consideration(對價)

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在英語里,約因和對價都是consideration,那么兩者有什么區(qū)別呢?先讓我們來看看consideration的英文解釋:
    consideration
    n. 1) payment or money. 2) a vital element in the law of contracts, consideration is a benefit which must be bargained for between the parties, and is the essential reason for a party entering into a contract. Consideration must be of value (at least to the parties), and is exchanged for the performance or promise of performance by the other party (such performance itself is consideration)。 In a contract, one consideration (thing given) is exchanged for another consideration. Not doing an act (forbearance) can be consideration, such as “I will pay you $1,000 not to build a road next to my fence.” Sometimes consideration is “nominal,” meaning it is stated for form only, such as “$10 as consideration for conveyance of title,” which is used to hide the true amount being paid. Contracts may become unenforceable or rescindable (undone by rescission) for “failure of consideration” when the intended consideration is found to be worth less than expected, is damaged or destroyed, or performance is not made properly (as when the mechanic does not make the car run properly)。 Acts which are illegal or so immoral that they are against established public policy cannot serve as consideration for enforceable contracts. Examples: prostitution, gambling where outlawed, hiring someone to break a skater's knee or inducing someone to breach an agreement (talk someone into backing out of a promise)。
    總的來說,要形成一個法律上“有意義”的買賣合同,需要具備若干條件,如當事人具備行為能辦,意思表示一致且真實,內(nèi)容合法或合乎公序良俗,,符合法定形式等等。此外,英美法還要求有對價( consideration),法國還要求有約因( cause)。以德國法為代表的大陸法系把合同與法律行為理論聯(lián)系起來。依他們的主張,合同的成立是一個事實判斷問題,其著眼點在于“某一法律行為是否已經(jīng)存在,行為人從事的某一具體行為是否屬于他的表示行為”。而合同生效與否則是一個法律價值判斷問題,法律行為“只有成立后,才談得上進一步衡量其是否有效的問題”,著眼于“行為人從事的某一法律行為是否符合法律的精神和規(guī)定,因而能否取得法律所認許的效力”。
    在英美法上,并不著意區(qū)分合同的成立與生效,這中間涉及到英美法對合同(contract)的理解問題。理論和法律對于該允諾的違反給予救濟,而在一定意義上承認允諾的履行為一種責(zé)任。據(jù)此,只要合同成立就具有合法性,因為不符合法律的合同不能產(chǎn)生強制執(zhí)行力(enforceqbilitv),自然也就是要以“對價”(consideration)為基礎(chǔ)。所謂對價,指的是當事人一方得到某種利益、權(quán)利或好處,另一方損失某種利益、權(quán)利或好處,從而使雙方都收到好處。換言之,對價就是當事人間的一種“我給你是為了你給了我的關(guān)系”。