專業(yè)技術(shù)人員以英語為工具，主要通過閱讀獲取相關(guān)學(xué)科和專業(yè)的信息，因此，全國專業(yè)技術(shù)職稱英語等級考試也主要是考閱讀理解。從考試題型來看，主要是多項(xiàng)選擇題。該題型在職稱英語等級考試中占15題，45分(占總分的45％)。另外，全國專業(yè)技術(shù)職稱英語等級考試中還采用了閱讀判斷、概括大意與完成句子、補(bǔ)全短文和選擇填空等題型，它們實(shí)質(zhì)上也是考核閱讀能力的題型。由此可見，為了通過全國專業(yè)技術(shù)職稱英語等級考試，必須掌握最基本的閱讀技能，努力提高閱讀理解能力。
全國職稱英語等級考試大綱就閱讀理解能力的考核目標(biāo)作了如下規(guī)定：
讀者應(yīng)能綜合運(yùn)用英語語言知識和閱讀技能來理解本專業(yè)的或一般內(nèi)容的英語書面材料。閱讀能力主要包括下列幾個方面：
1．掌握所讀材料的主旨和大意；
2．了解闡述主旨的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)；
3．利用上下文猜測某些詞匯和短語的意義；
4．既理解個別句子的意義，也理解上下文之間的意義關(guān)系；
5．根據(jù)所讀材料進(jìn)行判斷和推論；
6．領(lǐng)會作者的觀點(diǎn)、意圖和態(tài)度。
根據(jù)考試大綱規(guī)定的考核目標(biāo)，我們歸納出相應(yīng)的六種閱讀理解題的類型，并具體地探討如何答好這些閱讀理解題。
1．掌握所讀材料的主旨和大意
掌握所讀材料的主旨和大意是正確理解全文的關(guān)鍵。對主題思想的提問是閱讀理解測試的必考題。但提問方式及用詞都有差異，這類題常見提問方式可歸納如下：
1. The main idea of this passage is _______
2. This passage tellsus_______
3. Which of the following statements best expresses the main ideaof the passage?
4. Which of the following sentences best summarizes theauthor's main point?
5. Which of the following best states the theme of thepassage?
6. The subject matter of this selection is ______
7. Thepassage mainly discusses_______
8. This passage illustrates ______
9. This paragraph centers / focuses on ______
10. This passage mainly deals with______
11. This passage is chiefly concerned with ______
12. The author'spurpose in writing this passage is _______
13. What is the passage mainlyabout?
14. What is the best title of the passage?
15. The major pointdiscussed in the passage is轉(zhuǎn)自學(xué)易網(wǎng) www.studyez.com轉(zhuǎn)自學(xué)易網(wǎng) www.studyez.com
解答這一類題目的基本方法如下：
A．找出主題句。首先要讀標(biāo)題，因?yàn)闃?biāo)題往往是主題句中的核心詞或概括性的詞。抓住全文中心思想的最快捷的途徑就是找出主題句。主題句一般位于文章或段落的開始，然后圍繞主題展開論述。因?yàn)樵S多作者喜歡采用從一般到個別的論證或敘述方式，即演繹法(deduction)。這是一種很常見的文章或段落的寫作形式。若作者采用歸納法(induction)，即從個別到一般來論證或敘述，主題旬就會位于段末。除此之外，主題句還有可能位于段落的中間。找到主題句后，就應(yīng)以它為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，在解題時，凡是與主題句意思最接近的選項(xiàng)必然是正確的答案。
例1
In rock music there is a distinct and almost overwhelming beat．No singlebeat is characteristic of the music today. But each song has an easilyrecognizable rhythm．As you listen to a son9，your foot usually starts to pick upthe beat．Before lon9，your entire body seems to be moving with it．Your headpounds with the beat，and there is no room for thought．Only the surge of themusic is important．In its own way，rock music is as dominant as the rockGibraltar. Its message is an evergrowing emotional one．
在這一段文章中 “In rockmusic there is a distinct and almost overwhelming beat.”為主題句。beat則是句子的信息核心。該詞在第2、4、6句里重復(fù)出現(xiàn)，而第3句中的“rhythm”(節(jié)奏)跟“beat”(強(qiáng)烈的節(jié)奏)意思基本一致，這就保證了主題平穩(wěn)而持續(xù)的發(fā)展。請注意：第8、9句作者重申并總結(jié)了主題句，而不是說段末是主題句。
例2
The vegetable and fruit and flower merchantsare surrounded by baskets of purple eggplants， green peppers，strings of tinysilvery onions，heads of bitter Indian spinach．a(chǎn)nd a dozen Indian vegetables forwhich I don’t even know the English names．I had forgotten about the profusion offruit in India—it is only during the brief intense summer that you see muchvariety of fruit in Moscow. In Russia，as winter approaches all vegetables exceptfor potatoes and the pervasive cabbage in soup seem to disappear from themenus．
主題句在中間的第二句“I had forgotten about the profusion of fruit in India—it isonly during the brief intense summer that you see much variety of fruit inMoscow.”
例3
People live in cities today thinkthat meat is something that comes wrapped in cellophane．from thesupermarket，potatoes come by the pound in plastic or paper bags，and feathergrows in hats. The city dwellers’ views are quite different from the views oftheir ancestors, who knew that? meat is hunted down in the forest，potatoes areplanted and weeded，and only birds can produce1eathers. Yet, whether people todayrealize it or not，they are still as dependent on animals and plants for theirexistence as their ancestors were．
主題句為最后一句 “Yet，whether people todayrealize it or not，they are still as dependent on animals and plants for theirexistence as their ancestorswere.”
以上為敘述的方便并考慮到篇幅的限制，只選單段短文為例。實(shí)際上閱讀理解題中大部分是多段短文。但主題句一般出現(xiàn)在起始段。
B．概括和歸納出主題思想。實(shí)際上，在閱讀理解測試部分有的文章是沒有主題句的。這是由于文章的體裁不同或是由于閱讀的短文是從篇幅較長的文章中節(jié)選的。這時就要靠讀者自己進(jìn)行概括或歸納隱含的主題思想了。概括主題可以從歸納每段的要點(diǎn)開始(大部分閱讀理解短文都是由數(shù)段組成)，最后將各段要點(diǎn)集中概括并歸納出全文的主題思想。下面不妨考察幾個例子：
例4
Abus driver must answer questions while guiding a bus through heavy traffic. Allday long, the driver answers the same questions without becoming angry. Everyfew minutes a bus driver has to ask passengers to step to the rear of the bus.In spite of traffic snarls and thoughtless passengers who cause delays, a busdriver is expected to cover his or her route onschedule.
這一段的隱含主題句可概括為“Driving a bus is hard work.”轉(zhuǎn)自學(xué)易網(wǎng) www.studyez.com
例5
A green I-538 form is usedby international students in order to obtain permission from the Immigration andNaturalization Service to transfer from one university to another in the UnitedStates. If you are planning to transfer, remember that you must obtain thepermission before leaving the university where you are currently studying. Youmust complete the form I-538, have it signed by the foreign student advisor, andsubmit it to the District Office of the Immigration and Naturalization Servicetogether with the form I-20 from the new school and the small, white form I-94that was affixed to your passport when you entered the country.
Submitting the signed 1-538 and other documents does not insure permission totransfer. Only an official of Immigration can decide each case. Students whohave not completed one term of study at the school that issued them their firstI-20 are not advised to file for permission to transfer until they havecompleted one term.轉(zhuǎn)自學(xué)易網(wǎng) www.studyez.com轉(zhuǎn)自學(xué)易網(wǎng) www.studyez.com
這篇短文的隱含主題旬可歸納為“What should an international student d0．if he or she wants to transfer from oneuniversity to another in the United States.
全國職稱英語等級考試大綱就閱讀理解能力的考核目標(biāo)作了如下規(guī)定：
讀者應(yīng)能綜合運(yùn)用英語語言知識和閱讀技能來理解本專業(yè)的或一般內(nèi)容的英語書面材料。閱讀能力主要包括下列幾個方面：
1．掌握所讀材料的主旨和大意；
2．了解闡述主旨的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)；
3．利用上下文猜測某些詞匯和短語的意義；
4．既理解個別句子的意義，也理解上下文之間的意義關(guān)系；
5．根據(jù)所讀材料進(jìn)行判斷和推論；
6．領(lǐng)會作者的觀點(diǎn)、意圖和態(tài)度。
根據(jù)考試大綱規(guī)定的考核目標(biāo)，我們歸納出相應(yīng)的六種閱讀理解題的類型，并具體地探討如何答好這些閱讀理解題。
1．掌握所讀材料的主旨和大意
掌握所讀材料的主旨和大意是正確理解全文的關(guān)鍵。對主題思想的提問是閱讀理解測試的必考題。但提問方式及用詞都有差異，這類題常見提問方式可歸納如下：
1. The main idea of this passage is _______
2. This passage tellsus_______
3. Which of the following statements best expresses the main ideaof the passage?
4. Which of the following sentences best summarizes theauthor's main point?
5. Which of the following best states the theme of thepassage?
6. The subject matter of this selection is ______
7. Thepassage mainly discusses_______
8. This passage illustrates ______
9. This paragraph centers / focuses on ______
10. This passage mainly deals with______
11. This passage is chiefly concerned with ______
12. The author'spurpose in writing this passage is _______
13. What is the passage mainlyabout?
14. What is the best title of the passage?
15. The major pointdiscussed in the passage is轉(zhuǎn)自學(xué)易網(wǎng) www.studyez.com轉(zhuǎn)自學(xué)易網(wǎng) www.studyez.com
解答這一類題目的基本方法如下：
A．找出主題句。首先要讀標(biāo)題，因?yàn)闃?biāo)題往往是主題句中的核心詞或概括性的詞。抓住全文中心思想的最快捷的途徑就是找出主題句。主題句一般位于文章或段落的開始，然后圍繞主題展開論述。因?yàn)樵S多作者喜歡采用從一般到個別的論證或敘述方式，即演繹法(deduction)。這是一種很常見的文章或段落的寫作形式。若作者采用歸納法(induction)，即從個別到一般來論證或敘述，主題旬就會位于段末。除此之外，主題句還有可能位于段落的中間。找到主題句后，就應(yīng)以它為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，在解題時，凡是與主題句意思最接近的選項(xiàng)必然是正確的答案。
例1
In rock music there is a distinct and almost overwhelming beat．No singlebeat is characteristic of the music today. But each song has an easilyrecognizable rhythm．As you listen to a son9，your foot usually starts to pick upthe beat．Before lon9，your entire body seems to be moving with it．Your headpounds with the beat，and there is no room for thought．Only the surge of themusic is important．In its own way，rock music is as dominant as the rockGibraltar. Its message is an evergrowing emotional one．
在這一段文章中 “In rockmusic there is a distinct and almost overwhelming beat.”為主題句。beat則是句子的信息核心。該詞在第2、4、6句里重復(fù)出現(xiàn)，而第3句中的“rhythm”(節(jié)奏)跟“beat”(強(qiáng)烈的節(jié)奏)意思基本一致，這就保證了主題平穩(wěn)而持續(xù)的發(fā)展。請注意：第8、9句作者重申并總結(jié)了主題句，而不是說段末是主題句。
例2
The vegetable and fruit and flower merchantsare surrounded by baskets of purple eggplants， green peppers，strings of tinysilvery onions，heads of bitter Indian spinach．a(chǎn)nd a dozen Indian vegetables forwhich I don’t even know the English names．I had forgotten about the profusion offruit in India—it is only during the brief intense summer that you see muchvariety of fruit in Moscow. In Russia，as winter approaches all vegetables exceptfor potatoes and the pervasive cabbage in soup seem to disappear from themenus．
主題句在中間的第二句“I had forgotten about the profusion of fruit in India—it isonly during the brief intense summer that you see much variety of fruit inMoscow.”
例3
People live in cities today thinkthat meat is something that comes wrapped in cellophane．from thesupermarket，potatoes come by the pound in plastic or paper bags，and feathergrows in hats. The city dwellers’ views are quite different from the views oftheir ancestors, who knew that? meat is hunted down in the forest，potatoes areplanted and weeded，and only birds can produce1eathers. Yet, whether people todayrealize it or not，they are still as dependent on animals and plants for theirexistence as their ancestors were．
主題句為最后一句 “Yet，whether people todayrealize it or not，they are still as dependent on animals and plants for theirexistence as their ancestorswere.”
以上為敘述的方便并考慮到篇幅的限制，只選單段短文為例。實(shí)際上閱讀理解題中大部分是多段短文。但主題句一般出現(xiàn)在起始段。
B．概括和歸納出主題思想。實(shí)際上，在閱讀理解測試部分有的文章是沒有主題句的。這是由于文章的體裁不同或是由于閱讀的短文是從篇幅較長的文章中節(jié)選的。這時就要靠讀者自己進(jìn)行概括或歸納隱含的主題思想了。概括主題可以從歸納每段的要點(diǎn)開始(大部分閱讀理解短文都是由數(shù)段組成)，最后將各段要點(diǎn)集中概括并歸納出全文的主題思想。下面不妨考察幾個例子：
例4
Abus driver must answer questions while guiding a bus through heavy traffic. Allday long, the driver answers the same questions without becoming angry. Everyfew minutes a bus driver has to ask passengers to step to the rear of the bus.In spite of traffic snarls and thoughtless passengers who cause delays, a busdriver is expected to cover his or her route onschedule.
這一段的隱含主題句可概括為“Driving a bus is hard work.”轉(zhuǎn)自學(xué)易網(wǎng) www.studyez.com
例5
A green I-538 form is usedby international students in order to obtain permission from the Immigration andNaturalization Service to transfer from one university to another in the UnitedStates. If you are planning to transfer, remember that you must obtain thepermission before leaving the university where you are currently studying. Youmust complete the form I-538, have it signed by the foreign student advisor, andsubmit it to the District Office of the Immigration and Naturalization Servicetogether with the form I-20 from the new school and the small, white form I-94that was affixed to your passport when you entered the country.
Submitting the signed 1-538 and other documents does not insure permission totransfer. Only an official of Immigration can decide each case. Students whohave not completed one term of study at the school that issued them their firstI-20 are not advised to file for permission to transfer until they havecompleted one term.轉(zhuǎn)自學(xué)易網(wǎng) www.studyez.com轉(zhuǎn)自學(xué)易網(wǎng) www.studyez.com
這篇短文的隱含主題旬可歸納為“What should an international student d0．if he or she wants to transfer from oneuniversity to another in the United States.