考研英語(yǔ)歷年閱讀理解真題精析--1995年part4

字號(hào):

Part Four
    Personality is to a large extent inherent--A-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring. But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children.
    One place where children soak up A-characteristics is school , which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools adopt the 'win at all costs' moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system , in which competitive A types seem in some way better than their B-type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides, the first marathon runner , dropped dead seconds after saying: ' Rejoice, we conquer! '
    By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable , but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.
    Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A-youngsters change into B' s. The world needs A types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a child' s personality to his possible future employment . It is top management .
    If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A-type stock. B's are important and should be encouraged.
    13. According to the passage , A-type individuals are usually__.
    (A)impatient (B)considerate (C)aggressive(D)agreeable
    14. The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schools because__.
    (A)the pressure is too great on the students
    (B)some students are bound to fail
    (C)failure rates are too high
    (D)the results of examinations are doubtful
    15 . The selection of medical professionals are currently based on__.
    (A)candidates' sensitivity (C)competitive spirit
    (B)academic achievements (D)surer values
    16. From the passage we can draw the conclusion that__.
    (A)the personality of a child is well established at birth
    (B)family influence dominates the shaping of one' s characteristics .
    (C)the development of one' s personality is due to multiple factors
    (D)B-type characteristics can find no place in competitive society
    Unit 2(1995) Part4
    重點(diǎn)詞匯:
    inherent(固有的;天生的)即in+her(e)+ent,in-在里面,here詞根“黏著”=stick,-ent形容詞后綴,“黏著在里面的”→固有的。同根詞:adhere(v.黏附;堅(jiān)持)←ad(=to)+here; profound(深刻的;淵博的)即pro+found,pro-向前,found詞根“基底”(如foundation→found+ation→基礎(chǔ)),“向前直探到底的”→淵博的。
    soak up 吸收。
    marathon(馬拉松)用諧音記。
    rejoice(使欣喜)即re+joice,re-反復(fù),joice=joy,“使反復(fù)高興”→使欣喜。
    disproportionate(不成比例的)即dis+proportion+ate,dis-否定前綴,proportion比例,-ate此處為形容詞后綴。preoccupation(全神貫注)即pre+occup(y)+ation,pre-在前,occupy占據(jù),-ation名詞后綴,“在別的事物前占據(jù)注意力”→全神貫注。
    consideration(考慮;體諒;需考慮的事)←consider考慮+ation;considerate(考慮周到的;體諒的)←consider+ate。Labor is the superior of capital, and deserves much the higher consideration.勞動(dòng)高于資本,理應(yīng)得到多得多的報(bào)酬。A child that lives with sharing learns to be considerate.同意分享的孩子知道為人著想。
    難句解析:
    ①But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children.
    本句的主干是... the environment must also have a profound effect。后面的since引導(dǎo)一個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)從句,而這個(gè)從句又是一個(gè)if引導(dǎo)的條件主從復(fù)合句。
    注意profound的詞義為“意義深遠(yuǎn)的”。另外要看到最后一個(gè)逗號(hào)后面的it所指代的是competition。
    ②One place where children soak up A characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution.
    本句的主干是One place... is school,這個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)都有一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句修飾,前面的是限定性的,而后面的是非限定性的,并且在其里面還有一個(gè)插入成分by its very nature。
    可以先抓主干,然后再分析那兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句,另外注意soak up的意思是“吸收,攝取”,其實(shí)即使我們不是很清楚這個(gè)詞組的意思,只要我們抓住soak的基本意思“浸泡,浸濕,浸透”,詞組的意思也能猜出來(lái)。
    ③The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B-type fellows.
    本句的主干是The current passion... produces a two-layer system,passion后面的介詞for的賓語(yǔ)比較復(fù)雜,是一個(gè)make sb. do sth.的結(jié)構(gòu),而主句的賓語(yǔ)a two-layer system后面有一個(gè)非限定性的定語(yǔ)從句。
    可以先抓主干,然后再分析其它成分,另外在理解的時(shí)候也要有一定的想象力,比如compete against the clock不能從字面上理解為“和鐘表競(jìng)爭(zhēng)”,而應(yīng)該理解成“與時(shí)間競(jìng)爭(zhēng)/和時(shí)間賽跑”。
    ④The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.
    本句由兩個(gè)子句構(gòu)成,中間有一個(gè)but表示意思的轉(zhuǎn)折。
    要正確理解本句,重點(diǎn)在于抓住單詞的正確意思。questionable可疑的,值得疑問(wèn)的;而后面的knowledge如果理解成“知識(shí)”那么這句話就怎么也看不懂了,在這里它的意思應(yīng)該是“知道,知曉”,因此in the knowledge of應(yīng)被理解為“在了解……的情況下”。
    ⑤Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy.
    本句的主干是... selection... could be made less by... and more by...。兩個(gè)逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)的是對(duì)于caring professions的進(jìn)一步具體說(shuō)明。
    注意在閱讀的時(shí)候抓住less... and more...的結(jié)構(gòu),同時(shí)注意more后面的可能要更加重要一些。
    試題解析:
    13.【正確答案】 [C]
    意為:攻擊性的,好斗的。文章第一、二、三段都提到:A型性格的人在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的環(huán)境中成長(zhǎng),形成了他們的性格特征。第二段第三句直接用competitive(爭(zhēng)強(qiáng)好勝的,愛(ài)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的)一詞描述A型性格的人。
    A意為:缺乏耐心的、不耐心的。這也許是他們有時(shí)候所表現(xiàn)出的性格特征,但不是他們的一般性性格特征。B意為:體貼人的,為人著想的。這與事實(shí)形成鮮明的對(duì)比。D意為:和藹的,易相處的,使人愉快的。
    14.【正確答案】[B]
    意為:有些學(xué)生肯定不及格。be bound to意為:肯定、注定。問(wèn)題中be opposed意為“反對(duì)”。第三段指出,學(xué)校中最糟糕的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)方式(by far用于強(qiáng)調(diào)級(jí)形式)是極力強(qiáng)調(diào)考試(disproportionate意為:不相稱的,過(guò)分的),很少有學(xué)校讓學(xué)生集中精力做自己善于做的事情。通過(guò)考試來(lái)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)有無(wú)益處(merits)是個(gè)值得探討的問(wèn)題(questionable),但是,明知道自己會(huì)失敗還去競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的做法肯定(對(duì)人的心理,如:自信心、自我認(rèn)識(shí)等)是有害的。
    A意為:給學(xué)生造成的壓力過(guò)大。C意為:不及格率過(guò)高。[A]、[C]文中都末提到。D意為:考試成績(jī)(或結(jié)果)值得懷疑。這與原文表達(dá)的內(nèi)容不一樣,原文并非是說(shuō)考試成績(jī)是否真正反映學(xué)生的真實(shí)水平或能力值得懷疑,而是說(shuō)考試這種形式作為—個(gè)教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)是否合適值得進(jìn)一步探討。
    15.【正確答案】[B]
    原文最后一段指出,如果學(xué)校不過(guò)多地注重于(preoccupation... with)學(xué)習(xí)結(jié)果,就可以花更多的時(shí)間教些更有價(jià)值的東西。選擇護(hù)理方面的人——尤其是醫(yī)療護(hù)理人員——也許應(yīng)該看他們是否心細(xì)、是否有同情心,而不應(yīng)看他們化學(xué)成績(jī)?nèi)绾?。只從A型性格的人中選擇醫(yī)生的做法是不可取的,B型性格的人也是社會(huì)所需要的,應(yīng)該受到相應(yīng)的鼓勵(lì)。在這段里.作者對(duì)現(xiàn)在人的培養(yǎng)及選擇標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行了批評(píng)。B意為:學(xué)習(xí)成績(jī)(或?qū)W術(shù)成就)。問(wèn)題中currently意為:目前,當(dāng)前。
    A意為:申請(qǐng)者的敏感程度。指:他是否對(duì)他人的行為敏感,即是否細(xì)心。C意為:競(jìng)爭(zhēng)精神。原文是說(shuō)根據(jù)成績(jī),即:看重的是結(jié)果。D意為:更可靠的價(jià)值。即:更可靠或可依賴或有價(jià)值(對(duì)社會(huì)有用)的東西。
    16.【正確答案】 [C]
    文章第一段指出,個(gè)性在很大程度上是先天形成的(inherent),但是,環(huán)境對(duì)它也有深刻影響,環(huán)境包括社會(huì)、學(xué)校與家庭。本文主要談?wù)摿藢W(xué)校教育對(duì)學(xué)生的性格形成的影響。C意為:個(gè)性的發(fā)展受多種(multiple)因素的影響。
    A意為:兒童的個(gè)性在出生時(shí)早已確立。B意為:家庭對(duì)兒童性格特征的形成起主導(dǎo)作用。[A]、[B]兩個(gè)選擇項(xiàng)都不正確,因?yàn)?,這兩種說(shuō)法都是片面的、極端的。兒童的個(gè)性發(fā)展受多種因素的影響。D意為:在高度競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的社會(huì)中,B型性格的人是不需要的(或是找不到位置的)。這正是作者想要駁斥的觀點(diǎn)。作者指出:世界需要各種性格的人。另請(qǐng)參閱第15題題解。
    全文翻譯:
    性格在很大程度上是先天形成的——A型性格的父母會(huì)有A型性格的子女。但環(huán)境也一定對(duì)其有深刻的影響,因?yàn)槿绻?jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)父母來(lái)說(shuō)很重要的話,那它也可能成為孩子生活中的一個(gè)重要因素。
    讓孩子吸收A型性格的一個(gè)地方是學(xué)校。學(xué)校,就其本質(zhì)而言,是高度競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的機(jī)構(gòu)。很多學(xué)校采用“不惜一切代價(jià)獲取成功”的道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)并通過(guò)炫耀成績(jī)來(lái)估量孩子們是否成功。目前熱衷于讓孩子與同學(xué)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)或與時(shí)間賽跑造成了一種雙重體制,在這種體制中,競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性的A型學(xué)生在某些方面似乎比B型的學(xué)生要好。過(guò)分地?zé)嶂杂讷@勝會(huì)產(chǎn)生危險(xiǎn)的后果:記住,第一位跑馬拉松的費(fèi)迪皮迪茲在說(shuō)完“歡呼吧,我們贏了”之后幾秒便倒地而死。
    學(xué)校里最糟糕的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)形式就是不恰當(dāng)?shù)膹?qiáng)調(diào)考試。很少有學(xué)校允許學(xué)生集中精力做他們能做好的事。以考試競(jìng)爭(zhēng)這種做法的好處本身有點(diǎn)值得懷疑,而明知有人考試會(huì)通不過(guò)的情況下還要進(jìn)行競(jìng)爭(zhēng),則肯定是有害的。
    顯然,要將所有A型孩子變成B型孩子既不現(xiàn)實(shí)也不可取。這個(gè)世界需要各種性格的人,一個(gè)重要職責(zé)是使孩子的性格適合將來(lái)可能從事的工作。這才是的管理理念。
    如果學(xué)校對(duì)學(xué)業(yè)的強(qiáng)調(diào)減少一些,也許就有更多的時(shí)間教孩子更重要的價(jià)值觀念。也許對(duì)護(hù)理職業(yè)——特別是醫(yī)療護(hù)理人員——的選擇應(yīng)少注重化學(xué)成績(jī)而多關(guān)注他們是否敏感、是否有同情心。只從A型性格的人員中挑選醫(yī)生的確是個(gè)錯(cuò)誤。B型性格的人非常重要,應(yīng)該受到鼓勵(lì)。