C. 對文學(xué)的貢獻
About novel:
A）. The purpose of the novel was not just to amuse, but to instruct. The object of his novel was to present a faithful picture of life, to teach men to know themselves.
B）. Fielding has been regarded by some as "Father of the English Novel".
a. He was the first to set out, to write specifically a "comic epic in prose".
b. The first to give the modern novel its structure and style.
c. Fielding adopted "the third-person narration".
d. In planning his stories, he tries to retain the grand epical form of the classical works but at the same time keeps faithful to his realistic presentation of common life as it is.
About language:
A）. Fielding's language is easy, unlaboured and familiar, but extremely vivid and vigorous.
B）. His sentences are always distinguished by logic and rhythm, and his structure carefully planned towards an inevitable ending.
約翰遜
Samuel Johnson
A. 代表作品
As a lexicographer, Johnson distinguished himself as the author of the first English dictionary by an Englishman -A Dictionary of the English Language.
B. 新古典主義文學(xué)觀
a. The literary theme:
He was very much concerned with the theme of the vanity of human wishes.
b. The principle of literary creation:
In literary creation and criticism, he was rather conservative. He insisted that a writer must please to universal truth and experience, i.e. Nature.
謝立丹
Richard Brinsley Sheridan
A. 創(chuàng)作
a） The masterpiece: The School for Scandal.
b） others: the Rivals, St. Patrick's Day, or the Scheming Lieutenant, The Duenna, The Critic and Pizarro.
B. 戲劇主題與藝術(shù)成就
a. The status:
Sheridan was the only important English dramatist of the eighteenth century. His plays link between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw.
b. The theme:
In his plays, morality is the constant theme.
Ⅴ、浪漫主義時期
1.時間界定
English Romanticism is generally said to have begun in 1798 with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge's Lyrical Ballads and to have ended in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott's death and the passage of the first Reform Bill in the Parliament.
2.文化思想背景
A. The ideas of Rousseau: Rousseau（盧梭） published two books that electrified Europe - Du Contrat Social and Emile, in which he explored new ideas about Nature, Society and Education. After that, Patriotic clubs societies multiplied in England, all claiming Liberty, Equality and Fraternity.
B. The literary sources: The Romantic Movement expressed a more or less negative attitude toward the existing social and political conditions that came with industrialization and the growing importance of the bourgeoisie.
C. The differences between neoclassicism and Romanticism:
a. Where their predecessors saw man as a social animal（社會性的動物）, the Romantics saw him essentially as an individual in the solitary state（獨立的個體）.
b. Where the Augustans emphasized those features that men（人的共性） have in common the Romantics emphasized the special qualities of each individual's mind（人的個性）.
D. The literary views:
a. Romanticism constitutes a change of direction from attention to the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit.
b. In the theory.It tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and all experience. It also places the individual at the center of art .
3.文學(xué)形式
A. 詩歌
A）. 詩人運動
The Romantic period is an age of poetry. Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley and Keats are the major Romantic poets. They started a rebellion against the neoclassical literature, which was later regarded as the poetic revolution.
B）. 詩歌理論
They explored new theories and innovated new techniques in poetry writing. They saw poetry as a healing energy（治療的良方）, the believed that poetry could purify both individual souls and the society（凈化個人的靈魂和社會）.
a. Wordsworth's theory of poetry is calling for simple themes drawn from humble life. He defines the poet as a "man speaking to men," and poetry as "the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings".
b. Imagination, defined by Coleridge, is the vial faculty that creates new wholes out of disparate elements. The Romantics not only extol the faculty of imagination, but also elevate the concepts of spontaneity and inspiration, regarding them as something crucial for true poetry.
About novel:
A）. The purpose of the novel was not just to amuse, but to instruct. The object of his novel was to present a faithful picture of life, to teach men to know themselves.
B）. Fielding has been regarded by some as "Father of the English Novel".
a. He was the first to set out, to write specifically a "comic epic in prose".
b. The first to give the modern novel its structure and style.
c. Fielding adopted "the third-person narration".
d. In planning his stories, he tries to retain the grand epical form of the classical works but at the same time keeps faithful to his realistic presentation of common life as it is.
About language:
A）. Fielding's language is easy, unlaboured and familiar, but extremely vivid and vigorous.
B）. His sentences are always distinguished by logic and rhythm, and his structure carefully planned towards an inevitable ending.
約翰遜
Samuel Johnson
A. 代表作品
As a lexicographer, Johnson distinguished himself as the author of the first English dictionary by an Englishman -A Dictionary of the English Language.
B. 新古典主義文學(xué)觀
a. The literary theme:
He was very much concerned with the theme of the vanity of human wishes.
b. The principle of literary creation:
In literary creation and criticism, he was rather conservative. He insisted that a writer must please to universal truth and experience, i.e. Nature.
謝立丹
Richard Brinsley Sheridan
A. 創(chuàng)作
a） The masterpiece: The School for Scandal.
b） others: the Rivals, St. Patrick's Day, or the Scheming Lieutenant, The Duenna, The Critic and Pizarro.
B. 戲劇主題與藝術(shù)成就
a. The status:
Sheridan was the only important English dramatist of the eighteenth century. His plays link between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw.
b. The theme:
In his plays, morality is the constant theme.
Ⅴ、浪漫主義時期
1.時間界定
English Romanticism is generally said to have begun in 1798 with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge's Lyrical Ballads and to have ended in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott's death and the passage of the first Reform Bill in the Parliament.
2.文化思想背景
A. The ideas of Rousseau: Rousseau（盧梭） published two books that electrified Europe - Du Contrat Social and Emile, in which he explored new ideas about Nature, Society and Education. After that, Patriotic clubs societies multiplied in England, all claiming Liberty, Equality and Fraternity.
B. The literary sources: The Romantic Movement expressed a more or less negative attitude toward the existing social and political conditions that came with industrialization and the growing importance of the bourgeoisie.
C. The differences between neoclassicism and Romanticism:
a. Where their predecessors saw man as a social animal（社會性的動物）, the Romantics saw him essentially as an individual in the solitary state（獨立的個體）.
b. Where the Augustans emphasized those features that men（人的共性） have in common the Romantics emphasized the special qualities of each individual's mind（人的個性）.
D. The literary views:
a. Romanticism constitutes a change of direction from attention to the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit.
b. In the theory.It tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and all experience. It also places the individual at the center of art .
3.文學(xué)形式
A. 詩歌
A）. 詩人運動
The Romantic period is an age of poetry. Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley and Keats are the major Romantic poets. They started a rebellion against the neoclassical literature, which was later regarded as the poetic revolution.
B）. 詩歌理論
They explored new theories and innovated new techniques in poetry writing. They saw poetry as a healing energy（治療的良方）, the believed that poetry could purify both individual souls and the society（凈化個人的靈魂和社會）.
a. Wordsworth's theory of poetry is calling for simple themes drawn from humble life. He defines the poet as a "man speaking to men," and poetry as "the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings".
b. Imagination, defined by Coleridge, is the vial faculty that creates new wholes out of disparate elements. The Romantics not only extol the faculty of imagination, but also elevate the concepts of spontaneity and inspiration, regarding them as something crucial for true poetry.