Passage 7 (7/63) 現(xiàn)象解釋型新老觀點對比型（歷史題材）文章不難題重要
史實Between the eighth and eleventh centuries A. D., the Byzantine Empire staged上演 (to produce or cause to happen for public view or public effect “stage a track meet” “stage a hunger strike”) an almost unparalleled無與倫比 economic and cultural revival, a recovery（同位語） that is all the more striking because it followed先有蕭條后有復(fù)興 a long period of severe internal decline. 還沒有復(fù)興的內(nèi)部蕭條時期（如果沒時間可以先不看）By the early eighth century*4B, the empire had lost roughly two-thirds of the territory*4 it had possessed in the year 600*4B, and its remaining area was being raided by Arabs and Bulgarians, who at times (at times: adv.有時, 不時) threatened to take Constantinople and extinguish the empire altogether. 蕭條的三個方面The wealth of the state and its subjects was greatly diminished, and artistic and literary production had virtually ceased. 開始講復(fù)興By the early eleventh century, however, the empire had regained almost half of its lost possessions, its new frontiers were secure, and its influence extended far beyond its borders. The economy had recovered, the treasury was full, and art and scholarship had advanced.
粗略解釋現(xiàn)象To consider the Byzantine military, cultural, and economic三個方面 advances as differentiated aspects of a single phenomenon*2C is reasonable.（判斷句） 原因一After all（弱原因）, these three forms of progress have gone together in a number of states and civilizations. 舉例（與結(jié)論緊密相連的例子可以不看，篇幅在5行之內(nèi)的例子可以不看）Rome under Augustus and fifth-century Athens provide the most obvious examples in antiquity. 原因二：考察三方面的順序可能有幫助Moreover（大列舉的非第一點）, an examination of the apparent sequential connections*5B among military, economic, and cultural forms of progress might help explain the dynamics of historical change.
詳細(xì)解釋三個方面的順序——老觀點：軍事，經(jīng)濟(jì)，文化The common*5B（-）（其實也可以當(dāng)作新老觀點對比型） explanation of these apparent connections in the case of Byzantium would run like this: when the empire had turned back enemy raids on its own territory and had begun to raid and conquer enemy territory, Byzantine resources naturally expanded and more money became available to patronize art and literature. Therefore（同樣意思，廢話）, Byzantine military achievements led to economic advances, which in turn led to cultural revival.
詳細(xì)解釋——新觀點：文化，經(jīng)濟(jì)，軍事No doubt（讓步的前半句）this hypothetical pattern did apply（小+） at times during the course of the recovery. Yet（讓步的后半句） it is not clear（大-） that military advances invariably came first, economic advances second, and intellectual advances third. 下面的部分要注意年份In the 860’s the Byzantine Empire began to recover from Arab incursions so that by 872 the military balance with the Abbasid Caliphate had been permanently altered in the empire’s favor*3D. The beginning of the empire’s economic revival, however, can be placed between 810 and 830*6D. Finally, the Byzantine revival of learning*6D appears to have begun even earlier*6D. A number of notable scholars and writers appeared by 788 and, by the last decade of the eighth century, a cultural revival was in full bloom (in full bloom: adv.開著花), a revival that lasted until the fall of Constantinople in 1453（關(guān)系很小的年份，可以暫時不看）. Thus（總結(jié)，主題句） the commonly expected order of military revival followed by economic and then by cultural recovery was reversed*1E in Byzantium. In fact（廢話）, the revival of Byzantine learning may itself have influenced the subsequent economic and military expansion.
1. Which of the following best states the central idea of the passage?主題題（內(nèi)容性——主題句同義變換，本題；沒有主題句用三出現(xiàn)原則；保持態(tài)度一致）
(A) The Byzantine Empire was a unique case in which the usual order of military and economic revival preceding cultural revival was reversed.
(B) The economic, cultural, and military revival in the Byzantine Empire between the eighth and eleventh centuries was similar in its order to the sequence of revivals in Augustan Rome and fifth century Athens.
(C) After 810 Byzantine economic recovery spurred a military and, later, cultural expansion that lasted until 1453.
(D) The eighth-century revival of Byzantine learning is an inexplicable phenomenon, and its economic and military precursors have yet to be discovered.（E）
(E) The revival of the Byzantine Empire between the eighth and eleventh centuries shows cultural rebirth preceding economic and military revival, the reverse*1E of the commonly accepted order of progress.
2. The primary purpose of the second paragraph is which of the following?主題題（第二段的寫法）
(A) To establish the uniqueness of the Byzantine revival
(B) To show that Augustan Rome and fifth-century Athens are examples of cultural, economic, and military expansion against which all subsequent cases must be measured
(C) To suggest that cultural, economic, and military advances have tended to be closely interrelated in different societies*2C粗略的解釋：想成一個問題的三個側(cè)面
(D) To argue that, while the revivals of Augustan Rome and fifth-century Athens were similar, they are unrelated to other historical examples（C）
(E) To indicate that, wherever possible, historians should seek to make comparisons with the earliest chronological examples of revival
3. It can be inferred from the passage that by the eleventh century（復(fù)興的時候） the Byzantine military forces直接事實題
(A) had reached their peak沒提到過 and begun to decline
(B) had eliminated the Bulgarian army沒提過
(C) were comparable in size to the army of Rome under Augustus沒提過
(D) were strong enough to withstand*3D the Abbasid Caliphate’s military forces（D）
(E) had achieved control of Byzantine governmental structures沒提過
4. It can be inferred from the passage that the Byzantine Empire sustained維持，不是收回 significant territorial losses*4（復(fù)興之前）
(A) in 600時間點
(B) during the seventh century在600到八世紀(jì)之間*4B
(C) a century after the cultural achievements of the Byzantine Empire had been lost
(D) soon after the revival of Byzantine learning（B）
(E) in the century after 873
5. In the third paragraph, the author most probably provides an explanation of the apparent connections among economic, military, and cultural development in order to舉例作用題（老觀點）
(A) suggest that the process of revival in Byzantium accords with this model
(B) set up an order*5B of events that is then shown to be not generally applicable*5B to the case of Byzantium結(jié)論在前，上一段結(jié)尾
(C) cast aspersions on traditional historical scholarship about Byzantium
(D) suggest that Byzantium represents a case for which no historical precedent exists（B）
(E) argue that military conquest is the paramount element in the growth of empires
6. Which of the following does the author mention as crucial evidence（新觀點，最后一段） concerning the manner in which the Byzantine revival began?
(A) The Byzantine military revival of the 860’s led to economic and cultural advances.與事實相反
(B) The Byzantine cultural revival lasted until 1453.事實正確，但不是證據(jù)
(C) The Byzantine economic recovery began in the 900’s.有錯誤
(D) The revival of Byzantine learning*6D began toward the end of the eighth century*6D.（D）
(E) By the early eleventh century the Byzantine Empire had regained much of its lost territory.有錯誤
7. According to the author, “The common explanation”（老觀點） (line 28) of connections between economic, military, and cultural development is態(tài)度題（出題點：混合評價很容易出題）
(A) revolutionary and too new to have been applied to the history of the Byzantine Empire
(B) reasonable, but an antiquated theory of the nature of progress
(C) not applicable to the Byzantine revival as a whole, but does perhaps accurately describe limited periods during the revival大-小+
(D) equally applicable to the Byzantine case as a whole and to the history of military, economic, and cultural advances in ancient Greece and Rome（C）
(E) essentially not helpful, because military, economic, and cultural advances are part of a single phenomenon
史實Between the eighth and eleventh centuries A. D., the Byzantine Empire staged上演 (to produce or cause to happen for public view or public effect “stage a track meet” “stage a hunger strike”) an almost unparalleled無與倫比 economic and cultural revival, a recovery（同位語） that is all the more striking because it followed先有蕭條后有復(fù)興 a long period of severe internal decline. 還沒有復(fù)興的內(nèi)部蕭條時期（如果沒時間可以先不看）By the early eighth century*4B, the empire had lost roughly two-thirds of the territory*4 it had possessed in the year 600*4B, and its remaining area was being raided by Arabs and Bulgarians, who at times (at times: adv.有時, 不時) threatened to take Constantinople and extinguish the empire altogether. 蕭條的三個方面The wealth of the state and its subjects was greatly diminished, and artistic and literary production had virtually ceased. 開始講復(fù)興By the early eleventh century, however, the empire had regained almost half of its lost possessions, its new frontiers were secure, and its influence extended far beyond its borders. The economy had recovered, the treasury was full, and art and scholarship had advanced.
粗略解釋現(xiàn)象To consider the Byzantine military, cultural, and economic三個方面 advances as differentiated aspects of a single phenomenon*2C is reasonable.（判斷句） 原因一After all（弱原因）, these three forms of progress have gone together in a number of states and civilizations. 舉例（與結(jié)論緊密相連的例子可以不看，篇幅在5行之內(nèi)的例子可以不看）Rome under Augustus and fifth-century Athens provide the most obvious examples in antiquity. 原因二：考察三方面的順序可能有幫助Moreover（大列舉的非第一點）, an examination of the apparent sequential connections*5B among military, economic, and cultural forms of progress might help explain the dynamics of historical change.
詳細(xì)解釋三個方面的順序——老觀點：軍事，經(jīng)濟(jì)，文化The common*5B（-）（其實也可以當(dāng)作新老觀點對比型） explanation of these apparent connections in the case of Byzantium would run like this: when the empire had turned back enemy raids on its own territory and had begun to raid and conquer enemy territory, Byzantine resources naturally expanded and more money became available to patronize art and literature. Therefore（同樣意思，廢話）, Byzantine military achievements led to economic advances, which in turn led to cultural revival.
詳細(xì)解釋——新觀點：文化，經(jīng)濟(jì)，軍事No doubt（讓步的前半句）this hypothetical pattern did apply（小+） at times during the course of the recovery. Yet（讓步的后半句） it is not clear（大-） that military advances invariably came first, economic advances second, and intellectual advances third. 下面的部分要注意年份In the 860’s the Byzantine Empire began to recover from Arab incursions so that by 872 the military balance with the Abbasid Caliphate had been permanently altered in the empire’s favor*3D. The beginning of the empire’s economic revival, however, can be placed between 810 and 830*6D. Finally, the Byzantine revival of learning*6D appears to have begun even earlier*6D. A number of notable scholars and writers appeared by 788 and, by the last decade of the eighth century, a cultural revival was in full bloom (in full bloom: adv.開著花), a revival that lasted until the fall of Constantinople in 1453（關(guān)系很小的年份，可以暫時不看）. Thus（總結(jié)，主題句） the commonly expected order of military revival followed by economic and then by cultural recovery was reversed*1E in Byzantium. In fact（廢話）, the revival of Byzantine learning may itself have influenced the subsequent economic and military expansion.
1. Which of the following best states the central idea of the passage?主題題（內(nèi)容性——主題句同義變換，本題；沒有主題句用三出現(xiàn)原則；保持態(tài)度一致）
(A) The Byzantine Empire was a unique case in which the usual order of military and economic revival preceding cultural revival was reversed.
(B) The economic, cultural, and military revival in the Byzantine Empire between the eighth and eleventh centuries was similar in its order to the sequence of revivals in Augustan Rome and fifth century Athens.
(C) After 810 Byzantine economic recovery spurred a military and, later, cultural expansion that lasted until 1453.
(D) The eighth-century revival of Byzantine learning is an inexplicable phenomenon, and its economic and military precursors have yet to be discovered.（E）
(E) The revival of the Byzantine Empire between the eighth and eleventh centuries shows cultural rebirth preceding economic and military revival, the reverse*1E of the commonly accepted order of progress.
2. The primary purpose of the second paragraph is which of the following?主題題（第二段的寫法）
(A) To establish the uniqueness of the Byzantine revival
(B) To show that Augustan Rome and fifth-century Athens are examples of cultural, economic, and military expansion against which all subsequent cases must be measured
(C) To suggest that cultural, economic, and military advances have tended to be closely interrelated in different societies*2C粗略的解釋：想成一個問題的三個側(cè)面
(D) To argue that, while the revivals of Augustan Rome and fifth-century Athens were similar, they are unrelated to other historical examples（C）
(E) To indicate that, wherever possible, historians should seek to make comparisons with the earliest chronological examples of revival
3. It can be inferred from the passage that by the eleventh century（復(fù)興的時候） the Byzantine military forces直接事實題
(A) had reached their peak沒提到過 and begun to decline
(B) had eliminated the Bulgarian army沒提過
(C) were comparable in size to the army of Rome under Augustus沒提過
(D) were strong enough to withstand*3D the Abbasid Caliphate’s military forces（D）
(E) had achieved control of Byzantine governmental structures沒提過
4. It can be inferred from the passage that the Byzantine Empire sustained維持，不是收回 significant territorial losses*4（復(fù)興之前）
(A) in 600時間點
(B) during the seventh century在600到八世紀(jì)之間*4B
(C) a century after the cultural achievements of the Byzantine Empire had been lost
(D) soon after the revival of Byzantine learning（B）
(E) in the century after 873
5. In the third paragraph, the author most probably provides an explanation of the apparent connections among economic, military, and cultural development in order to舉例作用題（老觀點）
(A) suggest that the process of revival in Byzantium accords with this model
(B) set up an order*5B of events that is then shown to be not generally applicable*5B to the case of Byzantium結(jié)論在前，上一段結(jié)尾
(C) cast aspersions on traditional historical scholarship about Byzantium
(D) suggest that Byzantium represents a case for which no historical precedent exists（B）
(E) argue that military conquest is the paramount element in the growth of empires
6. Which of the following does the author mention as crucial evidence（新觀點，最后一段） concerning the manner in which the Byzantine revival began?
(A) The Byzantine military revival of the 860’s led to economic and cultural advances.與事實相反
(B) The Byzantine cultural revival lasted until 1453.事實正確，但不是證據(jù)
(C) The Byzantine economic recovery began in the 900’s.有錯誤
(D) The revival of Byzantine learning*6D began toward the end of the eighth century*6D.（D）
(E) By the early eleventh century the Byzantine Empire had regained much of its lost territory.有錯誤
7. According to the author, “The common explanation”（老觀點） (line 28) of connections between economic, military, and cultural development is態(tài)度題（出題點：混合評價很容易出題）
(A) revolutionary and too new to have been applied to the history of the Byzantine Empire
(B) reasonable, but an antiquated theory of the nature of progress
(C) not applicable to the Byzantine revival as a whole, but does perhaps accurately describe limited periods during the revival大-小+
(D) equally applicable to the Byzantine case as a whole and to the history of military, economic, and cultural advances in ancient Greece and Rome（C）
(E) essentially not helpful, because military, economic, and cultural advances are part of a single phenomenon