Unit1
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text 3
There are various ways in which individual economic units can interact with one another. Three basic ways may be described as the market system, the administered system, and the traditional system.
In a market system individual economic units are free to interact among each other in the marketplace. It is possible to buy commodities from other economic units or sell commodities to them. In a market, transaction may take place via barter or money exchange. In a barter economy, real goods such as automobiles, shoes and pizzas are traded against each other. Obviously, finding somebody who wants to trade my old car in exchange for a sailboat may not always be an easy task. Hence, the introduction of money as a medium of exchange eases transactions considerably. In the modern market economy, goods and services are bought or sold for money.
An alternative for the market system is administrative control by some agency over all transactions. This agency will issue edicts (orders) or commands as to how much of each good and service should be produced, exchanged, and consumed by each economic unit. Central planning may be one way of administering such an economy. The central plan, drawn up by the government, shows the amounts of each commodity produced by the various firms and allocated to different households for consumption. This is an example of complete planning of production, consumption, and exchange for the whole economy.
In a traditional society, production and consumption patterns are governed by tradition; every person's place within the economic system is fixed by parentage(origin), religion, and custom. Transactions take place on the basis of tradition, too. People belonging to a certain group or caste(social class) may have an obligation to care for other persons, provide them with food and shelter, care for their health, and provide for their education. Clearly, in a system where every decision is made on the basis of tradition alone, progress may be difficult to achieve. A stagnant (unchanging) society may result.
Notes:barter 以貨易貨
11. The main purpose of the text is to
[A] interpret the essence of general economics.
[B] compare barter and cash-exchange markets.
[C] outline contrasting types of economic systems.
[D] argue for the superiority of a certain economy.
12. The word "real" in "real goods"(Par.2) could best be replaced by
[A] genuine.[B] practical.[C] durable.[D] substantial.
13. According to the text, a barter economy may lead to
[A] unfair transaction.[B] direct conflicts.
[C] gradual deflation.[D] trading troubles.
14. In an administered system, business activities are under the direction of
[A] major economic organizations.
[B] general public advisory body.
[C] large commercial companies.
[D] certain official departments.
15. All of the following are mentioned as factors determining one's place in a traditional society EXCEPT
[A] family background.
[B] age and education.
[C] religious beliefs.
[D] established experience.
【答案】C B D D B
【譯文】
單個經(jīng)濟單位相互作用的方式多種多樣。三種基本方式是：市場體制、管理體制和傳統(tǒng)體制。
在市場體制下，單個經(jīng)濟單位在市場上自由地相互交易，可以同其他經(jīng)濟單位進行商品買賣。在市場上通過實物或貨幣交換來交易。在易貨經(jīng)濟中，汽車、鞋子、匹薩這樣的實物相互交換。很明顯，要找一個愿意用一艘帆船來換我一輛舊車的人，可能并不總是件容易的事。所以，引入貨幣作媒介大大減輕了交易難度。在現(xiàn)代市場經(jīng)濟中，就是用貨幣來買賣商品或服務(wù)的。
與市場體制不同，管理體制是由某一機構(gòu)管控所有交易。該機構(gòu)將頒布法令或命令，規(guī)定每個經(jīng)濟單位應(yīng)該生產(chǎn)、交換、消費每一種商品和服務(wù)的數(shù)量。這種經(jīng)濟的一個管理方式是中央規(guī)劃：政府制定中央計劃，規(guī)定各企業(yè)生產(chǎn)以及分配給不同家庭消費的每種商品的數(shù)量。這個例子說明了對整個經(jīng)濟的生產(chǎn)、消費和交易的全面規(guī)劃。
在傳統(tǒng)社會里，生產(chǎn)和消費模式由傳統(tǒng)控制。每個人在經(jīng)濟體制中的地位是由出身、宗教和習(xí)俗確定的。交易也依傳統(tǒng)習(xí)慣進行。屬于同一團體或社會階層的人可能有義務(wù)關(guān)照他人，為他們提供食宿，照料他們的健康，并給他們提供教育。很明顯，在一個只能依照傳統(tǒng)作一切決定的體制下，社會很難有發(fā)展。這樣就會導(dǎo)致社會停滯不前。
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text 3
There are various ways in which individual economic units can interact with one another. Three basic ways may be described as the market system, the administered system, and the traditional system.
In a market system individual economic units are free to interact among each other in the marketplace. It is possible to buy commodities from other economic units or sell commodities to them. In a market, transaction may take place via barter or money exchange. In a barter economy, real goods such as automobiles, shoes and pizzas are traded against each other. Obviously, finding somebody who wants to trade my old car in exchange for a sailboat may not always be an easy task. Hence, the introduction of money as a medium of exchange eases transactions considerably. In the modern market economy, goods and services are bought or sold for money.
An alternative for the market system is administrative control by some agency over all transactions. This agency will issue edicts (orders) or commands as to how much of each good and service should be produced, exchanged, and consumed by each economic unit. Central planning may be one way of administering such an economy. The central plan, drawn up by the government, shows the amounts of each commodity produced by the various firms and allocated to different households for consumption. This is an example of complete planning of production, consumption, and exchange for the whole economy.
In a traditional society, production and consumption patterns are governed by tradition; every person's place within the economic system is fixed by parentage(origin), religion, and custom. Transactions take place on the basis of tradition, too. People belonging to a certain group or caste(social class) may have an obligation to care for other persons, provide them with food and shelter, care for their health, and provide for their education. Clearly, in a system where every decision is made on the basis of tradition alone, progress may be difficult to achieve. A stagnant (unchanging) society may result.
Notes:barter 以貨易貨
11. The main purpose of the text is to
[A] interpret the essence of general economics.
[B] compare barter and cash-exchange markets.
[C] outline contrasting types of economic systems.
[D] argue for the superiority of a certain economy.
12. The word "real" in "real goods"(Par.2) could best be replaced by
[A] genuine.[B] practical.[C] durable.[D] substantial.
13. According to the text, a barter economy may lead to
[A] unfair transaction.[B] direct conflicts.
[C] gradual deflation.[D] trading troubles.
14. In an administered system, business activities are under the direction of
[A] major economic organizations.
[B] general public advisory body.
[C] large commercial companies.
[D] certain official departments.
15. All of the following are mentioned as factors determining one's place in a traditional society EXCEPT
[A] family background.
[B] age and education.
[C] religious beliefs.
[D] established experience.
【答案】C B D D B
【譯文】
單個經(jīng)濟單位相互作用的方式多種多樣。三種基本方式是：市場體制、管理體制和傳統(tǒng)體制。
在市場體制下，單個經(jīng)濟單位在市場上自由地相互交易，可以同其他經(jīng)濟單位進行商品買賣。在市場上通過實物或貨幣交換來交易。在易貨經(jīng)濟中，汽車、鞋子、匹薩這樣的實物相互交換。很明顯，要找一個愿意用一艘帆船來換我一輛舊車的人，可能并不總是件容易的事。所以，引入貨幣作媒介大大減輕了交易難度。在現(xiàn)代市場經(jīng)濟中，就是用貨幣來買賣商品或服務(wù)的。
與市場體制不同，管理體制是由某一機構(gòu)管控所有交易。該機構(gòu)將頒布法令或命令，規(guī)定每個經(jīng)濟單位應(yīng)該生產(chǎn)、交換、消費每一種商品和服務(wù)的數(shù)量。這種經(jīng)濟的一個管理方式是中央規(guī)劃：政府制定中央計劃，規(guī)定各企業(yè)生產(chǎn)以及分配給不同家庭消費的每種商品的數(shù)量。這個例子說明了對整個經(jīng)濟的生產(chǎn)、消費和交易的全面規(guī)劃。
在傳統(tǒng)社會里，生產(chǎn)和消費模式由傳統(tǒng)控制。每個人在經(jīng)濟體制中的地位是由出身、宗教和習(xí)俗確定的。交易也依傳統(tǒng)習(xí)慣進行。屬于同一團體或社會階層的人可能有義務(wù)關(guān)照他人，為他們提供食宿，照料他們的健康，并給他們提供教育。很明顯，在一個只能依照傳統(tǒng)作一切決定的體制下，社會很難有發(fā)展。這樣就會導(dǎo)致社會停滯不前。