When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, something strong happened to the large animals; they suddenly became extinct. Smaller species survived, the large, slow-growing animals were easy game, and were quickly hunted to extinction.
Now something similar could be happening in the oceans that the seas are being over-fished has been known for years what researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing. They have looked at half a century of data from fisheries around the world. Their methods de not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time. According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators (animals that kill and eat other animals) inanes fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. In some long-fished areas, it has halved again since then Dr. Worm acknowledges that these figures are conservative, one reason for this is that fishing technology has improved Today's vessels can find their prey using satellites and sonar, which were not available 50 years ago that means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. In the early days, too, longlines would have been more saturated with fish. Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since to baited hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past. Furthermore, in the early days of longline fishing, a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had been hooked. That is no longer a problem, because there are fewer sharks around noise.
Dr. Myers and Dr. worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account. They believe the date support an idea current among marine biologists, that of the "shifting baseline". The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped form a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels. Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to de business.
1、The extinction of large prehistoric animals is noted to suggest that
A、 large animal were vulnerable to the changing environment
B、 small species survived as large animals disappeared
C、 large sea animals may face the same threat today.
D、 Slow-growing fish outlive fast-growing ones
2、who can infer form Dr Myers and Dr. Worm's paper that
A、 the stock of large predators in some old fisheries has reduced by 90%
B、 there are only half as many fisheries are there were 15 years ago
C、 the catch sizes in new fisheries are only 20% of the original amount
D、 the number of larger predators dropped faster in new fisherish than in the old
3、By saying these figures are conservative (line in ,paragragf-3), Dr worm means that
A、 fishing technology has improved rapidly
B、 then catch-sizes are actually smaller then recorded
C、 the marine bio mass has suffered a greater loss
D、 the date collected so far are pit pf date.
4 、Dr Myers and other researchers hold that
A、people should look for a baseline that can't work for a longer time
B、fisheries should keep the yield below 50% of the biomass
C、the ocean biomass should restored its original level.
D、people should adjust the fishing baseline to changing situation.
5、The author seems to be mainly concerned with most fisheries'
A、 management efficiency
B、 biomass level
C、 catch-size limits
D、 technological application
Passage 3
〔背景介紹〕
文章類型：自然科學，生態(tài)學
從文章分類上來說是一個自然科學關于生態(tài)方面的文章，這是今年四篇文章中的一篇自然科學的問題。講述了一個很簡單的現(xiàn)象--漁業(yè)過渡捕撈會導致魚群大量衰減。
〔結構分析〕
第一段還是用常見的類比方法，作為一個引子為了引出第二段的文章主題。
第二、三段用具體的數(shù)據(jù)說明當前的問題--魚群數(shù)量在銳減。
第四段給我們提出建議，應該轉(zhuǎn)換基線，關注biomass level。
〔題目解析〕
1. [C] 細節(jié)事實題
這種題型近兩年每年必考，就是問引子的作用。第一段講到了歷的一個情況，就是說當史前人類到達一個新世界的地方，對于大型動物有一個很奇怪的事情就發(fā)生了，就是這些大型動物很快就滅絕，小動物會生存下來。按理說應該是小動物首先滅絕，因為它抵御風險的能力高一些。為什么大動物首先滅絕呢？后面又講到了，大動物是很容易被人捕捉到的。其實是用這樣的情況類比在海洋漁業(yè)中發(fā)生的情況。海洋漁業(yè)中我們?nèi)祟愂紫炔兜氖谴篝~，所以大魚滅絕速度也要快一些。因此A和B選項屬于以事論事肯定錯誤；D選項屬于一種無中生有的比較；C選項大型海洋類動物今天也面臨相同的威脅是同義替換。考生們一定要記住，引子不是為了說明引子，是為了引出文章主題的，也就是為了說明主題的。
2. [A] 推理題
首先從題干定位到原文的第二段。在論文中里，這兩個博士提到了新的漁場在開始開發(fā)15年之內(nèi)魚的數(shù)量平均下降了80%。在某些長期捕撈的漁場里，魚的數(shù)量自從那個時候，又下降了一半。意思就是說原來只剩20%了，現(xiàn)在再下降一半，那就是說有些長期捕撈的漁場的數(shù)量下降了90%。A選項大型的食肉魚類的數(shù)量在某些漁場減少了90%是同義替換。B選項今天漁場的數(shù)量是15年的一半這是文中未提及的信息；C選項在新的漁場捕魚的數(shù)量只是原先的20%，文中沒有討論過捕魚數(shù)量，而是討論的海洋中魚的數(shù)量，這還是偷換概念；D選項屬于一種無中生有的比較，文中沒有就新舊漁場進行過比較。
3. [C] 細節(jié)事實題
根據(jù)題干定位到原文第三段，前文中講現(xiàn)在大型食肉魚類數(shù)量在銳減，緊接著在說這個數(shù)據(jù)還是有保留性的，后文繼續(xù)論述因為今天的科技遠比50年前的先進（即說明今天探明的數(shù)量是更精確的，而50年的探明的數(shù)量只是真正數(shù)量其中一部分，換而言之，實際減少的數(shù)量要比我們統(tǒng)計的數(shù)據(jù)還要多）。因此C選項為同義替換。選項A"捕魚技術飛速發(fā)展"和選項B"實際捕魚數(shù)量比統(tǒng)計的要少"都是文中未提及的信息；選項D"收集的數(shù)據(jù)只是部分數(shù)據(jù)"與原文相反，今天的數(shù)據(jù)應該是相當精確的。
4. [D] 細節(jié)事實題
選項A"should look for a baseline"與末段首句矛盾，文中說他們已經(jīng)給出了一個正確的基線，因此不需要再去尋找了；選項B"低于50%"與原文倒數(shù)兩句話明顯相反；選項C"海洋生物數(shù)量應該恢復到原始階段"是文中未提及的信息，而且與文中的50%也不匹配。選項D"人們應該根據(jù)不斷變化的情況來調(diào)整捕漁業(yè)的基線"是原文末段第二句"shifting baseline"的同義替換。
5. [B] 主旨題
這還是一道篇章性的問題，這篇文章從第二段開始都是圍繞(單位面積或體積內(nèi))生物的數(shù)量來展開討論的，當然是選擇B。選項A"高效的管理"；選項C"捕魚數(shù)量的限制"和選項D"運用科技"都是文中未提及的信息。
Now something similar could be happening in the oceans that the seas are being over-fished has been known for years what researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing. They have looked at half a century of data from fisheries around the world. Their methods de not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time. According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators (animals that kill and eat other animals) inanes fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. In some long-fished areas, it has halved again since then Dr. Worm acknowledges that these figures are conservative, one reason for this is that fishing technology has improved Today's vessels can find their prey using satellites and sonar, which were not available 50 years ago that means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. In the early days, too, longlines would have been more saturated with fish. Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since to baited hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past. Furthermore, in the early days of longline fishing, a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had been hooked. That is no longer a problem, because there are fewer sharks around noise.
Dr. Myers and Dr. worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account. They believe the date support an idea current among marine biologists, that of the "shifting baseline". The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped form a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels. Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to de business.
1、The extinction of large prehistoric animals is noted to suggest that
A、 large animal were vulnerable to the changing environment
B、 small species survived as large animals disappeared
C、 large sea animals may face the same threat today.
D、 Slow-growing fish outlive fast-growing ones
2、who can infer form Dr Myers and Dr. Worm's paper that
A、 the stock of large predators in some old fisheries has reduced by 90%
B、 there are only half as many fisheries are there were 15 years ago
C、 the catch sizes in new fisheries are only 20% of the original amount
D、 the number of larger predators dropped faster in new fisherish than in the old
3、By saying these figures are conservative (line in ,paragragf-3), Dr worm means that
A、 fishing technology has improved rapidly
B、 then catch-sizes are actually smaller then recorded
C、 the marine bio mass has suffered a greater loss
D、 the date collected so far are pit pf date.
4 、Dr Myers and other researchers hold that
A、people should look for a baseline that can't work for a longer time
B、fisheries should keep the yield below 50% of the biomass
C、the ocean biomass should restored its original level.
D、people should adjust the fishing baseline to changing situation.
5、The author seems to be mainly concerned with most fisheries'
A、 management efficiency
B、 biomass level
C、 catch-size limits
D、 technological application
Passage 3
〔背景介紹〕
文章類型：自然科學，生態(tài)學
從文章分類上來說是一個自然科學關于生態(tài)方面的文章，這是今年四篇文章中的一篇自然科學的問題。講述了一個很簡單的現(xiàn)象--漁業(yè)過渡捕撈會導致魚群大量衰減。
〔結構分析〕
第一段還是用常見的類比方法，作為一個引子為了引出第二段的文章主題。
第二、三段用具體的數(shù)據(jù)說明當前的問題--魚群數(shù)量在銳減。
第四段給我們提出建議，應該轉(zhuǎn)換基線，關注biomass level。
〔題目解析〕
1. [C] 細節(jié)事實題
這種題型近兩年每年必考，就是問引子的作用。第一段講到了歷的一個情況，就是說當史前人類到達一個新世界的地方，對于大型動物有一個很奇怪的事情就發(fā)生了，就是這些大型動物很快就滅絕，小動物會生存下來。按理說應該是小動物首先滅絕，因為它抵御風險的能力高一些。為什么大動物首先滅絕呢？后面又講到了，大動物是很容易被人捕捉到的。其實是用這樣的情況類比在海洋漁業(yè)中發(fā)生的情況。海洋漁業(yè)中我們?nèi)祟愂紫炔兜氖谴篝~，所以大魚滅絕速度也要快一些。因此A和B選項屬于以事論事肯定錯誤；D選項屬于一種無中生有的比較；C選項大型海洋類動物今天也面臨相同的威脅是同義替換。考生們一定要記住，引子不是為了說明引子，是為了引出文章主題的，也就是為了說明主題的。
2. [A] 推理題
首先從題干定位到原文的第二段。在論文中里，這兩個博士提到了新的漁場在開始開發(fā)15年之內(nèi)魚的數(shù)量平均下降了80%。在某些長期捕撈的漁場里，魚的數(shù)量自從那個時候，又下降了一半。意思就是說原來只剩20%了，現(xiàn)在再下降一半，那就是說有些長期捕撈的漁場的數(shù)量下降了90%。A選項大型的食肉魚類的數(shù)量在某些漁場減少了90%是同義替換。B選項今天漁場的數(shù)量是15年的一半這是文中未提及的信息；C選項在新的漁場捕魚的數(shù)量只是原先的20%，文中沒有討論過捕魚數(shù)量，而是討論的海洋中魚的數(shù)量，這還是偷換概念；D選項屬于一種無中生有的比較，文中沒有就新舊漁場進行過比較。
3. [C] 細節(jié)事實題
根據(jù)題干定位到原文第三段，前文中講現(xiàn)在大型食肉魚類數(shù)量在銳減，緊接著在說這個數(shù)據(jù)還是有保留性的，后文繼續(xù)論述因為今天的科技遠比50年前的先進（即說明今天探明的數(shù)量是更精確的，而50年的探明的數(shù)量只是真正數(shù)量其中一部分，換而言之，實際減少的數(shù)量要比我們統(tǒng)計的數(shù)據(jù)還要多）。因此C選項為同義替換。選項A"捕魚技術飛速發(fā)展"和選項B"實際捕魚數(shù)量比統(tǒng)計的要少"都是文中未提及的信息；選項D"收集的數(shù)據(jù)只是部分數(shù)據(jù)"與原文相反，今天的數(shù)據(jù)應該是相當精確的。
4. [D] 細節(jié)事實題
選項A"should look for a baseline"與末段首句矛盾，文中說他們已經(jīng)給出了一個正確的基線，因此不需要再去尋找了；選項B"低于50%"與原文倒數(shù)兩句話明顯相反；選項C"海洋生物數(shù)量應該恢復到原始階段"是文中未提及的信息，而且與文中的50%也不匹配。選項D"人們應該根據(jù)不斷變化的情況來調(diào)整捕漁業(yè)的基線"是原文末段第二句"shifting baseline"的同義替換。
5. [B] 主旨題
這還是一道篇章性的問題，這篇文章從第二段開始都是圍繞(單位面積或體積內(nèi))生物的數(shù)量來展開討論的，當然是選擇B。選項A"高效的管理"；選項C"捕魚數(shù)量的限制"和選項D"運用科技"都是文中未提及的信息。