Part Three
In the last half of the nineteenth century "capital" and "labor" were enlarging and perfecting their rival organizations on modern lines. Many an old firm was replaced by a limited liability company with a bureaucracy of salaried managers. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. It was moreover a step away from individual initiative, towards collectivism and municipal and state-owned business. The railway companies, though still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders, were very unlike old family business. At the same time the great municipalities went into business to supply lighting , trams and other services to the taxpayers .
The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had important consequences. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class , an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. All through the nineteenth century, America, Africa, India, Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital, and British shareholders were thus enriched by the world ' s movement towards industrialization. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastboume sprang up to house large. "comfortable" classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to the management. On the other hand "shareholding" meant leisure and freedom which was used by many of the later Victorians for the highest purpose of a great civilization.
The "shareholders" as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labor was not good. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away. Indeed the mere size of operations and the numbers of workmen involved rendered such personal relations impossible. Fortunately, however, the increasing power and organization of the trade unions, at least in all skilled trades, enabled the workmen to meet on equal terms the managers of the companies who employed them. The cruel discipline of the strike and lockout taught the two parties to respect each other' s strength and understand the value of fair negotiation .
9. It's true of the old family firms that__.
（A）they were spoiled by the younger generations
（B）they failed for lack of individual initiative
（C）they lacked efficiency compared with modem companies
（D）they could supply adequate services to the taxpayers
10. The growth of limited liability companies resulted in__.
（A）the separation of capital from management
（B）the ownership of capital by managers
（C）the emergence of capital and labor as two classes
（D）the participation of shareholders in municipal business
11 . According to the passage, all of the following are true except that__.
（A）the shareholders were unaware of the needs of the workers
（B）the old firm owners hand a better understanding of their workers
（C）the limited liability companies were too large to run smoothly
（D）the trade unions seemed to play a positive role
12. The author is most critical of___ .
（A）family film owners（B）landowners（C）managers （D）shareholders
Unit 3 （1996）Part 3
重點(diǎn)詞匯：
bureaucracy（官僚主義；官僚機(jī)構(gòu)；官僚）即bureau+cracy，bureau（署，局，司，處），cracy詞根“統(tǒng)治”； Bureaucracy is a giant mechanism operated by pygmies.官僚政治是一種由侏儒操縱的龐大機(jī)構(gòu)。
spoil（v.損害；溺愛）We drink one another's healthes and spoil our own.我們?yōu)楸舜说慕】蹈杀鴵p害自身的健康。
collectivism（集體主義）←collect+iv（e）后綴+ism后綴表“主義”。
municipal（市的；市立的）與principal（首要的；負(fù)責(zé)人；本金）一起記；municipality（自治市；市政*）←municipal+ity名詞后綴。。
taxpayer（納稅人）←tax+payer。
detach（v.分開）即de+tach，de-前綴“離開”，tach詞根“連接”。同根詞為attach（v.縛上；使依附）←at（=to）+tach。
patriarchal（家長(zhǎng)的）即patri+arch+al，patri詞根“父”，arch詞根“統(tǒng)治”，-al形容詞后綴。另可記patriot（愛國(guó)者）←patri+ot后綴表人。
render?（v.使得；提供）。Nothing in the world renders a man indispensable save love.世上唯有愛能夠使一個(gè)人變得不可缺少。discipline（紀(jì)律；學(xué)科v.訓(xùn)練）即dis+cipl+ine，dis-（=aPart），cipl（=cip）詞根“抓”，-ine后綴，“培養(yǎng)抓出東西的能力”→紀(jì)律或訓(xùn)練。Freedom is a way of life which requires authority, discipline, and government of its own kind.自由是一種生活方式，它需要權(quán)威、紀(jì)律，以及具有自由本身性質(zhì)的統(tǒng)治。
lockout指雇主為促使與工人達(dá)成協(xié)議而強(qiáng)制性關(guān)閉工廠。
negotiation（談判）動(dòng)詞形式為negotiate。Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate.永遠(yuǎn)不要在談判時(shí)忘記懼怕，而要永遠(yuǎn)不懼怕談判。
難句解析：
①The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders.
句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是The change met... requirements... and prevented the decline...。其中by engaging a large professional element是介詞詞組作狀語，說明met the technical requirements of the new age的方式。decline in efficiency后面的that引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾前面的decline in efficiency。
此句的閱讀關(guān)鍵在于抓住句子的主干，即主要謂語動(dòng)詞，這樣就能把握句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)，從而明白句子的主要意思。engage在這里的意思是“使卷入，涉及”。
② Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.
這個(gè)句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是... manipulation... increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class...。其中an element是class的同位語，representing irresponsible wealth是現(xiàn)在分詞作定語修飾前面的element，detached from則是過去分詞作后置定語，相當(dāng)于是省略了which is的定語從句。and連接兩個(gè)detached from，都修飾前面的wealth。
理解an element是a class的同位語是理解此句的關(guān)鍵。只要分清句子的主語、謂語動(dòng)詞的中心詞，就能夠抓住句子的主要意思。在速度的時(shí)候，也可以先抓住主句而略過an element后面的部分不看。另外句中一些短語的意思也會(huì)影響到對(duì)整句的理解，如：detach from與……相分離；irresponsible wealth不負(fù)責(zé)任的財(cái)富，在本句中指的是股東們雖然擁有大量財(cái)富，但并不參與公司的運(yùn)作，不承擔(dān)任何經(jīng)營(yíng)管理的責(zé)任。
③ Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large "comfortable" classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the commUnity except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to the management.
這個(gè)句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是Towns... sprang up to house... classes，后面兩個(gè)who引導(dǎo)兩個(gè)定語從句修飾前面的classes。except在這里是介詞，它后面的that指代relation。drawing和attending是并列關(guān)系，作介詞of的賓語。動(dòng)詞不定式to dictate their orders to the management是表示目的的狀語。
理解這句的關(guān)鍵是兩個(gè)who引導(dǎo)的定語從句都是修飾classes的，而且except后面的that指代的是relation。
④ The "shareholders" as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labour was not good.
這個(gè)句子是and連接的兩個(gè)并列句。第一個(gè)句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是The "shareholders" had no knowledge...。在第一個(gè)句子中，employed作定語修飾前面的workmen，相當(dāng)于省略了who were （employed by）...。which引導(dǎo)定語從句in which he held shares修飾前面的company。第二句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是his influence... was not good，是常見的主語+系動(dòng)詞+表語結(jié)構(gòu)。
第一分句中要認(rèn)清e(cuò)mployed by和后面which引導(dǎo)的從句都是修飾什么成分的。另外，在閱讀本句中，指代關(guān)系也非常重要，要看清代詞he和his都是指代前面的shareholders。
⑤The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away.
首先這個(gè)句子是but連接的兩個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的句子。第一個(gè)句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是The... manager... was in more direct relation with...。第一個(gè)句子中acting for是現(xiàn)在分詞作定語，修飾manager。第二個(gè)句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是he had seldom that... knowledge of the workmen...。第二個(gè)句子中which引導(dǎo)定語從句which the employer had often had...修飾前面的familiar personal knowledge，passing away是現(xiàn)在分詞作定語修飾前面的family business。under the more patriarchal system of the old family business是介詞詞組作狀語，修飾謂語had often had。
理解本句的重點(diǎn)在于對(duì)第二個(gè)分句的理解。he指代前面的the paid manager，which引導(dǎo)的定語從句是修飾that familiar personal knowledge的，而不是修飾workmen的，因?yàn)樵谶@個(gè)of詞組that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen當(dāng)中中詞詞是knowledge，而且其中的that一詞是用來強(qiáng)調(diào)familiar personal knowledge，在朗讀的時(shí)候應(yīng)該重讀。另外現(xiàn)在分詞詞組now passing away是修飾前面的the old family business的。把這些修飾關(guān)系弄清楚，就能夠把握句子的層次結(jié)構(gòu)了。
試題解析：
9. 【正確答案】 [C]
本題提問部分意為：事實(shí)上，老家族公司……。選擇項(xiàng)[C]意為：與現(xiàn)代公司相比，它們?nèi)狈π?。第一段第二、三句指出，許多老公司被擁有各級(jí)拿薪水的經(jīng)理的有限（責(zé)任）公司所取代。這一變化通過一大批專業(yè)人員的使用適應(yīng)了新時(shí)代技術(shù)的要求、防止了效率的下降。而效率的下降使許多家族公司破產(chǎn)，因?yàn)榈诙?、三代繼承人已不像公司的創(chuàng)立者那樣精力充沛。
A意為：它們被后代毀了。[A]不對(duì)主要有兩個(gè)原因，其一，原文指出：是效率的下降毀了家庭公司，而效率的下降可能是主觀原因造成的，也可能是客觀原因造成的；其二，根據(jù)原文，效率的下降通常（so commonly）在第二、三代毀了家庭公司，so commonly一詞的使用說明還有沒破產(chǎn)的家庭公司。B意為：它們因缺乏個(gè)人的獨(dú)創(chuàng)精神而破產(chǎn)。從以上的分析可見，破產(chǎn)的原因是缺乏效率。D意為：它們能為納稅人提供足夠的服務(wù)項(xiàng)目。
10. 【正確答案】 [A]
意為：資本與管理的分離，第二段指出，有限公司及市營(yíng)買賣的發(fā)展引起了重大變化。對(duì)資本與企業(yè)的如此大規(guī)模的非個(gè)人操縱大大地增加了作為一個(gè)階級(jí)的持股人的數(shù)量及其地位的重要性。國(guó)民生活中這一現(xiàn)象的出現(xiàn)代表了與土地及土地所有者相分離的不由個(gè)人負(fù)責(zé)的財(cái)富的出現(xiàn)，而且這也意味著（不由個(gè)人負(fù)責(zé)的財(cái)富）幾乎在同等程度上與由個(gè)人負(fù)責(zé)的商業(yè)管理的分離。在整個(gè)19世紀(jì)，美洲、非洲、印度、澳大利亞及歐洲的部分國(guó)家的發(fā)展靠的是英國(guó)的資本，因此，在世界走向工業(yè)化的過程中英國(guó)的股東們大發(fā)其財(cái)。從以上的論述可以看出，作者認(rèn)為：有限公司的發(fā)展引起了資本與經(jīng)營(yíng)的分離，投資者（股東）并不實(shí)際參加經(jīng)營(yíng)，而是坐吃紅利（dividends）或有時(shí)參加些間接管理；而真正的管理者未必再是公司的擁有者。這一點(diǎn)從第三段的論述也同樣可以看出。
B意為：經(jīng)理對(duì)資本的所有權(quán)。C意為：勞資兩個(gè)階級(jí)的出現(xiàn)。勞資兩個(gè)階級(jí)早在資本主義的形成時(shí)期就已經(jīng)存在了。D意為：股東對(duì)市辦買賣的參與。
11. 【正確答案】 [C]
意為：有限公司太大以至于運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)艱難。本文并未提到這一點(diǎn)。
A意為：股東不了解工人的需要。這一點(diǎn)在第三段第一句說得很清楚。該句可譯為：這樣的“股東”根本就不了解自己持股的公司里的工人們的生活、思想和需要，因此．他們對(duì)勞資雙方的關(guān)系有不良影響。B意為：老公司的老板更了解自己的工人。第三段第二、三句指出，公司的拿薪水的執(zhí)行經(jīng)理與工人和他們的需要有更直接的關(guān)系。但是，與現(xiàn)在正在消失的世襲制的舊家族企業(yè)的老板相比，即使是他也很少有過去那種對(duì)工人的熟悉程度。的確，僅經(jīng)營(yíng)的規(guī)模和雇用工人的數(shù)量?jī)煞矫婢褪沟眠@種個(gè)人關(guān)系的建立成為不可能的事。C意為：工會(huì)似乎起一個(gè)正面作用。第三段第三、四句指出，然而，值得慶幸的是，至少在所有技術(shù)行業(yè)，工會(huì)與日俱增的力量使得工人們可以同他們的雇主平起平坐。罷工與封廠的嚴(yán)酷懲罰使雙方學(xué)會(huì)了互相尊重，明白了公平協(xié)商的價(jià)值?？梢?，在這方面，工會(huì)起到了保護(hù)工人的積極作用。
12. 【正確答案】[D]
提問中is critical of意為：對(duì)……持批評(píng)態(tài)度。第二段第四句將股東階層稱為“飽食終日”（comfortable）者，他們與別人的關(guān)系僅限于抽取紅利，他們偶爾也參加一次股東會(huì)，對(duì)企業(yè)的管理指手畫腳（dictate their orders）。第三段指出，他們不了解工人，不關(guān)心工人。這里使用的顯然是一種批評(píng)的語氣。
全文翻譯：
19世紀(jì)后半葉，“資方”和“勞方”按現(xiàn)代方式不斷擴(kuò)大和完善各自相對(duì)立的組織。許多舊式公司被責(zé)任有限公司所取代，由領(lǐng)薪經(jīng)理構(gòu)成其管理機(jī)構(gòu)。這種變革通過聘用大量專業(yè)人員來適應(yīng)新時(shí)代的技術(shù)要求，并防止了效率的降低，而在過去這種低效率使得許多舊式家族企業(yè)在精力充沛的創(chuàng)業(yè)者之后的第二、三代手中破產(chǎn)倒閉。而且這也是公司擺脫個(gè)體創(chuàng)造，走向集體化和市營(yíng)、國(guó)營(yíng)邁出的一步。鐵路公司，雖然仍是為股東謀利的私有企業(yè)，但還是與舊家族企業(yè)大不相同了。與此同時(shí)，大城市也開始涉足實(shí)業(yè)界，為納稅人提供照明、電車及其他服務(wù)。
有限責(zé)任公司及市政企業(yè)的發(fā)展導(dǎo)致了重大后果。對(duì)資本與企業(yè)的如此大規(guī)模的非個(gè)人操縱大大地增加了作為一個(gè)階級(jí)的持股人的數(shù)量及其地位的重要性。他們?cè)趪?guó)民生活中代表著非責(zé)任性的財(cái)富，與土地及土地所有者責(zé)任相分離，幾乎也同樣與企業(yè)的責(zé)任經(jīng)營(yíng)相分離。整個(gè)19世紀(jì)，美洲、非洲、印度、澳洲及歐洲的部分地區(qū)都靠英國(guó)的資本發(fā)展起來，而英國(guó)股東則因世界性的工業(yè)化而大發(fā)其財(cái)。像伯恩茅斯和伊斯特本這樣的城市的興起是為了給大批“舒適”階層提供居住場(chǎng)所，這些人靠自己的豐厚收入而不工作，除了領(lǐng)取紅利，偶爾參加股東會(huì)議向管理人員發(fā)號(hào)施令外，他們與外界沒有聯(lián)系。另一方面“持股”就意味著悠閑和自由，維多利亞后期許多人視之為偉大文明的目標(biāo)。
這種股東不了解他們所持股的公司里工人們的生活、思想和需求。他們對(duì)勞資關(guān)系也不會(huì)產(chǎn)生積極的影響。領(lǐng)取報(bào)酬后代表公司經(jīng)營(yíng)的經(jīng)理與工人和工人的需求形成更加直接的關(guān)系，但甚至他也很少像正在被淘汰的舊式家族企業(yè)的家長(zhǎng)制中的雇主那樣對(duì)工人有著親近的、個(gè)人化的了解。的確，單說公司的經(jīng)營(yíng)規(guī)模和所用的工人數(shù)量就使建立這種個(gè)人關(guān)系不可能了。然而，幸運(yùn)的是，工會(huì)的勢(shì)力和組織在日益壯大，至少在各技術(shù)行業(yè)是這樣，這就使工人與雇用他們的公司經(jīng)理們地位平等了。罷工和封廠的嚴(yán)酷懲罰使雙方學(xué)會(huì)了互相尊重對(duì)方的力量，理解公正談判的價(jià)值。
In the last half of the nineteenth century "capital" and "labor" were enlarging and perfecting their rival organizations on modern lines. Many an old firm was replaced by a limited liability company with a bureaucracy of salaried managers. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. It was moreover a step away from individual initiative, towards collectivism and municipal and state-owned business. The railway companies, though still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders, were very unlike old family business. At the same time the great municipalities went into business to supply lighting , trams and other services to the taxpayers .
The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had important consequences. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class , an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. All through the nineteenth century, America, Africa, India, Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital, and British shareholders were thus enriched by the world ' s movement towards industrialization. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastboume sprang up to house large. "comfortable" classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to the management. On the other hand "shareholding" meant leisure and freedom which was used by many of the later Victorians for the highest purpose of a great civilization.
The "shareholders" as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labor was not good. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away. Indeed the mere size of operations and the numbers of workmen involved rendered such personal relations impossible. Fortunately, however, the increasing power and organization of the trade unions, at least in all skilled trades, enabled the workmen to meet on equal terms the managers of the companies who employed them. The cruel discipline of the strike and lockout taught the two parties to respect each other' s strength and understand the value of fair negotiation .
9. It's true of the old family firms that__.
（A）they were spoiled by the younger generations
（B）they failed for lack of individual initiative
（C）they lacked efficiency compared with modem companies
（D）they could supply adequate services to the taxpayers
10. The growth of limited liability companies resulted in__.
（A）the separation of capital from management
（B）the ownership of capital by managers
（C）the emergence of capital and labor as two classes
（D）the participation of shareholders in municipal business
11 . According to the passage, all of the following are true except that__.
（A）the shareholders were unaware of the needs of the workers
（B）the old firm owners hand a better understanding of their workers
（C）the limited liability companies were too large to run smoothly
（D）the trade unions seemed to play a positive role
12. The author is most critical of___ .
（A）family film owners（B）landowners（C）managers （D）shareholders
Unit 3 （1996）Part 3
重點(diǎn)詞匯：
bureaucracy（官僚主義；官僚機(jī)構(gòu)；官僚）即bureau+cracy，bureau（署，局，司，處），cracy詞根“統(tǒng)治”； Bureaucracy is a giant mechanism operated by pygmies.官僚政治是一種由侏儒操縱的龐大機(jī)構(gòu)。
spoil（v.損害；溺愛）We drink one another's healthes and spoil our own.我們?yōu)楸舜说慕】蹈杀鴵p害自身的健康。
collectivism（集體主義）←collect+iv（e）后綴+ism后綴表“主義”。
municipal（市的；市立的）與principal（首要的；負(fù)責(zé)人；本金）一起記；municipality（自治市；市政*）←municipal+ity名詞后綴。。
taxpayer（納稅人）←tax+payer。
detach（v.分開）即de+tach，de-前綴“離開”，tach詞根“連接”。同根詞為attach（v.縛上；使依附）←at（=to）+tach。
patriarchal（家長(zhǎng)的）即patri+arch+al，patri詞根“父”，arch詞根“統(tǒng)治”，-al形容詞后綴。另可記patriot（愛國(guó)者）←patri+ot后綴表人。
render?（v.使得；提供）。Nothing in the world renders a man indispensable save love.世上唯有愛能夠使一個(gè)人變得不可缺少。discipline（紀(jì)律；學(xué)科v.訓(xùn)練）即dis+cipl+ine，dis-（=aPart），cipl（=cip）詞根“抓”，-ine后綴，“培養(yǎng)抓出東西的能力”→紀(jì)律或訓(xùn)練。Freedom is a way of life which requires authority, discipline, and government of its own kind.自由是一種生活方式，它需要權(quán)威、紀(jì)律，以及具有自由本身性質(zhì)的統(tǒng)治。
lockout指雇主為促使與工人達(dá)成協(xié)議而強(qiáng)制性關(guān)閉工廠。
negotiation（談判）動(dòng)詞形式為negotiate。Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate.永遠(yuǎn)不要在談判時(shí)忘記懼怕，而要永遠(yuǎn)不懼怕談判。
難句解析：
①The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders.
句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是The change met... requirements... and prevented the decline...。其中by engaging a large professional element是介詞詞組作狀語，說明met the technical requirements of the new age的方式。decline in efficiency后面的that引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾前面的decline in efficiency。
此句的閱讀關(guān)鍵在于抓住句子的主干，即主要謂語動(dòng)詞，這樣就能把握句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)，從而明白句子的主要意思。engage在這里的意思是“使卷入，涉及”。
② Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.
這個(gè)句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是... manipulation... increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class...。其中an element是class的同位語，representing irresponsible wealth是現(xiàn)在分詞作定語修飾前面的element，detached from則是過去分詞作后置定語，相當(dāng)于是省略了which is的定語從句。and連接兩個(gè)detached from，都修飾前面的wealth。
理解an element是a class的同位語是理解此句的關(guān)鍵。只要分清句子的主語、謂語動(dòng)詞的中心詞，就能夠抓住句子的主要意思。在速度的時(shí)候，也可以先抓住主句而略過an element后面的部分不看。另外句中一些短語的意思也會(huì)影響到對(duì)整句的理解，如：detach from與……相分離；irresponsible wealth不負(fù)責(zé)任的財(cái)富，在本句中指的是股東們雖然擁有大量財(cái)富，但并不參與公司的運(yùn)作，不承擔(dān)任何經(jīng)營(yíng)管理的責(zé)任。
③ Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large "comfortable" classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the commUnity except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to the management.
這個(gè)句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是Towns... sprang up to house... classes，后面兩個(gè)who引導(dǎo)兩個(gè)定語從句修飾前面的classes。except在這里是介詞，它后面的that指代relation。drawing和attending是并列關(guān)系，作介詞of的賓語。動(dòng)詞不定式to dictate their orders to the management是表示目的的狀語。
理解這句的關(guān)鍵是兩個(gè)who引導(dǎo)的定語從句都是修飾classes的，而且except后面的that指代的是relation。
④ The "shareholders" as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labour was not good.
這個(gè)句子是and連接的兩個(gè)并列句。第一個(gè)句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是The "shareholders" had no knowledge...。在第一個(gè)句子中，employed作定語修飾前面的workmen，相當(dāng)于省略了who were （employed by）...。which引導(dǎo)定語從句in which he held shares修飾前面的company。第二句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是his influence... was not good，是常見的主語+系動(dòng)詞+表語結(jié)構(gòu)。
第一分句中要認(rèn)清e(cuò)mployed by和后面which引導(dǎo)的從句都是修飾什么成分的。另外，在閱讀本句中，指代關(guān)系也非常重要，要看清代詞he和his都是指代前面的shareholders。
⑤The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away.
首先這個(gè)句子是but連接的兩個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的句子。第一個(gè)句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是The... manager... was in more direct relation with...。第一個(gè)句子中acting for是現(xiàn)在分詞作定語，修飾manager。第二個(gè)句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是he had seldom that... knowledge of the workmen...。第二個(gè)句子中which引導(dǎo)定語從句which the employer had often had...修飾前面的familiar personal knowledge，passing away是現(xiàn)在分詞作定語修飾前面的family business。under the more patriarchal system of the old family business是介詞詞組作狀語，修飾謂語had often had。
理解本句的重點(diǎn)在于對(duì)第二個(gè)分句的理解。he指代前面的the paid manager，which引導(dǎo)的定語從句是修飾that familiar personal knowledge的，而不是修飾workmen的，因?yàn)樵谶@個(gè)of詞組that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen當(dāng)中中詞詞是knowledge，而且其中的that一詞是用來強(qiáng)調(diào)familiar personal knowledge，在朗讀的時(shí)候應(yīng)該重讀。另外現(xiàn)在分詞詞組now passing away是修飾前面的the old family business的。把這些修飾關(guān)系弄清楚，就能夠把握句子的層次結(jié)構(gòu)了。
試題解析：
9. 【正確答案】 [C]
本題提問部分意為：事實(shí)上，老家族公司……。選擇項(xiàng)[C]意為：與現(xiàn)代公司相比，它們?nèi)狈π?。第一段第二、三句指出，許多老公司被擁有各級(jí)拿薪水的經(jīng)理的有限（責(zé)任）公司所取代。這一變化通過一大批專業(yè)人員的使用適應(yīng)了新時(shí)代技術(shù)的要求、防止了效率的下降。而效率的下降使許多家族公司破產(chǎn)，因?yàn)榈诙?、三代繼承人已不像公司的創(chuàng)立者那樣精力充沛。
A意為：它們被后代毀了。[A]不對(duì)主要有兩個(gè)原因，其一，原文指出：是效率的下降毀了家庭公司，而效率的下降可能是主觀原因造成的，也可能是客觀原因造成的；其二，根據(jù)原文，效率的下降通常（so commonly）在第二、三代毀了家庭公司，so commonly一詞的使用說明還有沒破產(chǎn)的家庭公司。B意為：它們因缺乏個(gè)人的獨(dú)創(chuàng)精神而破產(chǎn)。從以上的分析可見，破產(chǎn)的原因是缺乏效率。D意為：它們能為納稅人提供足夠的服務(wù)項(xiàng)目。
10. 【正確答案】 [A]
意為：資本與管理的分離，第二段指出，有限公司及市營(yíng)買賣的發(fā)展引起了重大變化。對(duì)資本與企業(yè)的如此大規(guī)模的非個(gè)人操縱大大地增加了作為一個(gè)階級(jí)的持股人的數(shù)量及其地位的重要性。國(guó)民生活中這一現(xiàn)象的出現(xiàn)代表了與土地及土地所有者相分離的不由個(gè)人負(fù)責(zé)的財(cái)富的出現(xiàn)，而且這也意味著（不由個(gè)人負(fù)責(zé)的財(cái)富）幾乎在同等程度上與由個(gè)人負(fù)責(zé)的商業(yè)管理的分離。在整個(gè)19世紀(jì)，美洲、非洲、印度、澳大利亞及歐洲的部分國(guó)家的發(fā)展靠的是英國(guó)的資本，因此，在世界走向工業(yè)化的過程中英國(guó)的股東們大發(fā)其財(cái)。從以上的論述可以看出，作者認(rèn)為：有限公司的發(fā)展引起了資本與經(jīng)營(yíng)的分離，投資者（股東）并不實(shí)際參加經(jīng)營(yíng)，而是坐吃紅利（dividends）或有時(shí)參加些間接管理；而真正的管理者未必再是公司的擁有者。這一點(diǎn)從第三段的論述也同樣可以看出。
B意為：經(jīng)理對(duì)資本的所有權(quán)。C意為：勞資兩個(gè)階級(jí)的出現(xiàn)。勞資兩個(gè)階級(jí)早在資本主義的形成時(shí)期就已經(jīng)存在了。D意為：股東對(duì)市辦買賣的參與。
11. 【正確答案】 [C]
意為：有限公司太大以至于運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)艱難。本文并未提到這一點(diǎn)。
A意為：股東不了解工人的需要。這一點(diǎn)在第三段第一句說得很清楚。該句可譯為：這樣的“股東”根本就不了解自己持股的公司里的工人們的生活、思想和需要，因此．他們對(duì)勞資雙方的關(guān)系有不良影響。B意為：老公司的老板更了解自己的工人。第三段第二、三句指出，公司的拿薪水的執(zhí)行經(jīng)理與工人和他們的需要有更直接的關(guān)系。但是，與現(xiàn)在正在消失的世襲制的舊家族企業(yè)的老板相比，即使是他也很少有過去那種對(duì)工人的熟悉程度。的確，僅經(jīng)營(yíng)的規(guī)模和雇用工人的數(shù)量?jī)煞矫婢褪沟眠@種個(gè)人關(guān)系的建立成為不可能的事。C意為：工會(huì)似乎起一個(gè)正面作用。第三段第三、四句指出，然而，值得慶幸的是，至少在所有技術(shù)行業(yè)，工會(huì)與日俱增的力量使得工人們可以同他們的雇主平起平坐。罷工與封廠的嚴(yán)酷懲罰使雙方學(xué)會(huì)了互相尊重，明白了公平協(xié)商的價(jià)值?？梢?，在這方面，工會(huì)起到了保護(hù)工人的積極作用。
12. 【正確答案】[D]
提問中is critical of意為：對(duì)……持批評(píng)態(tài)度。第二段第四句將股東階層稱為“飽食終日”（comfortable）者，他們與別人的關(guān)系僅限于抽取紅利，他們偶爾也參加一次股東會(huì)，對(duì)企業(yè)的管理指手畫腳（dictate their orders）。第三段指出，他們不了解工人，不關(guān)心工人。這里使用的顯然是一種批評(píng)的語氣。
全文翻譯：
19世紀(jì)后半葉，“資方”和“勞方”按現(xiàn)代方式不斷擴(kuò)大和完善各自相對(duì)立的組織。許多舊式公司被責(zé)任有限公司所取代，由領(lǐng)薪經(jīng)理構(gòu)成其管理機(jī)構(gòu)。這種變革通過聘用大量專業(yè)人員來適應(yīng)新時(shí)代的技術(shù)要求，并防止了效率的降低，而在過去這種低效率使得許多舊式家族企業(yè)在精力充沛的創(chuàng)業(yè)者之后的第二、三代手中破產(chǎn)倒閉。而且這也是公司擺脫個(gè)體創(chuàng)造，走向集體化和市營(yíng)、國(guó)營(yíng)邁出的一步。鐵路公司，雖然仍是為股東謀利的私有企業(yè)，但還是與舊家族企業(yè)大不相同了。與此同時(shí)，大城市也開始涉足實(shí)業(yè)界，為納稅人提供照明、電車及其他服務(wù)。
有限責(zé)任公司及市政企業(yè)的發(fā)展導(dǎo)致了重大后果。對(duì)資本與企業(yè)的如此大規(guī)模的非個(gè)人操縱大大地增加了作為一個(gè)階級(jí)的持股人的數(shù)量及其地位的重要性。他們?cè)趪?guó)民生活中代表著非責(zé)任性的財(cái)富，與土地及土地所有者責(zé)任相分離，幾乎也同樣與企業(yè)的責(zé)任經(jīng)營(yíng)相分離。整個(gè)19世紀(jì)，美洲、非洲、印度、澳洲及歐洲的部分地區(qū)都靠英國(guó)的資本發(fā)展起來，而英國(guó)股東則因世界性的工業(yè)化而大發(fā)其財(cái)。像伯恩茅斯和伊斯特本這樣的城市的興起是為了給大批“舒適”階層提供居住場(chǎng)所，這些人靠自己的豐厚收入而不工作，除了領(lǐng)取紅利，偶爾參加股東會(huì)議向管理人員發(fā)號(hào)施令外，他們與外界沒有聯(lián)系。另一方面“持股”就意味著悠閑和自由，維多利亞后期許多人視之為偉大文明的目標(biāo)。
這種股東不了解他們所持股的公司里工人們的生活、思想和需求。他們對(duì)勞資關(guān)系也不會(huì)產(chǎn)生積極的影響。領(lǐng)取報(bào)酬后代表公司經(jīng)營(yíng)的經(jīng)理與工人和工人的需求形成更加直接的關(guān)系，但甚至他也很少像正在被淘汰的舊式家族企業(yè)的家長(zhǎng)制中的雇主那樣對(duì)工人有著親近的、個(gè)人化的了解。的確，單說公司的經(jīng)營(yíng)規(guī)模和所用的工人數(shù)量就使建立這種個(gè)人關(guān)系不可能了。然而，幸運(yùn)的是，工會(huì)的勢(shì)力和組織在日益壯大，至少在各技術(shù)行業(yè)是這樣，這就使工人與雇用他們的公司經(jīng)理們地位平等了。罷工和封廠的嚴(yán)酷懲罰使雙方學(xué)會(huì)了互相尊重對(duì)方的力量，理解公正談判的價(jià)值。