詞的順序在托福語法中出現(xiàn)得較多。錯誤的選項與正確選項的差別往往只是幾個詞的順序不同,但是表達的效果卻完全不同。有幸的是,錯誤的選項經(jīng)常在句法上就不成立,如將正常語序中的主謂顛倒,名詞詞組中的中心詞和定語顛倒。一旦你能識別句子主干和結(jié)構(gòu),問題就變得相當(dāng)簡單。顛倒的順序只能混淆那些完全不懂的考生,對于大部分考生來說都是送分題。
例題1(1997年8月考題)
An critic, teacher, librarian, or poet who hopes to broaden poetry’s audience faces the difficult challenge of persuading skeptical readers _____.
(A) that poetry is important today
(B) for poetry to be important today
(C) to be important poetry today
(D) poetry that is important today.
首先,分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)。句子的主干是an critic (teacher, librarian or poet ) faces the difficult challenge。定語從句who hopes to broaden poetry’s audience修飾句子的主語an critic, teacher, librarian, or poet;介詞短語of persuading skeptical readers_____修飾名詞詞組the difficult challenge??崭駜?nèi)填入的既不是主句的主語,謂語,也不是主句的賓語,但它卻是修飾賓語的定語。所以必須符合修飾的規(guī)則,在這里表現(xiàn)為符合動詞persuade的用法。我們知道,persuade有三種用法:persuade sb to do sth(勸某人做某事),persuade sb of sth(勸某人相信某事)和persuade sb that從句(勸某人相信某事)。選項正好符合第三種用法,而且意思通順。選項B和C雖然都帶了介詞to,但卻不符合persuade sb to do sth的用法,因為其中的動詞do sth必須是sb這個人所執(zhí)行的動作。對于選項D,顯然poetry that的順序錯了。如果將poetry that該成that poetry,就變成了選項A,即正確答案。
例題2(1999年1月考題)
All eels spawn in the sea, the eggs hatchingsintostransparent, ribbonlike larvae _____, feeding until they metamorphosesintossmall eels.
(A) that drift about
(B) drift about
(C) about drifting
(D) drift about them
首先分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)。All eels spawn in the sea是個完整的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。而其后的成分與這個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)沒有連詞相連(4個選項都不含連詞),所以后面都是修飾成分。其中的the eggs hatchingsintostransparent, ribbonlike larvae _____應(yīng)該是同位語,而feeding until they metamorphosesintossmall eels是larvae的伴隨狀語。所以,空格里填入的應(yīng)該是修飾larvae的成分。4個選項中,A是以that引導(dǎo)的定語從句,它正好可以修飾名詞larvae。選項B和D正好與larvae構(gòu)成主謂結(jié)構(gòu),顯然不符合空格。至于C,則純粹是一個混淆選項。
例題3(1997年8月考題)
Among the first plants to grow on the land regions of the Earth _____, which in prehistoric times grew to immense size.
(A) were horsetail rushes
(B) horsetail rushes
(C) horsetail rushes were
(D) and horsetail rushes
首先,分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)。這個句子以介詞短語開頭,among the first plants to grow on the land regions of the Earth。根據(jù)我們平時閱讀的經(jīng)驗,該介詞短語應(yīng)當(dāng)充當(dāng)句子的謂語或者修飾名詞的定語。如果它充當(dāng)句子的謂語,那么這個句子應(yīng)該用倒裝語序,即后面緊跟一個助動詞和主語。選項A正好是這種倒裝的謂語結(jié)構(gòu),而且空格后which引導(dǎo)的從句正好修飾在它之前的名詞horsetail rushes。這里,among介詞引導(dǎo)的短語的另外一種可能用法是修飾主句的名詞做定語。如果是這種情況的話,空格應(yīng)該有一個完整的主謂結(jié)構(gòu),應(yīng)該空格后都是定語。選項B和D都不帶謂語動詞,所以排除掉。選項C后帶了動詞,但卻是助動詞,而且正好是選項A的主謂順序顛倒。由此,我們知道這應(yīng)該是一個介詞引導(dǎo)的倒裝語序,所以正確答案是A.
例題4(1997年8月考題)
Unlike fossil fuels, which can be used only once, wind and solar power _____of energy.
(A) for renewable sources
(B) the sources are renewable
(C) are renewable sources
(D) renewable sources
這里,句子的主干應(yīng)該是wind and solar power____ of energy。Unlike fossil fuels表示比較,做狀語。而which引導(dǎo)的從句which can be used only once修飾fossil fuels。我們將4個選項分別代入句子主干的空格中,得(A) wind and solar power for renewable sources of energy選項A沒有主語,即沒有完整的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。(B) wind and solar power the sources are renewable of energy很明顯,這也不能構(gòu)成一個完整的有意義的句子。(C) wind and solar power are renewable sources of energy這個選項最合適,因為主謂齊全,而且以名詞sources結(jié)尾,讓介詞短語of energy修飾。(D) wind and solar power renewable sources of energy很明顯,這也不能構(gòu)成一個完整的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。所以,正確答案是C
例題5(1997年8月考題 Today _____ of the Earth live on a very small percentage of the Earth’s land surface.
(A) about two-thirds populated
(B) the population is about two-thirds
(C) about two-thirds of the population
(D) of about two-thirds the population is
首先,分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)。根據(jù)句子的大意,動詞live應(yīng)該是主句的謂語動詞??崭裉钊氲膽?yīng)該是句子的主語,而a very small percentage of修飾限定the Earth’s land surface。我們簡化這個句子,得出句子主干_____ live on the Earth’s land surface??崭駜?nèi)應(yīng)該填入名詞或者名詞短語。4個選項中,只有C是明顯的名詞短語,代入后也符合句意。選項A中的populated不論是做定語還是謂語都不符合句意。而選項B和D都是帶有助動詞的主謂結(jié)構(gòu),當(dāng)然不能填入只缺主語的句子中。所以,正確答案是C。
例題6(1997年8月考題)
Following the guidelines for speaking and voting established by the book Robert’s Rules of Order, _____during meetings.
(A) and avoid large decision-making organizations’ procedural confusion
(B) large decision-making organizations avoid procedural confusion
(C) is procedural confusion avoided by large decision-making organizations
(D) are avoiding procedural confusion in large decision-making organizations
首先,我們分析following以后空格以前句子的成分。其中的established by the book Robert’s Rules of Order和for speaking and voting都修飾the guideline。所以,我們可以將空格前的成分簡化為following the guidelines。那么這時,原句成為Following the guidelines, _____ during meeting.和例題3一樣,following the guidelines不是做定語(伴隨狀語)就是做謂語。如果它做定語,后面必須帶自然語序的主謂結(jié)構(gòu);如果它做謂語,后面必須帶倒裝的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。由此,我們排除帶有and的選項A。根據(jù)句意(guidelines和confusion的意思)我們又可以排除選項C。這時,我們只剩下選項B和D。選項D是主謂倒裝的結(jié)構(gòu),填入后主語應(yīng)該是avoiding procedural confusion,謂語動詞是are。很明顯,avoiding procedural confusion后應(yīng)跟單數(shù)謂語動詞。所以D也錯,只有B才可能是正確答案。代入句中,符合句意。
例題7(1997年8月考題)
Because it was so closely related to communication, _____ art form to develop.
(A) drawing was probably the earliest
(B) to draw early was probably
(C) early drawing probably
(D) the earliest draw. 首先,我們分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)。空格前是because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句,也就是說,_____art form to develop應(yīng)該是完整的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。而單數(shù)的art暗示它應(yīng)該是修飾名詞form,不定式to develop做補語。所以,空格內(nèi)應(yīng)填入完整的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。這時,我們可以排除選項C和D,剩下選項A和B。仔細對比選項A和B,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)選項A更符合句意,因為drawing這個名詞(畫)才可能是一種藝術(shù)形式(art form),而動作to draw不可能是一種藝術(shù)形式。所以,正確答案是A。
例題1(1997年8月考題)
An critic, teacher, librarian, or poet who hopes to broaden poetry’s audience faces the difficult challenge of persuading skeptical readers _____.
(A) that poetry is important today
(B) for poetry to be important today
(C) to be important poetry today
(D) poetry that is important today.
首先,分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)。句子的主干是an critic (teacher, librarian or poet ) faces the difficult challenge。定語從句who hopes to broaden poetry’s audience修飾句子的主語an critic, teacher, librarian, or poet;介詞短語of persuading skeptical readers_____修飾名詞詞組the difficult challenge??崭駜?nèi)填入的既不是主句的主語,謂語,也不是主句的賓語,但它卻是修飾賓語的定語。所以必須符合修飾的規(guī)則,在這里表現(xiàn)為符合動詞persuade的用法。我們知道,persuade有三種用法:persuade sb to do sth(勸某人做某事),persuade sb of sth(勸某人相信某事)和persuade sb that從句(勸某人相信某事)。選項正好符合第三種用法,而且意思通順。選項B和C雖然都帶了介詞to,但卻不符合persuade sb to do sth的用法,因為其中的動詞do sth必須是sb這個人所執(zhí)行的動作。對于選項D,顯然poetry that的順序錯了。如果將poetry that該成that poetry,就變成了選項A,即正確答案。
例題2(1999年1月考題)
All eels spawn in the sea, the eggs hatchingsintostransparent, ribbonlike larvae _____, feeding until they metamorphosesintossmall eels.
(A) that drift about
(B) drift about
(C) about drifting
(D) drift about them
首先分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)。All eels spawn in the sea是個完整的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。而其后的成分與這個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)沒有連詞相連(4個選項都不含連詞),所以后面都是修飾成分。其中的the eggs hatchingsintostransparent, ribbonlike larvae _____應(yīng)該是同位語,而feeding until they metamorphosesintossmall eels是larvae的伴隨狀語。所以,空格里填入的應(yīng)該是修飾larvae的成分。4個選項中,A是以that引導(dǎo)的定語從句,它正好可以修飾名詞larvae。選項B和D正好與larvae構(gòu)成主謂結(jié)構(gòu),顯然不符合空格。至于C,則純粹是一個混淆選項。
例題3(1997年8月考題)
Among the first plants to grow on the land regions of the Earth _____, which in prehistoric times grew to immense size.
(A) were horsetail rushes
(B) horsetail rushes
(C) horsetail rushes were
(D) and horsetail rushes
首先,分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)。這個句子以介詞短語開頭,among the first plants to grow on the land regions of the Earth。根據(jù)我們平時閱讀的經(jīng)驗,該介詞短語應(yīng)當(dāng)充當(dāng)句子的謂語或者修飾名詞的定語。如果它充當(dāng)句子的謂語,那么這個句子應(yīng)該用倒裝語序,即后面緊跟一個助動詞和主語。選項A正好是這種倒裝的謂語結(jié)構(gòu),而且空格后which引導(dǎo)的從句正好修飾在它之前的名詞horsetail rushes。這里,among介詞引導(dǎo)的短語的另外一種可能用法是修飾主句的名詞做定語。如果是這種情況的話,空格應(yīng)該有一個完整的主謂結(jié)構(gòu),應(yīng)該空格后都是定語。選項B和D都不帶謂語動詞,所以排除掉。選項C后帶了動詞,但卻是助動詞,而且正好是選項A的主謂順序顛倒。由此,我們知道這應(yīng)該是一個介詞引導(dǎo)的倒裝語序,所以正確答案是A.
例題4(1997年8月考題)
Unlike fossil fuels, which can be used only once, wind and solar power _____of energy.
(A) for renewable sources
(B) the sources are renewable
(C) are renewable sources
(D) renewable sources
這里,句子的主干應(yīng)該是wind and solar power____ of energy。Unlike fossil fuels表示比較,做狀語。而which引導(dǎo)的從句which can be used only once修飾fossil fuels。我們將4個選項分別代入句子主干的空格中,得(A) wind and solar power for renewable sources of energy選項A沒有主語,即沒有完整的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。(B) wind and solar power the sources are renewable of energy很明顯,這也不能構(gòu)成一個完整的有意義的句子。(C) wind and solar power are renewable sources of energy這個選項最合適,因為主謂齊全,而且以名詞sources結(jié)尾,讓介詞短語of energy修飾。(D) wind and solar power renewable sources of energy很明顯,這也不能構(gòu)成一個完整的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。所以,正確答案是C
例題5(1997年8月考題 Today _____ of the Earth live on a very small percentage of the Earth’s land surface.
(A) about two-thirds populated
(B) the population is about two-thirds
(C) about two-thirds of the population
(D) of about two-thirds the population is
首先,分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)。根據(jù)句子的大意,動詞live應(yīng)該是主句的謂語動詞??崭裉钊氲膽?yīng)該是句子的主語,而a very small percentage of修飾限定the Earth’s land surface。我們簡化這個句子,得出句子主干_____ live on the Earth’s land surface??崭駜?nèi)應(yīng)該填入名詞或者名詞短語。4個選項中,只有C是明顯的名詞短語,代入后也符合句意。選項A中的populated不論是做定語還是謂語都不符合句意。而選項B和D都是帶有助動詞的主謂結(jié)構(gòu),當(dāng)然不能填入只缺主語的句子中。所以,正確答案是C。
例題6(1997年8月考題)
Following the guidelines for speaking and voting established by the book Robert’s Rules of Order, _____during meetings.
(A) and avoid large decision-making organizations’ procedural confusion
(B) large decision-making organizations avoid procedural confusion
(C) is procedural confusion avoided by large decision-making organizations
(D) are avoiding procedural confusion in large decision-making organizations
首先,我們分析following以后空格以前句子的成分。其中的established by the book Robert’s Rules of Order和for speaking and voting都修飾the guideline。所以,我們可以將空格前的成分簡化為following the guidelines。那么這時,原句成為Following the guidelines, _____ during meeting.和例題3一樣,following the guidelines不是做定語(伴隨狀語)就是做謂語。如果它做定語,后面必須帶自然語序的主謂結(jié)構(gòu);如果它做謂語,后面必須帶倒裝的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。由此,我們排除帶有and的選項A。根據(jù)句意(guidelines和confusion的意思)我們又可以排除選項C。這時,我們只剩下選項B和D。選項D是主謂倒裝的結(jié)構(gòu),填入后主語應(yīng)該是avoiding procedural confusion,謂語動詞是are。很明顯,avoiding procedural confusion后應(yīng)跟單數(shù)謂語動詞。所以D也錯,只有B才可能是正確答案。代入句中,符合句意。
例題7(1997年8月考題)
Because it was so closely related to communication, _____ art form to develop.
(A) drawing was probably the earliest
(B) to draw early was probably
(C) early drawing probably
(D) the earliest draw. 首先,我們分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)。空格前是because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句,也就是說,_____art form to develop應(yīng)該是完整的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。而單數(shù)的art暗示它應(yīng)該是修飾名詞form,不定式to develop做補語。所以,空格內(nèi)應(yīng)填入完整的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。這時,我們可以排除選項C和D,剩下選項A和B。仔細對比選項A和B,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)選項A更符合句意,因為drawing這個名詞(畫)才可能是一種藝術(shù)形式(art form),而動作to draw不可能是一種藝術(shù)形式。所以,正確答案是A。