passage 1.
請根據(jù)段落其它信息推斷總結(jié)出適當(dāng)?shù)闹黝}句。
clothes do not make the man.
人不在衣裝。
1) from the chief executive to the office cleaner， everyone must accept this as the first priority over everything else in the company. in other words， everyone in the company must be salesoriented. the telephone operator the accounts clerk the storekeeper and everyone else must know how to handle enquires and customers politely， correctly. if the appropriate person is not around， the other staff should take orders if necessary， and even encourage order. the deliveryman must be willing to serve and please customers， and when called upon， he must be able to push and to show new products， accessories， etc. to get more sales for his company. whether you are seeing hoses， hotel rooms， building contracts or exhibition services， you must ensure that you and your organization get enough sales， customers， clients， contracts or business to ensure a good regular inflow of income for your company. everybody in the organization must understand that sales are the oxygen in the air that the organizational body breathes. without sales the body dies quickly； with insufficient sales it dies slowly.
2）in other words， get the customer to reserve， to place orders in advance， and to sign a contract， to pay a deposit， or better still， to pay you in full before you acquire and deliver the product. many hotels accept reservations for their rooms even before construction of the hotels is completed. remember， you dont have to buy before you sell. the biggest deals are made“no order”。 sold before you have them.
3）when you are really in an outofstock position， your sales people have to learn instead to feel apologetic for being unable to convince the customer to wait. mercedes and even honda cars， or a long time， were sold on a waiting list. even restaurants make sales on order. similarly， furniture， shirts and big manufacturing orders are some of the many examples where things are sold before they are made. customers will wait for anything if they want it badly enough.
to be both a speaker of words and a doer of deeds.
既當(dāng)演說家，又做實(shí)干家。
答案與解析：
1.答案〖〗the whole organization—all the members of the staff must acknowledge and understand this： selling is the most important activity of the organization.解析〖〗該段主要介紹從事商業(yè)的人員都應(yīng)了解銷售的重要性。在行文之中作者反復(fù)重申從事銷售的人員，不論是主管還是店員，都應(yīng)以銷售為最主要的工作內(nèi)容。判斷主題句具體內(nèi)容的主要方法就是通過本段分述部分的理解和歸納得出結(jié)論。我們可以從第一段主題句后看到“in other words”，這表明緊接著這句后面的內(nèi)容既是我們應(yīng)找的答案。因此可知本文第一段的主題句內(nèi)容為：在整個銷售領(lǐng)域中所有工作人員都必須了解銷售的至關(guān)重要性。
2.答案〖〗sell before you buy， whenever possible.解析〖〗同第一段很相似，這一段在主題句之后緊接著就出現(xiàn)了一個解釋性詞組“in other words”“也就是說”。這對于我們歸納中心非常有幫助。本段所有細(xì)節(jié)都是在強(qiáng)調(diào)從業(yè)人員要想盡辦法首先實(shí)現(xiàn)銷售這一理念，作者還一再強(qiáng)調(diào)在進(jìn)貨之前就將銷售訂單簽好是最成功的做法?；诖?，我們將這段的中心內(nèi)容確立為：只要有可能，你應(yīng)提前賣出未進(jìn)的貨物。
3.答案〖〗train your sales people never to use the excuse， never to feel justified in saying“no stock cant sell”。解析〖〗本段列舉了諸多經(jīng)營有道的商家在無貨的情況下照常進(jìn)行銷售活動的事例。這里依然在強(qiáng)調(diào)無論遇到什么困難，如沒有貨物可售，商家還是要堅持實(shí)現(xiàn)銷售為先的原則，不能將沒貨或無法銷售作為拒絕顧客的托詞，這也是本段的中心意思。
passage 2.
請根據(jù)段落其它信息推斷總結(jié)出適當(dāng)?shù)闹黝}句。
factors that influence teen violence1）。 teens face many situations that cause these problems. several factors are mass media， societys view on the“perfect”person. 2）。 one might see a violent movie and decide to reenact the scenes thus causing harm to ones self or to others. hidden meanings of racism and hate are put into music. teens hear the words of their supposed role models and think it is ok to follow in their foot steps. when reading of such violent acts as the oklahoma city bombing or the murders of nicole brownsimpson and ron goldman， it is taken to most that anyone can get away with crime. 3）。 to be considered“in”， you must fit the role of the“perfect person”。 as young adults， teens are trying to find themselves. they look toward celebrities and leaders for a goal. they try to buy the right clothes， wear the nicest shoes， and be present at all the social events. to fit in， some are pushed to the edge. if you are caught in a dark alley at the wrong time， you might be killed just for your name brand shoes. competition among fellow teens leads to jealousy and jealousy leads to violent acts.4）。 learning not to believe everything they see and hear will help to come to reality with this ever changing world. self esteem and confidence in ones self are very attractive qualities to possess. violence will lessen as teens become more alert and smarter.
variety is the spice of life.
變化是生活的調(diào)味品。
答案與解析：
1.答案〖〗in todays society， the teenage population has experienced an increase in violence.解析〖〗從題目中我們可看出這是一篇通過列舉、說明來闡述問題的文章。文章將主要圍繞對青少年有暴力影響的種種因素展開，那么第一段往往會以開門見山的方式開始，明確提出要討論的問題，即以上我們確立的主題句。
2.答案〖〗television， radio， and newspapers are all ways of transferring messages to people.解析〖〗本段具體介紹了邪惡的暴力是從哪些方面侵入青少年的生活的，即通過各種媒介。青少年時期的孩子很易受外界的影響，喜歡模仿，當(dāng)然很容易受到媒體的種種影響，特別在暴力犯罪方面他們易受到誤導(dǎo)。本段就是對這一現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行闡述，首先將各種媒介的作用進(jìn)行介紹，從而引出其它細(xì)節(jié)，這也是很關(guān)鍵的一點(diǎn)。
3.答案〖〗society can often be a harsh world to live in for a teen.解析〖〗該段介紹了另一個在暴力方面對于青少年有影響的重要因素——社會。為什么我們生活的社會會成為影響青少年健康成長的原因呢？社會對于“優(yōu)秀”青年的要求很高，很多人是愿意被社會認(rèn)可的，但在成長過程中若被無限膨脹的攀比之風(fēng)左右，那么有些孩子便會走向犯罪的邊緣。因此對于青少年，我們可以說社會是苛刻的。
4答案〖〗teenagers who follow their own morals and good judgment will find that they will be in less troublesome situations.解析〖〗除最后一段外，文章一直在描述青少年受多種影響而有暴力傾向的原因。那么孩子們只能這樣艱苦地掙扎著，不斷地回避著各種誘惑與威脅嗎？如果真是這樣那就太可怕了。在文章的結(jié)尾，作者闡述了青少年自信心的培養(yǎng)在避免暴力問題上的重要性，這也是作者最后給我們的希望。
little goods， little care.
錢財少，不煩惱。
passage 3.
請根據(jù)段落其它信息推斷總結(jié)出適當(dāng)?shù)闹黝}句。
is the death penalty cruel and unusual punishment？
1）。 according to the merriamwebster collegiate dictionary， cruel is defined as： disposed to inflict pain or suffering devoid of humane feelings. unusual is defined as： not usual， uncommon， or rare. punishment is defined as： suffering pain or loss that serves as retribution. should capital punishment be viewed as retribution used to cause pain or suffering without humane feelings， and is it uncommon？ 2）。 punishment by death is the ultimate punishment and one that cannot be taken back. a jury is instructed to determine guilt beyond a reasonable doubt， but with a punishment as final as death， any doubt should be reason enough for a person to live. forcing a jury to decide whether a person should live or die is wrong. if the jury decides the person should die， then they have just committed the same crime they just sentenced someone to die for， murder. the jury then has to live with the fact that they killed someone. just this stress put on the jury is enough to call the death penalty inhumane， not to mention the years the inmate will have to sit on death row knowing that at any time， it could be their turn to be strapped in to die. as far as the death penalty being unusual， since the u. s. is the only western democracy to still use the death penalty， it would be safe to say this punishment is uncommon. 3）。 some look at it as an eye for an eye， but as mahatma gandhi once said， an eye for an eye only makes the whole world blind. as we head into the next millennium， it is time we modernize our punishments of criminals just as we have modernized every other aspect of our lives.
答案與解析：
1.答案〖〗in order to determine whether the death penalty is to be considered cruel and unusual punishment， it is necessary to first define each word in order to get full understanding of the issue being assessed.解析〖〗首段除主題句外，主要是將標(biāo)題中的關(guān)鍵詞逐一進(jìn)行了解釋，解釋的出處為韋伯斯特詞典，這也顯現(xiàn)了文章內(nèi)容的準(zhǔn)確性。將關(guān)鍵詞進(jìn)行解釋的目的在于看清問題、分辨是非，以便更好地為文章服務(wù)。這篇文章的題目是一個選擇疑問句，要得出正確的答案，首先就應(yīng)統(tǒng)一我們對問題中的字句的理解。通過我們對第一段的上述分析可得出本段主題句的主要內(nèi)容為“為確定死刑是殘忍的還是不同尋常的刑罰，將涉及的關(guān)鍵詞解釋清楚有助于問題順利地討論”。
2.答案〖〗the message that is sent out by killing a murderer is if you kill， we kill.解析〖〗man struggles upwards； water flows downwards.
人往高處走，水往低處流。第二段篇幅相對較長，能夠給我們提供的可參考的內(nèi)容也就多了起來。作者在本段中詳細(xì)記述了犯人在被陪審團(tuán)判處死刑的過程，同時也譴責(zé)了陪審團(tuán)這樣做的另一種意義。該段對問題的深入探討，揭示了死刑這種懲罰的不可溯性，作者認(rèn)為判殺人犯死刑的也在殺人，所以他最后說死刑是一種不同尋常的刑罰，即在第二段結(jié)尾處作者已將本文的問題做了答復(fù)。我們把這一段的中心提煉出來就是：如果我們判處殺人犯死刑，實(shí)質(zhì)上我們自己也在殺戮。
3.答案〖〗the death penalty should not be carried out in any case.解析〖〗從這最后一段的陳述中我們可以深切地體會到作者不贊成執(zhí)行死刑，他認(rèn)為死刑不應(yīng)再被繼續(xù)執(zhí)行下去，人類在其它方面不斷進(jìn)步時也應(yīng)將死刑等類似的刑罰加以改進(jìn)。若將這段內(nèi)容濃縮概括為一句話就是我們需要的主題句：不論何種情況，死刑不應(yīng)再被執(zhí)行下去了。
「友情提示」
想寫出合格的主題句嗎？銘記以下四個要點(diǎn)你就會做得更好：
完整主題句結(jié)構(gòu)要完整，即結(jié)構(gòu)符合語法規(guī)則；意義要完整，即主題句是一個符合邏輯的完整命題。
清晰主題句表意要清晰明確，不使用意思含混的詞或句子。
具體主題句的內(nèi)容要明確具體，否則不利于段落的拓展。
貼切主題句一定要用詞貼切，簡明達(dá)意，使段落的拓展有一個良好的基礎(chǔ)。
請根據(jù)段落其它信息推斷總結(jié)出適當(dāng)?shù)闹黝}句。
clothes do not make the man.
人不在衣裝。
1) from the chief executive to the office cleaner， everyone must accept this as the first priority over everything else in the company. in other words， everyone in the company must be salesoriented. the telephone operator the accounts clerk the storekeeper and everyone else must know how to handle enquires and customers politely， correctly. if the appropriate person is not around， the other staff should take orders if necessary， and even encourage order. the deliveryman must be willing to serve and please customers， and when called upon， he must be able to push and to show new products， accessories， etc. to get more sales for his company. whether you are seeing hoses， hotel rooms， building contracts or exhibition services， you must ensure that you and your organization get enough sales， customers， clients， contracts or business to ensure a good regular inflow of income for your company. everybody in the organization must understand that sales are the oxygen in the air that the organizational body breathes. without sales the body dies quickly； with insufficient sales it dies slowly.
2）in other words， get the customer to reserve， to place orders in advance， and to sign a contract， to pay a deposit， or better still， to pay you in full before you acquire and deliver the product. many hotels accept reservations for their rooms even before construction of the hotels is completed. remember， you dont have to buy before you sell. the biggest deals are made“no order”。 sold before you have them.
3）when you are really in an outofstock position， your sales people have to learn instead to feel apologetic for being unable to convince the customer to wait. mercedes and even honda cars， or a long time， were sold on a waiting list. even restaurants make sales on order. similarly， furniture， shirts and big manufacturing orders are some of the many examples where things are sold before they are made. customers will wait for anything if they want it badly enough.
to be both a speaker of words and a doer of deeds.
既當(dāng)演說家，又做實(shí)干家。
答案與解析：
1.答案〖〗the whole organization—all the members of the staff must acknowledge and understand this： selling is the most important activity of the organization.解析〖〗該段主要介紹從事商業(yè)的人員都應(yīng)了解銷售的重要性。在行文之中作者反復(fù)重申從事銷售的人員，不論是主管還是店員，都應(yīng)以銷售為最主要的工作內(nèi)容。判斷主題句具體內(nèi)容的主要方法就是通過本段分述部分的理解和歸納得出結(jié)論。我們可以從第一段主題句后看到“in other words”，這表明緊接著這句后面的內(nèi)容既是我們應(yīng)找的答案。因此可知本文第一段的主題句內(nèi)容為：在整個銷售領(lǐng)域中所有工作人員都必須了解銷售的至關(guān)重要性。
2.答案〖〗sell before you buy， whenever possible.解析〖〗同第一段很相似，這一段在主題句之后緊接著就出現(xiàn)了一個解釋性詞組“in other words”“也就是說”。這對于我們歸納中心非常有幫助。本段所有細(xì)節(jié)都是在強(qiáng)調(diào)從業(yè)人員要想盡辦法首先實(shí)現(xiàn)銷售這一理念，作者還一再強(qiáng)調(diào)在進(jìn)貨之前就將銷售訂單簽好是最成功的做法?；诖?，我們將這段的中心內(nèi)容確立為：只要有可能，你應(yīng)提前賣出未進(jìn)的貨物。
3.答案〖〗train your sales people never to use the excuse， never to feel justified in saying“no stock cant sell”。解析〖〗本段列舉了諸多經(jīng)營有道的商家在無貨的情況下照常進(jìn)行銷售活動的事例。這里依然在強(qiáng)調(diào)無論遇到什么困難，如沒有貨物可售，商家還是要堅持實(shí)現(xiàn)銷售為先的原則，不能將沒貨或無法銷售作為拒絕顧客的托詞，這也是本段的中心意思。
passage 2.
請根據(jù)段落其它信息推斷總結(jié)出適當(dāng)?shù)闹黝}句。
factors that influence teen violence1）。 teens face many situations that cause these problems. several factors are mass media， societys view on the“perfect”person. 2）。 one might see a violent movie and decide to reenact the scenes thus causing harm to ones self or to others. hidden meanings of racism and hate are put into music. teens hear the words of their supposed role models and think it is ok to follow in their foot steps. when reading of such violent acts as the oklahoma city bombing or the murders of nicole brownsimpson and ron goldman， it is taken to most that anyone can get away with crime. 3）。 to be considered“in”， you must fit the role of the“perfect person”。 as young adults， teens are trying to find themselves. they look toward celebrities and leaders for a goal. they try to buy the right clothes， wear the nicest shoes， and be present at all the social events. to fit in， some are pushed to the edge. if you are caught in a dark alley at the wrong time， you might be killed just for your name brand shoes. competition among fellow teens leads to jealousy and jealousy leads to violent acts.4）。 learning not to believe everything they see and hear will help to come to reality with this ever changing world. self esteem and confidence in ones self are very attractive qualities to possess. violence will lessen as teens become more alert and smarter.
variety is the spice of life.
變化是生活的調(diào)味品。
答案與解析：
1.答案〖〗in todays society， the teenage population has experienced an increase in violence.解析〖〗從題目中我們可看出這是一篇通過列舉、說明來闡述問題的文章。文章將主要圍繞對青少年有暴力影響的種種因素展開，那么第一段往往會以開門見山的方式開始，明確提出要討論的問題，即以上我們確立的主題句。
2.答案〖〗television， radio， and newspapers are all ways of transferring messages to people.解析〖〗本段具體介紹了邪惡的暴力是從哪些方面侵入青少年的生活的，即通過各種媒介。青少年時期的孩子很易受外界的影響，喜歡模仿，當(dāng)然很容易受到媒體的種種影響，特別在暴力犯罪方面他們易受到誤導(dǎo)。本段就是對這一現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行闡述，首先將各種媒介的作用進(jìn)行介紹，從而引出其它細(xì)節(jié)，這也是很關(guān)鍵的一點(diǎn)。
3.答案〖〗society can often be a harsh world to live in for a teen.解析〖〗該段介紹了另一個在暴力方面對于青少年有影響的重要因素——社會。為什么我們生活的社會會成為影響青少年健康成長的原因呢？社會對于“優(yōu)秀”青年的要求很高，很多人是愿意被社會認(rèn)可的，但在成長過程中若被無限膨脹的攀比之風(fēng)左右，那么有些孩子便會走向犯罪的邊緣。因此對于青少年，我們可以說社會是苛刻的。
4答案〖〗teenagers who follow their own morals and good judgment will find that they will be in less troublesome situations.解析〖〗除最后一段外，文章一直在描述青少年受多種影響而有暴力傾向的原因。那么孩子們只能這樣艱苦地掙扎著，不斷地回避著各種誘惑與威脅嗎？如果真是這樣那就太可怕了。在文章的結(jié)尾，作者闡述了青少年自信心的培養(yǎng)在避免暴力問題上的重要性，這也是作者最后給我們的希望。
little goods， little care.
錢財少，不煩惱。
passage 3.
請根據(jù)段落其它信息推斷總結(jié)出適當(dāng)?shù)闹黝}句。
is the death penalty cruel and unusual punishment？
1）。 according to the merriamwebster collegiate dictionary， cruel is defined as： disposed to inflict pain or suffering devoid of humane feelings. unusual is defined as： not usual， uncommon， or rare. punishment is defined as： suffering pain or loss that serves as retribution. should capital punishment be viewed as retribution used to cause pain or suffering without humane feelings， and is it uncommon？ 2）。 punishment by death is the ultimate punishment and one that cannot be taken back. a jury is instructed to determine guilt beyond a reasonable doubt， but with a punishment as final as death， any doubt should be reason enough for a person to live. forcing a jury to decide whether a person should live or die is wrong. if the jury decides the person should die， then they have just committed the same crime they just sentenced someone to die for， murder. the jury then has to live with the fact that they killed someone. just this stress put on the jury is enough to call the death penalty inhumane， not to mention the years the inmate will have to sit on death row knowing that at any time， it could be their turn to be strapped in to die. as far as the death penalty being unusual， since the u. s. is the only western democracy to still use the death penalty， it would be safe to say this punishment is uncommon. 3）。 some look at it as an eye for an eye， but as mahatma gandhi once said， an eye for an eye only makes the whole world blind. as we head into the next millennium， it is time we modernize our punishments of criminals just as we have modernized every other aspect of our lives.
答案與解析：
1.答案〖〗in order to determine whether the death penalty is to be considered cruel and unusual punishment， it is necessary to first define each word in order to get full understanding of the issue being assessed.解析〖〗首段除主題句外，主要是將標(biāo)題中的關(guān)鍵詞逐一進(jìn)行了解釋，解釋的出處為韋伯斯特詞典，這也顯現(xiàn)了文章內(nèi)容的準(zhǔn)確性。將關(guān)鍵詞進(jìn)行解釋的目的在于看清問題、分辨是非，以便更好地為文章服務(wù)。這篇文章的題目是一個選擇疑問句，要得出正確的答案，首先就應(yīng)統(tǒng)一我們對問題中的字句的理解。通過我們對第一段的上述分析可得出本段主題句的主要內(nèi)容為“為確定死刑是殘忍的還是不同尋常的刑罰，將涉及的關(guān)鍵詞解釋清楚有助于問題順利地討論”。
2.答案〖〗the message that is sent out by killing a murderer is if you kill， we kill.解析〖〗man struggles upwards； water flows downwards.
人往高處走，水往低處流。第二段篇幅相對較長，能夠給我們提供的可參考的內(nèi)容也就多了起來。作者在本段中詳細(xì)記述了犯人在被陪審團(tuán)判處死刑的過程，同時也譴責(zé)了陪審團(tuán)這樣做的另一種意義。該段對問題的深入探討，揭示了死刑這種懲罰的不可溯性，作者認(rèn)為判殺人犯死刑的也在殺人，所以他最后說死刑是一種不同尋常的刑罰，即在第二段結(jié)尾處作者已將本文的問題做了答復(fù)。我們把這一段的中心提煉出來就是：如果我們判處殺人犯死刑，實(shí)質(zhì)上我們自己也在殺戮。
3.答案〖〗the death penalty should not be carried out in any case.解析〖〗從這最后一段的陳述中我們可以深切地體會到作者不贊成執(zhí)行死刑，他認(rèn)為死刑不應(yīng)再被繼續(xù)執(zhí)行下去，人類在其它方面不斷進(jìn)步時也應(yīng)將死刑等類似的刑罰加以改進(jìn)。若將這段內(nèi)容濃縮概括為一句話就是我們需要的主題句：不論何種情況，死刑不應(yīng)再被執(zhí)行下去了。
「友情提示」
想寫出合格的主題句嗎？銘記以下四個要點(diǎn)你就會做得更好：
完整主題句結(jié)構(gòu)要完整，即結(jié)構(gòu)符合語法規(guī)則；意義要完整，即主題句是一個符合邏輯的完整命題。
清晰主題句表意要清晰明確，不使用意思含混的詞或句子。
具體主題句的內(nèi)容要明確具體，否則不利于段落的拓展。
貼切主題句一定要用詞貼切，簡明達(dá)意，使段落的拓展有一個良好的基礎(chǔ)。