事實的基礎(chǔ)之上。）
This film is based on the life story of a general. （這部影片是根據(jù)一位將軍的生平改編的。）
10.nuclear adj. 核子的，核能的；中心的
Mao Zetong used to say that under no circumstances would China be the first to use nuclear weapons.（毛澤東曾經(jīng)說過在任何情況下，中國都不會第一個使用核武器。）
Greece was once a nuclear civilization of the world. （希臘一度是世界文明的中心。）
a nuclear explosion 核爆炸 nuclear electricity 核電力
a nuclear power plant 核電站 nuclear technology 核技術(shù)
the nuclear age 核時代 nuclear monopoly 核壟斷
nuclear waste 核廢料 a nuclear nation 擁有核武器的國家
nuclear bomb 核彈 nuclear disarmament 核裁軍
nuclear family 核心家庭 nuclear-free zone 無核區(qū)
nuclear fuel 核燃料 nuclear reactor 核反應(yīng)堆
11.nucleus n. 核，核心，中心；起點，開始
These young people formed the nucleus of the internet bar. （這些年輕人成了網(wǎng)吧的核心。）
The strange behavior of the absent-minded professor became the nucleus of all the stories.（“心不在焉”教授的奇異舉止成為所有故事的中心內(nèi)容。）
12. agricultural adj. 農(nóng)業(yè)的
agriculture n. 農(nóng)業(yè)
More and more modern agricultural methods are used in that village.（在那個村子里，人們越來越多地使用現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)方法。）
The agricultural production is on the rise this year. （今年的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)呈上升態(tài)勢。）
His solution greatly improved the agriculture in this area. （他的方法極大地推動了這一地區(qū)的農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展。）
13.industrial adj. 工業(yè)的，產(chǎn)業(yè)的
industrialize v. （使）工業(yè)化
The industrial output of this city doubled last year. （去年這個城市的工業(yè)產(chǎn)量增加了一倍。）
The Industrial Revolution influenced the whole world. （工業(yè)革命影響了全世界。）
The country has been steadily industrializing. （這個國家一直在穩(wěn)步實現(xiàn)工業(yè)化。）
14.post-industrial adj. 后工業(yè)化的
post- 是一個前綴，表示“后”：如：
post-war policies 戰(zhàn)后政策
postdoctoral 博士后的
postgraduate courses 研究生課程
post-harvest storage 收后貯藏
postimpressionism 后印象主義
15.earner n. 賺錢者；獲得收入者
earnings n. 掙得的財物；收入，利潤
earn v. 掙得，獲得
How many earners are there in your family？ （你們家?guī)讉€人掙錢？）
Father is not the only earner in the family. （父親不是家里掙錢的人。）
What are you going to do with your earnings？ （掙來的錢你打算干什么用？）
He earns 40 dollars a day. （他每天掙四十美元。）
How did he make his living？ （他靠什么謀生？）
His brave act won him the name of a hero. （他的英勇行為使他得到了英雄的名聲。）
16.split v. 撕裂；分開；使分裂；分擔(dān) n. 分裂，裂口
He is splitting the firewood with an axe. （他正用斧子劈木柴。）
They split the cost of the party between them. （他們兩人分擔(dān)了宴會的費用。）
They split up after years of marriage. （他們倆結(jié)婚多年之后分開了。）
She split with her boyfriend last week. （上個星期她與她的男友絕交了。）
Mother mended a split in my trousers. （媽媽縫好了我褲子上的一條裂縫。）
split-hair 極其精確的；過分瑣細(xì)的
split second 一剎那
split-level 錯層式的
split personality 分裂人格
17.divorce v. 離婚；與…離婚 n. 離婚
The child's parents divorced last month. （這孩子父母上個月離了婚。）
He divorced his wife. （他同妻子離了婚。）
I don't think it is possible to divorce sports from politics. （我認(rèn)為把體育與政治分離開來是不可能的。）
本課主要構(gòu)詞法
affixation （詞綴法）
1.名詞后綴 -ion definition
2.名詞后綴 -age marriage
3.名詞后綴 -ity security
4.形容詞后綴 -al agricultural，industrial，traditional，social
5.動詞后綴 -ize industrialize
本課簡介
在Families這篇課文中，作者首先告訴我們對于不同的人來說“家庭”有不同的含義，但是家庭意味著某種歸屬這一點是所有人的共識。作者還對核心家庭和大家庭的演變進(jìn)行了分析，從中我們更可以看出家庭成員在家庭中的角色和作用的變化。
本課語言點
1.…a group of people related by blood or marriage， …
句子中的by常可與某些名詞連用，在名詞前面不加定冠詞the，意思相當(dāng)于“with regard to”，“according to”。請看下面的例句：
1） He is an Englishman by birth. （他祖籍英國。）
2） He is a teacher by profession. （他以醫(yī)生為職業(yè)。）
3）By birth and by education Thomas Jefferson belonged to the highest social class， but he never looked down upon the working-class people.
（按其出生和所受的教育，托馬斯·杰弗遜都屬于社會的了高階層，但他從來不輕視勞動人民。）
relate是一個動詞，在句子中的意思是“使聯(lián)系”。請看例句：
1）It is not difficult for people to relate the result to the cause. （人們要把結(jié)果和原因聯(lián)系起來并不困難。）
2）It might be more helpful to you if you can relate theory to practice.（如果你能把理論和實踐聯(lián)系起來，對你的幫助也許會更大。）
relate還可解釋為敘述；有關(guān)，涉及；相處得好
1） He related us a story vividly. （他生動地給我們講述了一個故事。）
2） His talk related to the international situation. （他的講話涉及國際形勢。）
3）He relates very well to his classmates. （他和同學(xué)們相處得很好。）
related可以做形容詞用，意思是“有聯(lián)系的，相關(guān)的?！?BR> 1） These four people are closely related to each other. （這四個人聯(lián)系緊密。）
2） He is very much interesting in painting and the related arts. （他對繪畫及其有關(guān)的藝術(shù)很感興趣。）
2.…all those people descended from a common ancestor， …所有來自同一祖先的人們。
“descended from a common ancestor”是一個省略了that的定語從句，修飾people.descended from的意思是“傳下，遺傳”，如：
1） His family were descended from an Indian tribe. （他的家庭是印第安部落的后裔。）
2） Darwin concluded that men were descended from apes. （達(dá)爾文斷定人由猿進(jìn)化而來。）
descend to 的意思是“屈尊，降低；轉(zhuǎn)而說到”
1） The firm had descended to using nude pictures for advertising. （那家公司墮落到用*照做廣告。）
2）Mr. Lee then descended to the details we had to be careful about.（李先生轉(zhuǎn)而談到了我們必須注意的細(xì)節(jié)問題。）
common是一個形容詞，意思是“共有的，共同的；普通的”，請看例句：
1）No doubt， this is a grammatical mistake common to beginners in English. （毫無疑問，這是英語初學(xué)者常犯的語法錯誤。）
2）How could you have no idea about this common knowledge？ （對這個普通常識你怎么會一無所知。）
3）They have no common interests. （他們沒有共同的愛好。）
3.Some people thank of a family as a mother， a father， and their children， …
think of …as …是一個很常用的詞組，意思是“把…看作…”，如：
1） He often thinks of himself as a genius. （他常把自己看作為天才。）
2） The Yellow River is thought of as the cradle of the Chinese nation. （黃河被看作為中華民族的搖籃。）
與think of…as…意思相近的詞組在英語中還有很多。如：
regard…as look upon…as…
see…as… view…as…
consider…as…
4.For others， having a family simply means having children.
本句中，having a family做主語，mean為謂語動詞，having children 做賓語。mean在句中的意思是“意味著”。當(dāng)mean作“意味著”解釋時，在它的后面應(yīng)該跟名詞或者動名詞，如：
1）Accepting the job would mean moving to another city. （接受這份工作將意味著我得搬到另一個城市去。）
2）A raise in the worker's salary will mean a cut in the profit. （增加工人的工資意味著利潤的降低。）
當(dāng)mean作“意欲，打算”解釋時，在它的后面通常跟不定式，如：
1）I didn't mean to offend you. （我無意冒犯你。）
2）I meant to give you the book yesterday， but I forgot it. （我原打算昨天把書給你的，但我忘了。）
5.Some families have long histories， while others know very little about their ancestors.
請注意while的用法，在本句中while是一個表示轉(zhuǎn)折意味的連詞，意思是“然而”。如：Fred gambled all his money away while Jane saved every penny for her son's schooling. （弗雷德賭輸了他所有的錢，而珍妮卻為兒子的教育攢下每一分錢。）
while在不同的語境中有不同的意思，請翻譯下面的句子，注意while的詞義。
1）They decided to find a less expensive place to stay while in Paris.（在巴黎期間，他們打算找個更便宜的地方住。）
2）He looked at his watch several times while talking to her. （在跟她交談時，他看了幾次表。）
3）One group of children are quiet， while the second group was very active. （一組孩子很安靜，而第二組孩子非?；钴S。）
4）While I have sympathy for these people， I think they are guilty. （盡管我同情這些人，但我覺得他們有罪。）
5）We will succeed while we don't lose hope. （只要我們不失去希望，我們就會成功。）
6.No matter if it is young or old， large or small traditional or modern， every family has a sense of what a family is.
no matter if 連接讓步狀語從句，更常見的是用no matter whether.除了no matter whether以外，no matter wh-引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句還有：no matter what， no matter who， no matter whose， no matter which， no matter when， no matter where， no matter how等等。而用wh-ever引導(dǎo)讓步從句也是十分常見的。請看下面的例句：
1） No matter what happens， please let me know. （無論發(fā)生什么事，請讓我知道。）
2） No matter who telephones， tell him I'm out. （無論誰來電話，告訴他我出去了。）
3）No matter how hard I tried， I couldn't succeed. （無論我多努力，我總不能成功。）
4） No matter whether you believe it or not， it's truth. （無論你信不信，那總是事實。）
5） No matter where you go， I will follow you. （無論你去哪里，我都跟著你。）
6） No matter which book you like you can have it. （無論你喜歡哪本書，你都可以拿去。）
7） No matter whose money it is， we can't spend it so carelessly. （無論是誰的錢，我們都不能這樣隨意地花）
上述某些句子可以用wh-ever表述如下：
1） Whatever happens， please let me know.
2） Whoever telephones， tell him I'm out.
3）However hard I tried， I couldn't succeed.
4） Wherever you go， I will follow you.
5） Whichever book you like， you can have it.
7.It is that feeling of belonging， of love and security that comes from living together， helping and sharing.
本句中的it代指課文前一句中的a sense of what a family is. feeling of belonging 意思為“歸屬感”。
security 是一個名詞，意思是“安全”。
that comes from living together， helping and sharing 是定語從句，修飾that feeling of belonging， of love and security.
8.However， with the change from an agricultural to an industrial society， many nuclear families moved away from the family home in order to find work.
本句中的however是一個表示轉(zhuǎn)折意味的副詞，有承接上文的作用，可以使這個句子和前面的句子連接得更緊密，有些接近連詞。請看例句：
1） This， however， is not your fault. （但這不是你的錯。）
2） I'd like to go with you， however， my hands are full. （我很想和你一起去，可是我忙不過來。）
句中的with是一個介詞，意思是“隨著”，請看例句：
1）With the change of the economic foundation， the superstructure has to be transformed too.（隨著經(jīng)濟基礎(chǔ)的改變，上層建筑也必須改造。）
2）With the development of science and technology， the society is changing rapidly.（隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，社會在迅速地改變。）
with是一個十分常用的介詞，請看下面的句子，注意with的用法和詞意：
1）Who will go with you？ （誰和你一起去？）
2）The teacher is very strict with us. （老師對我們很嚴(yán)格。）
3）At the news we all jumped with joy. （聽了這個消息，我們都高興得跳了起來。With表示原因。）
4）He wanted to kill two birds with one stone. （他想一舉兩得。With意為“用，以”，譯法可靈活。）
5）China is a country with a large population. （中國是一個有眾多人口的國家。With表示“有，帶有”）
6）He finished this work with great difficulty. （他好不容易才完成了這項工作。With引起短語作方式狀語。）
7）He was sitting in a chair with his hands folded.
（他雙手交叉在胸前坐在椅子上。With引導(dǎo)獨立結(jié)構(gòu)：with+名詞+過去分詞，做方式狀語。）
8）What's wrong with you？ （你怎么了？with意為“就…來說”）
9）With your knowledge and experience， you are sure to find a good job. （以（憑）你的知識和經(jīng)驗，你肯定會找到一份好工作。）
10）With all his shortcomings， he was a nice person. （盡管他有缺點，他還是個不錯的人。）
句子中的in order to find work做目的狀語，除了用in order to 以外，還可以用so as to，也可以把in order，so as省去，只用不定式。請看例句：
1）He decided to study harder （so as ） to catch up with the others. （他決定加緊學(xué)習(xí)好趕上別人。）
2）He ran out in a hurry （in order） to catch the last bus. （為了趕上末班車，他匆匆向外跑去。）
9.Therefore we can say that the nuclear family becomes more important than the extended family as the society industrializes.
句子中的therefore是一個副詞，通常用來表示后面將要表述的內(nèi)容是前面已經(jīng)表述的內(nèi)容的結(jié)果，也可以用來引導(dǎo)一個結(jié)論。類似的表達(dá)還有：so，consequently，as a result 等等。請看例句：
1）It rained， therefore the football match was put off. （天下雨，所以足球比賽延期了。）
2）He is too careless， as a result he failed the exam. （他太粗心，所以考試沒及格。）
3）He was ill for about a month， consequently he lagged behind his classmates.（他病了一個月，因此落在了同學(xué)后面。）
as the society industrializes隨著社會的工業(yè)化。as是一個連詞，表示“當(dāng)…時”。請看例句：
1）As time goes on， you'll like this place better. （隨著時間的推移，你會更喜歡這個地方。）
2）As he talked on he got more and more excited. （他談著的時候，越來越興奮。）
本課中還有：
1）The nuclear family is becoming smaller as parents want fewer children.
2）As social scientists study these two new family forms， they will be able to tell us more about the future of the nuclear family in the post-industrial age.
10.social scientists now talk of two new family forms…
本句中的talk是一個不及物動詞，在表達(dá)“談?wù)撃橙耍呈拢睍r，talk后面應(yīng)該用介詞of或者about.請看例句：
1）What are you talking about？（你們在談什么？）
2）They are talking of visiting Mr. Zhang.（他們正談?wù)撊タ磸埾壬氖?。?BR> 3）What do you mean when you talk about culture？（你談?wù)撐幕瘯r指的是什么？）
Text B The Changing American Family
短語表達(dá)
1.all over
We have friends all over the world.
I have been looking all over for him.
2.provide for
Father had to work very hard to provide food and clothes for the family.
They are trying to provide some guidance for the newcomers.
3.be expected to
Parents are expected to provide for their children.
You are expected to be here before eight.
4.take care of
The nurse took care of the old lady when her daughter was away.
The cat and the dog were taken good care of.
5.on the other hand
I don't think this proposal is workable. On one hand we don’t have so much money， on the other hand time is too limited.
6.be considered to be
He is considered to be the best candidate for the job.
Father is considered to be a humorous and responsible person.
7.in addition （to）
In addition， there are some magazines on the table.
In addition to bread， we had some milk and eggs for breakfast.
8.make decision
You have to make an immediate decision about the project.
It is difficult for me to make a decision right now.
9.help with
He hoped that his brother would help him with his math.
At weekends I often help my mother with the housework.
10.in contrast
In contrast with the low grade I got， Paul got a full mark on the biology test.
Their club， in contrast， reached a membership of 2000 last year.
11.give up
You will amount to nothing if you always give up easily.
The doctor persuaded my father to give up smoking.
12.get ready for
He got up early in the morning in order to get ready for the exam.
I haven't got ready for the interview yet.
13.be busy doing
Mother is busy cooking in the kitchen.
The teacher is busy distributing the test papers.
14.in conclusion
She will say a few words about the arrangement in conclusion.
In conclusion，the old people are happy in most of the Asian countries.
15.instead of
Instead of getting the bike repaired he bought a new one.
Who is going to the meeting instead of you？
本課主要單詞
1.definition n. 定義，釋義
define v. 解釋；給…定義；明確表示
He simply said it was very difficult for him to give a definition for that word.（他只是說要他給那個詞下個定義是很困難的。）
The dictionary gives us several definitions， which makes me more confused about the meaning of this word. （辭典給了我們好幾個釋義，這使我對該詞的意思更加困惑。）
People define him as a genius. （人們說他是天才。）
I have already defined my position on that issue. （我已經(jīng)明確表示了我在這個問題上的立場。）
2.marriage n. 婚姻，結(jié)婚
marry v. 結(jié)婚
married adj. 結(jié)了婚的
No one expected that their marriage could break up because of a misunderstanding.（誰也沒想到他們的婚姻竟會因為誤解而破裂。）
Her second marriage lasted only 6 weeks. （她的第二次婚姻只維持了六個星期。）
They are in love with each other and wish to marry. （他們彼此相愛，希望結(jié)婚。）
Her parents said they wouldn't allow her to marry that poor young man.（她的父母說他們不會允許她與那個窮苦的年輕人結(jié)婚。）
He was 35， married with two children. （他35歲，已婚，有兩個孩子。）
She was married to the young artist last month. （她上個月與那位年輕的藝術(shù)家結(jié)了婚。）
（請注意：要表述某人同某人結(jié)婚，不能用sb. marries / married with sb. else，而應(yīng)該用sb. marries/married sb. else 或者sb. is/was married to sb. else 來表述。）
3.descend v. 下降；傳下，遺傳；墮落
descendant n. 子孫，后裔
ascend v. 上升；登高；追溯到某個時期
ascendant n. 優(yōu)勢；祖先（與descendant相對而言） adj. 優(yōu)勢的
The sun descended behind the hills. （太陽下了山。）
The customs have descended to our generation. （這些習(xí)俗一直傳到我們這一代。）
He was so poor that he descended to begging. （他窮得只好乞討度日。）
As descendants of the early settlers， they were tolerant and hardworking.（作為早期移民的后裔，他們?nèi)棠投趧?。?BR> They are descendants of an Indian tribe. （他們是一支印第安部落的后裔。）
The airplane ascended into the cloud. （飛機高高飛入云端。）
Queen Victoria ascended ascended the throne in 1837.（維多利亞女王于1837年登上王位。）
His party is no longer in the ascendant. （他那一派已經(jīng)優(yōu)勢不再。）
We still have the ascendant position in world politics. （我們在國際政治中仍占優(yōu)勢地位。）
4.ancestor n. 祖先，祖宗
His ancestors came to America on the Mayflower. （他的祖先乘“五月花”號來到美洲。）
Their grandfathers were the ancestors of some of the well-known families in Boston.（他們的祖父輩是波士頓幾家望族的祖先。）
ancestry n. [總稱] 列祖列宗；血統(tǒng)
He was born of good ancestry. （他出身名門。）
She is an American of German ancestry. （她是德國血統(tǒng)的美國人。）
5.household n. 家庭，戶；一家人
adj. 家庭的，家常的
How many people are there in your household？ （你們家有幾口人？）
Early in the morning the household got into a car and headed for the beach.（一大早，全家人坐上汽車往海邊駛?cè)?。?BR> Household chores are not just women's work. （家務(wù)雜事不只是婦女的活。）
Einstein is a household name in the civilized world. （愛因斯坦是文明世界里家喻戶曉的名字。）
6.relative n. 親屬，親戚 adj. 相對的
His wife had to visit some of her relatives for a few days. （他妻子需要幾天時間去看娘家的親戚。）
The apes are man's closest relatives. （猿是與人類親緣關(guān)系為接近的動物。）
He told me that his aunt was his only immediate relative. （他告訴我說姑母是他的至親。）
All human values are relative. （人類的一切價值標(biāo)準(zhǔn)都是相對的。）
The Jackson's are living in relative comfort now. （現(xiàn)在，杰克遜一家生活過得比較舒適。）
7.traditional adj. 傳統(tǒng)的
tradition n. 傳統(tǒng)
Alice said she would be happy to have a traditional Chinese wedding.（愛麗絲說能有一個傳統(tǒng)的中國婚禮她會很開心。）
More and more Westerners believe in traditional Chinese medicine now.（現(xiàn)在，越來越多的西方人相信傳統(tǒng)中醫(yī)了。）
He reassured his grandfather that he would keep up the family tradition by all means.（他向祖父保證，他會盡一切可能保持家庭傳統(tǒng)。）
In his lecture he talked briefly about the history and traditions of the movement.（在他的講座中，他簡述了那次運動的歷史和傳統(tǒng)。）
8.security n. 完全；保障；把握
secure v. 保衛(wèi)，保證，獲得 adj. 完全的
We are all concerned for the security of the passengers. （我們都很擔(dān)心旅客的安全。）
Children rely on their parents for love and security. （孩子們靠父母給他們愛和完全感。）
The girl delivered her speech with great security. （那個女孩滿懷信心地講演著。）
She felt secure only when she made sure that both doors were locked.（只有確信兩道門都鎖上了時，她才感到放心。）
We all dream of living a quiet and secure life. （我們都夢想過上平靜、安定的生活。）
His carefulness secured him from making more mistakes. （他的細(xì)心保證了他不犯更多的錯誤。）
His father couldn't believe that he secured such a good job. （他父親不相信他找到了這么好的一份工作。）
（注意：securities 指證券）
9.basically adv. 基本上；從根本上說，大致說來
basic adj. 基礎(chǔ)的，根本的；初步的；主要的
base n. 基礎(chǔ)，根據(jù)；基地 v. 把…基于
My work is basically to train students' ability in reading and writing.（從根本上說，我的工作是訓(xùn)練學(xué)生的讀、寫能力。）
There are basically two types of families： nuclear families and extended families.（大致說來，有兩類家庭：核心家庭和大家庭。）
The basic theme of these stories is more or less the same. （這些故事的主題大致相同。）
They are trying to solve the basic economic problems. （他們正試圖解決那些基本的經(jīng)濟問題。）
What is your basic aim in life？ （你基本的生活目標(biāo)是什么？）
The base of his argument is that our after service is not very satisfactory.（他的論據(jù)是我們的售后服務(wù)不十分令人滿意。）
The weary soldiers marched back to their base. （疲憊不堪的士兵們列隊返回基地。）
We should base our opinions on facts. （我們的觀點應(yīng)該基于事實的基礎(chǔ)之上。）
This film is based on the life story of a general. （這部影片是根據(jù)一位將軍的生平改編的。）
10.nuclear adj. 核子的，核能的；中心的
Mao Zetong used to say that under no circumstances would China be the first to use nuclear weapons.（毛澤東曾經(jīng)說過在任何情況下，中國都不會第一個使用核武器。）
Greece was once a nuclear civilization of the world. （希臘一度是世界文明的中心。）
a nuclear explosion 核爆炸 nuclear electricity 核電力
a nuclear power plant 核電站 nuclear technology 核技術(shù)
the nuclear age 核時代 nuclear monopoly 核壟斷
nuclear waste 核廢料 a nuclear nation 擁有核武器的國家
nuclear bomb 核彈 nuclear disarmament 核裁軍
nuclear family 核心家庭 nuclear-free zone 無核區(qū)
nuclear fuel 核燃料 nuclear reactor 核反應(yīng)堆
11.nucleus n. 核，核心，中心；起點，開始
These young people formed the nucleus of the internet bar. （這些年輕人成了網(wǎng)吧的核心。）
The strange behavior of the absent-minded professor became the nucleus of all the stories.（“心不在焉”教授的奇異舉止成為所有故事的中心內(nèi)容。）
12. agricultural adj. 農(nóng)業(yè)的
agriculture n. 農(nóng)業(yè)
More and more modern agricultural methods are used in that village.（在那個村子里，人們越來越多地使用現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)方法。）
The agricultural production is on the rise this year. （今年的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)呈上升態(tài)勢。）
His solution greatly improved the agriculture in this area. （他的方法極大地推動了這一地區(qū)的農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展。）
13.industrial adj. 工業(yè)的，產(chǎn)業(yè)的
industrialize v. （使）工業(yè)化
The industrial output of this city doubled last year. （去年這個城市的工業(yè)產(chǎn)量增加了一倍。）
The Industrial Revolution influenced the whole world. （工業(yè)革命影響了全世界。）
The country has been steadily industrializing. （這個國家一直在穩(wěn)步實現(xiàn)工業(yè)化。）
14.post-industrial adj. 后工業(yè)化的
post- 是一個前綴，表示“后”：如：
post-war policies 戰(zhàn)后政策
postdoctoral 博士后的
postgraduate courses 研究生課程
post-harvest storage 收后貯藏
postimpressionism 后印象主義
15.earner n. 賺錢者；獲得收入者
earnings n. 掙得的財物；收入，利潤
earn v. 掙得，獲得
How many earners are there in your family？ （你們家?guī)讉€人掙錢？）
Father is not the only earner in the family. （父親不是家里掙錢的人。）
What are you going to do with your earnings？ （掙來的錢你打算干什么用？）
He earns 40 dollars a day. （他每天掙四十美元。）
How did he make his living？ （他靠什么謀生？）
His brave act won him the name of a hero. （他的英勇行為使他得到了英雄的名聲。）
16.split v. 撕裂；分開；使分裂；分擔(dān) n. 分裂，裂口
He is splitting the firewood with an axe. （他正用斧子劈木柴。）
They split the cost of the party between them. （他們兩人分擔(dān)了宴會的費用。）
They split up after years of marriage. （他們倆結(jié)婚多年之后分開了。）
She split with her boyfriend last week. （上個星期她與她的男友絕交了。）
Mother mended a split in my trousers. （媽媽縫好了我褲子上的一條裂縫。）
split-hair 極其精確的；過分瑣細(xì)的
split second 一剎那
split-level 錯層式的
split personality 分裂人格
17.divorce v. 離婚；與…離婚 n. 離婚
The child's parents divorced last month. （這孩子父母上個月離了婚。）
He divorced his wife. （他同妻子離了婚。）
I don't think it is possible to divorce sports from politics. （我認(rèn)為把體育與政治分離開來是不可能的。）
本課主要構(gòu)詞法
affixation （詞綴法）
1.名詞后綴 -ion definition
2.名詞后綴 -age marriage
3.名詞后綴 -ity security
4.形容詞后綴 -al agricultural，industrial，traditional，social
5.動詞后綴 -ize industrialize
本課簡介
在Families這篇課文中，作者首先告訴我們對于不同的人來說“家庭”有不同的含義，但是家庭意味著某種歸屬這一點是所有人的共識。作者還對核心家庭和大家庭的演變進(jìn)行了分析，從中我們更可以看出家庭成員在家庭中的角色和作用的變化。
本課語言點
1.…a group of people related by blood or marriage， …
句子中的by常可與某些名詞連用，在名詞前面不加定冠詞the，意思相當(dāng)于“with regard to”，“according to”。請看下面的例句：
1） He is an Englishman by birth. （他祖籍英國。）
2） He is a teacher by profession. （他以醫(yī)生為職業(yè)。）
3）By birth and by education Thomas Jefferson belonged to the highest social class， but he never looked down upon the working-class people.
（按其出生和所受的教育，托馬斯·杰弗遜都屬于社會的了高階層，但他從來不輕視勞動人民。）
relate是一個動詞，在句子中的意思是“使聯(lián)系”。請看例句：
1）It is not difficult for people to relate the result to the cause. （人們要把結(jié)果和原因聯(lián)系起來并不困難。）
2）It might be more helpful to you if you can relate theory to practice.（如果你能把理論和實踐聯(lián)系起來，對你的幫助也許會更大。）
relate還可解釋為敘述；有關(guān)，涉及；相處得好
1） He related us a story vividly. （他生動地給我們講述了一個故事。）
2） His talk related to the international situation. （他的講話涉及國際形勢。）
3）He relates very well to his classmates. （他和同學(xué)們相處得很好。）
related可以做形容詞用，意思是“有聯(lián)系的，相關(guān)的?！?BR> 1） These four people are closely related to each other. （這四個人聯(lián)系緊密。）
2） He is very much interesting in painting and the related arts. （他對繪畫及其有關(guān)的藝術(shù)很感興趣。）
2.…all those people descended from a common ancestor， …所有來自同一祖先的人們。
“descended from a common ancestor”是一個省略了that的定語從句，修飾people.descended from的意思是“傳下，遺傳”，如：
1） His family were descended from an Indian tribe. （他的家庭是印第安部落的后裔。）
2） Darwin concluded that men were descended from apes. （達(dá)爾文斷定人由猿進(jìn)化而來。）
descend to 的意思是“屈尊，降低；轉(zhuǎn)而說到”
1） The firm had descended to using nude pictures for advertising. （那家公司墮落到用*照做廣告。）
2）Mr. Lee then descended to the details we had to be careful about.（李先生轉(zhuǎn)而談到了我們必須注意的細(xì)節(jié)問題。）
common是一個形容詞，意思是“共有的，共同的；普通的”，請看例句：
1）No doubt， this is a grammatical mistake common to beginners in English. （毫無疑問，這是英語初學(xué)者常犯的語法錯誤。）
2）How could you have no idea about this common knowledge？ （對這個普通常識你怎么會一無所知。）
3）They have no common interests. （他們沒有共同的愛好。）
3.Some people thank of a family as a mother， a father， and their children， …
think of …as …是一個很常用的詞組，意思是“把…看作…”，如：
1） He often thinks of himself as a genius. （他常把自己看作為天才。）
2） The Yellow River is thought of as the cradle of the Chinese nation. （黃河被看作為中華民族的搖籃。）
與think of…as…意思相近的詞組在英語中還有很多。如：
regard…as look upon…as…
see…as… view…as…
consider…as…
4.For others， having a family simply means having children.
本句中，having a family做主語，mean為謂語動詞，having children 做賓語。mean在句中的意思是“意味著”。當(dāng)mean作“意味著”解釋時，在它的后面應(yīng)該跟名詞或者動名詞，如：
1）Accepting the job would mean moving to another city. （接受這份工作將意味著我得搬到另一個城市去。）
2）A raise in the worker's salary will mean a cut in the profit. （增加工人的工資意味著利潤的降低。）
當(dāng)mean作“意欲，打算”解釋時，在它的后面通常跟不定式，如：
1）I didn't mean to offend you. （我無意冒犯你。）
2）I meant to give you the book yesterday， but I forgot it. （我原打算昨天把書給你的，但我忘了。）
5.Some families have long histories， while others know very little about their ancestors.
請注意while的用法，在本句中while是一個表示轉(zhuǎn)折意味的連詞，意思是“然而”。如：Fred gambled all his money away while Jane saved every penny for her son's schooling. （弗雷德賭輸了他所有的錢，而珍妮卻為兒子的教育攢下每一分錢。）
while在不同的語境中有不同的意思，請翻譯下面的句子，注意while的詞義。
1）They decided to find a less expensive place to stay while in Paris.（在巴黎期間，他們打算找個更便宜的地方住。）
2）He looked at his watch several times while talking to her. （在跟她交談時，他看了幾次表。）
3）One group of children are quiet， while the second group was very active. （一組孩子很安靜，而第二組孩子非?；钴S。）
4）While I have sympathy for these people， I think they are guilty. （盡管我同情這些人，但我覺得他們有罪。）
5）We will succeed while we don't lose hope. （只要我們不失去希望，我們就會成功。）
6.No matter if it is young or old， large or small traditional or modern， every family has a sense of what a family is.
no matter if 連接讓步狀語從句，更常見的是用no matter whether.除了no matter whether以外，no matter wh-引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句還有：no matter what， no matter who， no matter whose， no matter which， no matter when， no matter where， no matter how等等。而用wh-ever引導(dǎo)讓步從句也是十分常見的。請看下面的例句：
1） No matter what happens， please let me know. （無論發(fā)生什么事，請讓我知道。）
2） No matter who telephones， tell him I'm out. （無論誰來電話，告訴他我出去了。）
3）No matter how hard I tried， I couldn't succeed. （無論我多努力，我總不能成功。）
4） No matter whether you believe it or not， it's truth. （無論你信不信，那總是事實。）
5） No matter where you go， I will follow you. （無論你去哪里，我都跟著你。）
6） No matter which book you like you can have it. （無論你喜歡哪本書，你都可以拿去。）
7） No matter whose money it is， we can't spend it so carelessly. （無論是誰的錢，我們都不能這樣隨意地花）
上述某些句子可以用wh-ever表述如下：
1） Whatever happens， please let me know.
2） Whoever telephones， tell him I'm out.
3）However hard I tried， I couldn't succeed.
4） Wherever you go， I will follow you.
5） Whichever book you like， you can have it.
7.It is that feeling of belonging， of love and security that comes from living together， helping and sharing.
本句中的it代指課文前一句中的a sense of what a family is. feeling of belonging 意思為“歸屬感”。
security 是一個名詞，意思是“安全”。
that comes from living together， helping and sharing 是定語從句，修飾that feeling of belonging， of love and security.
8.However， with the change from an agricultural to an industrial society， many nuclear families moved away from the family home in order to find work.
本句中的however是一個表示轉(zhuǎn)折意味的副詞，有承接上文的作用，可以使這個句子和前面的句子連接得更緊密，有些接近連詞。請看例句：
1） This， however， is not your fault. （但這不是你的錯。）
2） I'd like to go with you， however， my hands are full. （我很想和你一起去，可是我忙不過來。）
句中的with是一個介詞，意思是“隨著”，請看例句：
1）With the change of the economic foundation， the superstructure has to be transformed too.（隨著經(jīng)濟基礎(chǔ)的改變，上層建筑也必須改造。）
2）With the development of science and technology， the society is changing rapidly.（隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，社會在迅速地改變。）
with是一個十分常用的介詞，請看下面的句子，注意with的用法和詞意：
1）Who will go with you？ （誰和你一起去？）
2）The teacher is very strict with us. （老師對我們很嚴(yán)格。）
3）At the news we all jumped with joy. （聽了這個消息，我們都高興得跳了起來。With表示原因。）
4）He wanted to kill two birds with one stone. （他想一舉兩得。With意為“用，以”，譯法可靈活。）
5）China is a country with a large population. （中國是一個有眾多人口的國家。With表示“有，帶有”）
6）He finished this work with great difficulty. （他好不容易才完成了這項工作。With引起短語作方式狀語。）
7）He was sitting in a chair with his hands folded.
（他雙手交叉在胸前坐在椅子上。With引導(dǎo)獨立結(jié)構(gòu)：with+名詞+過去分詞，做方式狀語。）
8）What's wrong with you？ （你怎么了？with意為“就…來說”）
9）With your knowledge and experience， you are sure to find a good job. （以（憑）你的知識和經(jīng)驗，你肯定會找到一份好工作。）
10）With all his shortcomings， he was a nice person. （盡管他有缺點，他還是個不錯的人。）
句子中的in order to find work做目的狀語，除了用in order to 以外，還可以用so as to，也可以把in order，so as省去，只用不定式。請看例句：
1）He decided to study harder （so as ） to catch up with the others. （他決定加緊學(xué)習(xí)好趕上別人。）
2）He ran out in a hurry （in order） to catch the last bus. （為了趕上末班車，他匆匆向外跑去。）
9.Therefore we can say that the nuclear family becomes more important than the extended family as the society industrializes.
句子中的therefore是一個副詞，通常用來表示后面將要表述的內(nèi)容是前面已經(jīng)表述的內(nèi)容的結(jié)果，也可以用來引導(dǎo)一個結(jié)論。類似的表達(dá)還有：so，consequently，as a result 等等。請看例句：
1）It rained， therefore the football match was put off. （天下雨，所以足球比賽延期了。）
2）He is too careless， as a result he failed the exam. （他太粗心，所以考試沒及格。）
3）He was ill for about a month， consequently he lagged behind his classmates.（他病了一個月，因此落在了同學(xué)后面。）
as the society industrializes隨著社會的工業(yè)化。as是一個連詞，表示“當(dāng)…時”。請看例句：
1）As time goes on， you'll like this place better. （隨著時間的推移，你會更喜歡這個地方。）
2）As he talked on he got more and more excited. （他談著的時候，越來越興奮。）
本課中還有：
1）The nuclear family is becoming smaller as parents want fewer children.
2）As social scientists study these two new family forms， they will be able to tell us more about the future of the nuclear family in the post-industrial age.
10.social scientists now talk of two new family forms…
本句中的talk是一個不及物動詞，在表達(dá)“談?wù)撃橙耍呈拢睍r，talk后面應(yīng)該用介詞of或者about.請看例句：
1）What are you talking about？（你們在談什么？）
2）They are talking of visiting Mr. Zhang.（他們正談?wù)撊タ磸埾壬氖?。?BR> 3）What do you mean when you talk about culture？（你談?wù)撐幕瘯r指的是什么？）
Text B The Changing American Family
短語表達(dá)
1.all over
We have friends all over the world.
I have been looking all over for him.
2.provide for
Father had to work very hard to provide food and clothes for the family.
They are trying to provide some guidance for the newcomers.
3.be expected to
Parents are expected to provide for their children.
You are expected to be here before eight.
4.take care of
The nurse took care of the old lady when her daughter was away.
The cat and the dog were taken good care of.
5.on the other hand
I don't think this proposal is workable. On one hand we don’t have so much money， on the other hand time is too limited.
6.be considered to be
He is considered to be the best candidate for the job.
Father is considered to be a humorous and responsible person.
7.in addition （to）
In addition， there are some magazines on the table.
In addition to bread， we had some milk and eggs for breakfast.
8.make decision
You have to make an immediate decision about the project.
It is difficult for me to make a decision right now.
9.help with
He hoped that his brother would help him with his math.
At weekends I often help my mother with the housework.
10.in contrast
In contrast with the low grade I got， Paul got a full mark on the biology test.
Their club， in contrast， reached a membership of 2000 last year.
11.give up
You will amount to nothing if you always give up easily.
The doctor persuaded my father to give up smoking.
12.get ready for
He got up early in the morning in order to get ready for the exam.
I haven't got ready for the interview yet.
13.be busy doing
Mother is busy cooking in the kitchen.
The teacher is busy distributing the test papers.
14.in conclusion
She will say a few words about the arrangement in conclusion.
In conclusion，the old people are happy in most of the Asian countries.
15.instead of
Instead of getting the bike repaired he bought a new one.
Who is going to the meeting instead of you？