還是先來看看兩個例句：
……， the cops Mirandize you.
…… how to Shepardize a Case.
上面兩個例子你能明白其意思嗎？特別是能理解其中的兩個動詞Mirandize和Shepardize嗎？如果不能，就來看看下面的背景知識：
一。 Mirandize
一九六三年，一個有前科的中學(xué)退學(xué)生，名叫埃內(nèi)斯托·米蘭達(dá)（Ernesto Miranda），因涉嫌強(qiáng)*和綁架婦女在亞利桑那州被捕，警官隨即對他進(jìn)行了審問。在審訊前，警官沒有告訴米蘭達(dá)有權(quán)保持沉默，有權(quán)不自認(rèn)其罪。經(jīng)過連續(xù)兩小時的審訊，米蘭達(dá)承認(rèn)了罪行，并在供詞上簽了字。后來在法庭上，檢察官向陪審團(tuán)出示了米蘭達(dá)的供詞，作為指控他犯罪的重要證據(jù)。米蘭達(dá)的律師則堅持認(rèn)為，根據(jù)憲法美國憲法第五修正案，米蘭達(dá)供詞是無效的。最后，陪審團(tuán)判決米蘭達(dá)有罪，法官判米蘭達(dá)二十年有期徒刑。此案后來上訴到美國法院。一九六六年，法院以五比四一票之差裁決地方法院的審判無效，理由是警官在審問前，沒有預(yù)先告訴米蘭達(dá)應(yīng)享有的憲法權(quán)利。法院在裁決中向警方重申了審訊嫌犯的規(guī)則：第一，預(yù)先告訴嫌犯有權(quán)保持沉默。第二，預(yù)先告訴嫌犯，他們的供詞可能用來起訴和審判他們。第三，告訴嫌犯有權(quán)請律師在受審時到場。第四，告訴嫌犯，如果請不起律師，法庭將免費(fèi)為其指派一位律師。這些規(guī)則后來被稱為"米蘭達(dá)忠告"（Miranda Warnings）。
所以，由人名Miranda演變而來的動詞Mirandize的真正含義是"宣讀米蘭達(dá)忠告".
上文的the cops Mirandize you.即可譯為警察向你宣讀米蘭達(dá)忠告
附相關(guān)英文資料：
Miranda Warnings
1. You have the right to remain silent.
2. Anything you say can and will be used against you in a court of law.
3. You have the right to have an attorney present before any questioning.
4. If you cannot afford an attorney， one will be appointed to represent you before any questioning.
Do you understand these rights？
二。Shepardize
美國有五十個州，州與州之間的法律體系都不盡相同，由此產(chǎn)生的案例也浩如煙海，故法官，律師，學(xué)者在援引法律或案例時都傷透了腦筋，直到一八七三年，有個叫弗蘭克。謝巴德（Frank Shepard）的人，為美國法學(xué)界發(fā)明一種援引（注釋）的方法，即的謝巴德援引法（Shepard's Citations），這種方法是將所有公開發(fā)表的法律數(shù)據(jù)收集起來并做好索引，這樣，法律工作者就能很容易地提取并援引自己想要的法律信息，如下面兩個例子就是采用的謝巴德援引法：
1.Greer v. Northwestern National Insurance Co.， 109 Wash.2d 191，743 P.2d 1244 （1987） ，這是案例援引，即指Greer訴Northwestern National Insurance Co.案在下面兩個地方可以找到：Washington Reports第109卷第2系列第109頁；或West'sPacific Reporter第743卷第2系列第1244頁，因為給出了兩個地址，這種援引又叫平行援引（parallel citations）
2.Mich.Comp. Laws S 208.23 （1995），這是法律援引，即該法律在1995年密歇根州法律匯編中可以找到。
現(xiàn)在，以弗蘭克。謝巴德（Frank Shepard）命名的公司已經(jīng)成成立，這個公司有30多位律師，專門從事謝巴德援引工作，在美國的法律界有著舉足輕重的作用。
所以，由人名Shepard演變而來的動詞Shepardize的真正含義是"援引".
上文的how to Shepardize a Case即可譯為如何援引一個案子……
關(guān)于謝巴德援引法（Shepard's Citations），請參見下面的英文解釋：
附相關(guān)英文資料
SHEPARD'S CITATIONS （"CITATORS"）
"CITES" or "CITATIONS"
In the law， a researcher "cites" a particular case， statute， or other document to support or give authority to an argument or point s/he wishes to make. A "cite" or "citation"， then， is simply the mentioning of， or reference to， some legal document with an indication as to where the cited document can be found and， if desired， read and analyzed. In this manner， one's opponents or other researchers can check the accuracy and validity of the arguments or statements one makes. The "cite" or "citation" usually gives the name of the document， the volume number， the name of the set of books where published， and a page number. （Depending on the material， some citations may provide title or section or part numbers matching the way in which the material is organized.）
SHEPARD'S CITATIONS （"CITATORS"）
Let's say you are using a specific case， Franken v. Muth， to support an argument. You would be terribly embarrassed if your opponent pointed out in reply that your case was overruled last year and is no longer considered good law. Shepard's Citations （popularly called "citators"） help to avoid such situations， because you can "Shepardize" the Franken case （the document in hand）。 By "shepardizing" one's document in hand， a researcher can locate cites to most （if not all） later documents （cases， statutes， regulations， commentary） that have cited the document in hand.
In our example， you would want to find later cases （and other material） that have cited Franken v. Muth， because one of those later cases may have overruled Franken， or in some way altered or impaired its effectiveness （"authority"） as legal precedent. Likewise， if you are relying on a specific statute， you would want to know if a later statute amended or repealed your statute， or if any court had struck it down as unconstitutional.
IS THERE A SHEPARD'S CITATOR FOR MY RESEARCH MATERIAL？
Although a Shepard's Citator does not not exist for every type of law material （e.g.， no Shepard's for Prosser on Torts）， Shepard's Citators do exist for cases， statutes， constitutions， regulations， administrative agency decisions， city charters and ordinances， court rules， treaties， the Restatements， and a plethora of other legal materials. For example， if you need to Shepardize a case published （"reported"） in the Northeastern Reporter， 2d series， get the Shepard's Northeastern Reporter Citations. If the document in hand is a Delaware statute， get the Shepard's Delaware Citations. If the document in hand is an Indiana trial court rule， get the Shepard's Indiana Citations. Although some law libraries place Shepard's at various locations， our library shelves all units of Shepard's Citations in one place.
MOST SHEPARD'S UNITS DIVIDED INTO TWO BASIC SECTIONS
Shepard's units are usually divided into two basic sections： one for court decisions （"reports"） and one for materials that are not court reports （constitutions， session laws， codes， treaties， city ordinances， etc.）。 Check spines or covers of the various pieces.
USING SHEPARD'S CITATIONS
Once you have found the correct unit of Shepard's， check the listing on the cover of the latest paper supplement to be sure you have all the pieces needed. （Obviously， if you are shepardizing a recent case， you may not need earlier volumes.） Read the volume spine （or cover） to make sure you are in the correct part of the unit （example： cases？？ statutes？？ court rules？？）。 Once you open a volume （or pamphlet）， read the heavy black print across the top of the page， matching it with that of the document in hand. Where the item you are Shepardizing is published in more than one edition or series， be sure the year or series or edition numbers at the top of a Shepard's page match your document. At the top of the page， one will also find the volume number （or article or section or title numbers） that you should match with the numbering of your document. In Shepard's， a volume number may change in the middle of a page， but the change is indicated in legible， black print.
Here and there across the pages， you will see smaller numbers in heavy black print， often between two dashes or after a "section" symbol. Match these numbers to the page （or section or part） numbers of the document in hand. Once you have found a match， Shepard's will usually give a string of letters and numbers in the column below the page （or section or part） number. These letters and numbers are the "citations" for later documents that have cited the item you are shepardizing. For example， you may find "685 FS 1220 Cir.9". This indicates a later case from the U.S. Court of Appeals， 9th Circuit， published in volume 685， pp. 1220 et seq.， of a series called Federal Supplement. （For abbreviations， check the Tables of Abbreviations， at the front of Shepard's bound volumes.） The very small numbers and letters in front of， or after， each citation tell you how the later material treated your document in hand. For example， a small "f" indicates the later case "followed" the case being shepardized， an "o" that it was overruled. Sometimes， when shepardizing a case， one will find very small numbers inserted within cites for later cases and printed somewhat above the line. These very small numbers （example： 3） indicate the later case cited the document in hand specifically for the rule of law laid out in headnote number "X" of the case being shepardized （headnote 3 in our example）。 Be sure to check all Shepards' volumes/pamphlets that cover time periods after the date of your document.
Shepards' Citations are an excellent tool for checking the validity of documents you rely on， for finding parallel citations， and for finding additional material similar to the material in hand.
……， the cops Mirandize you.
…… how to Shepardize a Case.
上面兩個例子你能明白其意思嗎？特別是能理解其中的兩個動詞Mirandize和Shepardize嗎？如果不能，就來看看下面的背景知識：
一。 Mirandize
一九六三年，一個有前科的中學(xué)退學(xué)生，名叫埃內(nèi)斯托·米蘭達(dá)（Ernesto Miranda），因涉嫌強(qiáng)*和綁架婦女在亞利桑那州被捕，警官隨即對他進(jìn)行了審問。在審訊前，警官沒有告訴米蘭達(dá)有權(quán)保持沉默，有權(quán)不自認(rèn)其罪。經(jīng)過連續(xù)兩小時的審訊，米蘭達(dá)承認(rèn)了罪行，并在供詞上簽了字。后來在法庭上，檢察官向陪審團(tuán)出示了米蘭達(dá)的供詞，作為指控他犯罪的重要證據(jù)。米蘭達(dá)的律師則堅持認(rèn)為，根據(jù)憲法美國憲法第五修正案，米蘭達(dá)供詞是無效的。最后，陪審團(tuán)判決米蘭達(dá)有罪，法官判米蘭達(dá)二十年有期徒刑。此案后來上訴到美國法院。一九六六年，法院以五比四一票之差裁決地方法院的審判無效，理由是警官在審問前，沒有預(yù)先告訴米蘭達(dá)應(yīng)享有的憲法權(quán)利。法院在裁決中向警方重申了審訊嫌犯的規(guī)則：第一，預(yù)先告訴嫌犯有權(quán)保持沉默。第二，預(yù)先告訴嫌犯，他們的供詞可能用來起訴和審判他們。第三，告訴嫌犯有權(quán)請律師在受審時到場。第四，告訴嫌犯，如果請不起律師，法庭將免費(fèi)為其指派一位律師。這些規(guī)則后來被稱為"米蘭達(dá)忠告"（Miranda Warnings）。
所以，由人名Miranda演變而來的動詞Mirandize的真正含義是"宣讀米蘭達(dá)忠告".
上文的the cops Mirandize you.即可譯為警察向你宣讀米蘭達(dá)忠告
附相關(guān)英文資料：
Miranda Warnings
1. You have the right to remain silent.
2. Anything you say can and will be used against you in a court of law.
3. You have the right to have an attorney present before any questioning.
4. If you cannot afford an attorney， one will be appointed to represent you before any questioning.
Do you understand these rights？
二。Shepardize
美國有五十個州，州與州之間的法律體系都不盡相同，由此產(chǎn)生的案例也浩如煙海，故法官，律師，學(xué)者在援引法律或案例時都傷透了腦筋，直到一八七三年，有個叫弗蘭克。謝巴德（Frank Shepard）的人，為美國法學(xué)界發(fā)明一種援引（注釋）的方法，即的謝巴德援引法（Shepard's Citations），這種方法是將所有公開發(fā)表的法律數(shù)據(jù)收集起來并做好索引，這樣，法律工作者就能很容易地提取并援引自己想要的法律信息，如下面兩個例子就是采用的謝巴德援引法：
1.Greer v. Northwestern National Insurance Co.， 109 Wash.2d 191，743 P.2d 1244 （1987） ，這是案例援引，即指Greer訴Northwestern National Insurance Co.案在下面兩個地方可以找到：Washington Reports第109卷第2系列第109頁；或West'sPacific Reporter第743卷第2系列第1244頁，因為給出了兩個地址，這種援引又叫平行援引（parallel citations）
2.Mich.Comp. Laws S 208.23 （1995），這是法律援引，即該法律在1995年密歇根州法律匯編中可以找到。
現(xiàn)在，以弗蘭克。謝巴德（Frank Shepard）命名的公司已經(jīng)成成立，這個公司有30多位律師，專門從事謝巴德援引工作，在美國的法律界有著舉足輕重的作用。
所以，由人名Shepard演變而來的動詞Shepardize的真正含義是"援引".
上文的how to Shepardize a Case即可譯為如何援引一個案子……
關(guān)于謝巴德援引法（Shepard's Citations），請參見下面的英文解釋：
附相關(guān)英文資料
SHEPARD'S CITATIONS （"CITATORS"）
"CITES" or "CITATIONS"
In the law， a researcher "cites" a particular case， statute， or other document to support or give authority to an argument or point s/he wishes to make. A "cite" or "citation"， then， is simply the mentioning of， or reference to， some legal document with an indication as to where the cited document can be found and， if desired， read and analyzed. In this manner， one's opponents or other researchers can check the accuracy and validity of the arguments or statements one makes. The "cite" or "citation" usually gives the name of the document， the volume number， the name of the set of books where published， and a page number. （Depending on the material， some citations may provide title or section or part numbers matching the way in which the material is organized.）
SHEPARD'S CITATIONS （"CITATORS"）
Let's say you are using a specific case， Franken v. Muth， to support an argument. You would be terribly embarrassed if your opponent pointed out in reply that your case was overruled last year and is no longer considered good law. Shepard's Citations （popularly called "citators"） help to avoid such situations， because you can "Shepardize" the Franken case （the document in hand）。 By "shepardizing" one's document in hand， a researcher can locate cites to most （if not all） later documents （cases， statutes， regulations， commentary） that have cited the document in hand.
In our example， you would want to find later cases （and other material） that have cited Franken v. Muth， because one of those later cases may have overruled Franken， or in some way altered or impaired its effectiveness （"authority"） as legal precedent. Likewise， if you are relying on a specific statute， you would want to know if a later statute amended or repealed your statute， or if any court had struck it down as unconstitutional.
IS THERE A SHEPARD'S CITATOR FOR MY RESEARCH MATERIAL？
Although a Shepard's Citator does not not exist for every type of law material （e.g.， no Shepard's for Prosser on Torts）， Shepard's Citators do exist for cases， statutes， constitutions， regulations， administrative agency decisions， city charters and ordinances， court rules， treaties， the Restatements， and a plethora of other legal materials. For example， if you need to Shepardize a case published （"reported"） in the Northeastern Reporter， 2d series， get the Shepard's Northeastern Reporter Citations. If the document in hand is a Delaware statute， get the Shepard's Delaware Citations. If the document in hand is an Indiana trial court rule， get the Shepard's Indiana Citations. Although some law libraries place Shepard's at various locations， our library shelves all units of Shepard's Citations in one place.
MOST SHEPARD'S UNITS DIVIDED INTO TWO BASIC SECTIONS
Shepard's units are usually divided into two basic sections： one for court decisions （"reports"） and one for materials that are not court reports （constitutions， session laws， codes， treaties， city ordinances， etc.）。 Check spines or covers of the various pieces.
USING SHEPARD'S CITATIONS
Once you have found the correct unit of Shepard's， check the listing on the cover of the latest paper supplement to be sure you have all the pieces needed. （Obviously， if you are shepardizing a recent case， you may not need earlier volumes.） Read the volume spine （or cover） to make sure you are in the correct part of the unit （example： cases？？ statutes？？ court rules？？）。 Once you open a volume （or pamphlet）， read the heavy black print across the top of the page， matching it with that of the document in hand. Where the item you are Shepardizing is published in more than one edition or series， be sure the year or series or edition numbers at the top of a Shepard's page match your document. At the top of the page， one will also find the volume number （or article or section or title numbers） that you should match with the numbering of your document. In Shepard's， a volume number may change in the middle of a page， but the change is indicated in legible， black print.
Here and there across the pages， you will see smaller numbers in heavy black print， often between two dashes or after a "section" symbol. Match these numbers to the page （or section or part） numbers of the document in hand. Once you have found a match， Shepard's will usually give a string of letters and numbers in the column below the page （or section or part） number. These letters and numbers are the "citations" for later documents that have cited the item you are shepardizing. For example， you may find "685 FS 1220 Cir.9". This indicates a later case from the U.S. Court of Appeals， 9th Circuit， published in volume 685， pp. 1220 et seq.， of a series called Federal Supplement. （For abbreviations， check the Tables of Abbreviations， at the front of Shepard's bound volumes.） The very small numbers and letters in front of， or after， each citation tell you how the later material treated your document in hand. For example， a small "f" indicates the later case "followed" the case being shepardized， an "o" that it was overruled. Sometimes， when shepardizing a case， one will find very small numbers inserted within cites for later cases and printed somewhat above the line. These very small numbers （example： 3） indicate the later case cited the document in hand specifically for the rule of law laid out in headnote number "X" of the case being shepardized （headnote 3 in our example）。 Be sure to check all Shepards' volumes/pamphlets that cover time periods after the date of your document.
Shepards' Citations are an excellent tool for checking the validity of documents you rely on， for finding parallel citations， and for finding additional material similar to the material in hand.