Passage 17 現(xiàn)象解釋型（女性題材）重點題2679
前兩段的對比構(gòu)成一種現(xiàn)象Prior to 1975*4（文章開頭出現(xiàn)這樣的時間狀語：很可能出現(xiàn)強對比）, union efforts to organize public-sector clerical workers, most of whom are women, were somewhat 沒怎么加入工會limited. 反面：有利于工會化的因素The factors（原因） favoring unionization drives seem to have been 原因一either（與either…or…同等重要的關(guān)聯(lián)詞：more than, less than, so…that…） the presence of large numbers of workers*4A, as in New York City, to make it worth the effort, 原因二or the concentration*4C of small numbers in one or two locations, such as a hospital, to make it relatively easy. 第一個因素：和數(shù)量有關(guān)；第二個因素：Receptivity*4D to unionization on the workers’ part was also a consideration, 本段最后一重轉(zhuǎn)折，以此為準(zhǔn)：加入工會的人少but（極端轉(zhuǎn)折） when there were large numbers involved or the clerical workers were the only unorganized group in a jurisdiction管區(qū)，轄區(qū), the multi-occupational unions would often try to organize them regardless of *2E the workers’ initial receptivity. The strategic reasoning（原因大列舉，可以跳過，有題再回來查） was based, first, on the concern that politicians and administrators might play off*4E (to set in opposition for one's own gain從中漁利；在…之間挑撥離間) 挑撥離間unionized against non-unionized workers, and, second, on the conviction that a fully unionized public work force meant power*4E, both at the bargaining table and in the legislature. In localities where clerical workers were few in number, were scattered in several workplaces, and expressed no interest in being organized, unions more often than not時常（=often） ignored them in the pre-1975 period.
與第一段相反：加入工會的人多But since the mid-1970’s（強對比，轉(zhuǎn)折）, a different strategy has emerged. In 1977*1, 34 percent of government clerical workers were represented by a labor organization, compared with 46 percent of government professionals*1A(最多), 44 percent of government blue-collar workers, and 41 percent of government service workers. （多個數(shù)字連續(xù)出現(xiàn)，可以暫時不看）Since then, however（強轉(zhuǎn)折）, the biggest increases in public-sector unionization have been among clerical workers. Between 1977 and 1980, the number of unionized government workers in blue-collar and service occupations increased only about 1.5 percent, while in the white-collar occupations the increase was 20 percent and among clerical workers in particular, the increase was 22 percent. （多個數(shù)字連續(xù)出現(xiàn)，可以暫時不看）
解釋現(xiàn)象What accounts for this upsurge in unionization among clerical workers? 原因一：女工增多，干到退休First, more（比較句，容易出兩種題——正面問：直接事實題；反面問：取非題） women have entered the work force in the past few years, and more of them plan to remain working until retirement age*9E. Consequently（原因）, they are probably more concerned than their predecessors were about job security and economic benefits. 原因二：女性運動Also, the women’s movement*5 has succeeded in legitimizing合法化，立法 the economic and political activism of women on their own behalf, thereby （結(jié)果，+現(xiàn)在分詞，不同于therefore，不可加句子）producing a more positive attitude*5C toward unions. 原因三：public獨有的，所以前兩個原因不重要，這個原因最重要The absence of any comparable increase in unionization among private-sector*7C（首次出現(xiàn)） clerical workers, however, identifies the primary catalyst（原因）—the structural change in the multi-occupational public-sector unions themselves. Over the past twenty years, the occupational distribution in these unions has been steadily shifting（同change，所以開始講廢話） from predominantly blue-collar to predominantly white-collar. Because（原因） there are far more women in white-collar jobs, an increase in the proportion of female members has accompanied the occupational shift（同change，所以開始講廢話） and has altered union policy-making in favor of organizing women and addressing women’s issues.
1. According to the passage, the public-sector workers who were most likely to belong to unions in 1977*1 were直接事實題
(A) professionals*1A
(B) managers
(C) clerical workers
(D) service workers（A）
(E) blue-collar workers
2. The author cites union efforts to achieve a fully unionized work force (line 13-19) （問解釋什么，往前找）in order to account for why直接事實題
(A) politicians might try to oppose public-sector union organizing
(B) public-sector unions have recently focused on organizing women
(C) early organizing efforts often focused on areas where there were large numbers of workers
(D) union efforts with regard to public-sector clerical workers increased dramatically after 1975（E）
(E) unions sometimes tried to organize workers regardless of*2E the workers’ initial interest in unionization
3. The author’s claim that, since the mid-1970’s, a new strategy has emerged in the unionization of public-sector clerical workers (line 23) would be strengthened if the author虛擬語氣，邏輯題（支持題：搭橋法，啰嗦法，具體事例法）
(A) described more fully the attitudes of clerical workers toward labor unions
(B) compared the organizing strategies employed by private-sector unions with those of public-sector unions
(C) explained why politicians and administrators sometimes oppose unionization of clerical workers
(D) indicated that the number of unionized public-sector clerical workers was increasing even before the mid-1970’s（E）
(E) showed that the factors that favored unionization drives among these workers prior to 1975 have decreased in importance反襯法：以前起作用的因素現(xiàn)在不起作用了，所以只能證明有新策略出現(xiàn)。類似搭橋法。（大概只出現(xiàn)過兩次，不要求）
4. According to the passage, in the period prior to 1975*4（第一段）, each of the following considerations helped determine whether a union would attempt to organize a certain group of clerical workers EXCEPT重要排除題
(A) the number of clerical workers*4A in that group
(B) the number of women沒提到 among the clerical workers in that group
(C) whether the clerical workers in that area were concentrated in one workplace or scattered*4C over several workplaces
(D) the degree to which the clerical workers in that group were interested in*4D unionization（B）
(E) whether all*4E the other workers in the same jurisdiction as that group of clerical workers were unionized
5. The author states that which of the following is a consequence of the women’s movement*5 （最后一段的第二個原因）of recent years?直接事實題（送分題）
(A) An increase in the number of women entering the work force
(B) A structural change in multi-occupational public-sector unions
(C) A more positive attitude*5C on the part of women toward unions
(D) An increase in the proportion of clerical workers that are women（C）
(E) An increase in the number of women in administrative positions
6. The main concern of the passage is to主題題（內(nèi)容性+寫法性）（最重要）
(A) advocate particular strategies for future efforts to organize certain workers into labor unions
(B) explain differences in the unionized proportions of various groups of public-sector workers
(C) evaluate the effectiveness of certain kinds of labor unions that represent public-sector workers
(D) analyzed and explain an increase in unionization among a certain category of workers現(xiàn)象解釋型（D）
(E) describe and distinguish strategies appropriate to organizing different categories of workers
7. The author implies that if the increase in the number of women in the work force and the impact of the women’s movement were the main causes of the rise in unionization of public-sector clerical workers, then虛擬語氣，與現(xiàn)實不符的情況，逆否命題（要熟練掌握）
(A) more women would hold administrative positions in unions
(B) more women who hold political offices would have positive attitudes toward labor unions
(C) there would be an equivalent rise in unionization of private-sector*7C clerical workers（要使前兩個原因重要，只能使private也增加）
(D) unions would have shown more interest than they have in organizing women（C）
(E) the increase in the number of unionized public-sector clerical workers would have been greater than it has been
8. The author suggests that it would be disadvantageous to a union if直接事實題（無定位）
(A) many workers in the locality were not unionized（第一段）
(B) the union contributed to political campaigns
(C) the union included only public-sector workers
(D) the union included workers from several jurisdictions（A）
(E) the union included members from only a few occupations
9. The author implies that, in comparison with working women today, women working in the years prior to the mid-1970’s showed a greater tendency to比較句取非題（最后一段）
(A) prefer smaller workplaces
(B) express a positive attitude toward labor unions
(C) maximize job security and economic benefits
(D) side with administrators in labor disputes（E）
(E) quit working prior of retirement age*9E
前兩段的對比構(gòu)成一種現(xiàn)象Prior to 1975*4（文章開頭出現(xiàn)這樣的時間狀語：很可能出現(xiàn)強對比）, union efforts to organize public-sector clerical workers, most of whom are women, were somewhat 沒怎么加入工會limited. 反面：有利于工會化的因素The factors（原因） favoring unionization drives seem to have been 原因一either（與either…or…同等重要的關(guān)聯(lián)詞：more than, less than, so…that…） the presence of large numbers of workers*4A, as in New York City, to make it worth the effort, 原因二or the concentration*4C of small numbers in one or two locations, such as a hospital, to make it relatively easy. 第一個因素：和數(shù)量有關(guān)；第二個因素：Receptivity*4D to unionization on the workers’ part was also a consideration, 本段最后一重轉(zhuǎn)折，以此為準(zhǔn)：加入工會的人少but（極端轉(zhuǎn)折） when there were large numbers involved or the clerical workers were the only unorganized group in a jurisdiction管區(qū)，轄區(qū), the multi-occupational unions would often try to organize them regardless of *2E the workers’ initial receptivity. The strategic reasoning（原因大列舉，可以跳過，有題再回來查） was based, first, on the concern that politicians and administrators might play off*4E (to set in opposition for one's own gain從中漁利；在…之間挑撥離間) 挑撥離間unionized against non-unionized workers, and, second, on the conviction that a fully unionized public work force meant power*4E, both at the bargaining table and in the legislature. In localities where clerical workers were few in number, were scattered in several workplaces, and expressed no interest in being organized, unions more often than not時常（=often） ignored them in the pre-1975 period.
與第一段相反：加入工會的人多But since the mid-1970’s（強對比，轉(zhuǎn)折）, a different strategy has emerged. In 1977*1, 34 percent of government clerical workers were represented by a labor organization, compared with 46 percent of government professionals*1A(最多), 44 percent of government blue-collar workers, and 41 percent of government service workers. （多個數(shù)字連續(xù)出現(xiàn)，可以暫時不看）Since then, however（強轉(zhuǎn)折）, the biggest increases in public-sector unionization have been among clerical workers. Between 1977 and 1980, the number of unionized government workers in blue-collar and service occupations increased only about 1.5 percent, while in the white-collar occupations the increase was 20 percent and among clerical workers in particular, the increase was 22 percent. （多個數(shù)字連續(xù)出現(xiàn)，可以暫時不看）
解釋現(xiàn)象What accounts for this upsurge in unionization among clerical workers? 原因一：女工增多，干到退休First, more（比較句，容易出兩種題——正面問：直接事實題；反面問：取非題） women have entered the work force in the past few years, and more of them plan to remain working until retirement age*9E. Consequently（原因）, they are probably more concerned than their predecessors were about job security and economic benefits. 原因二：女性運動Also, the women’s movement*5 has succeeded in legitimizing合法化，立法 the economic and political activism of women on their own behalf, thereby （結(jié)果，+現(xiàn)在分詞，不同于therefore，不可加句子）producing a more positive attitude*5C toward unions. 原因三：public獨有的，所以前兩個原因不重要，這個原因最重要The absence of any comparable increase in unionization among private-sector*7C（首次出現(xiàn)） clerical workers, however, identifies the primary catalyst（原因）—the structural change in the multi-occupational public-sector unions themselves. Over the past twenty years, the occupational distribution in these unions has been steadily shifting（同change，所以開始講廢話） from predominantly blue-collar to predominantly white-collar. Because（原因） there are far more women in white-collar jobs, an increase in the proportion of female members has accompanied the occupational shift（同change，所以開始講廢話） and has altered union policy-making in favor of organizing women and addressing women’s issues.
1. According to the passage, the public-sector workers who were most likely to belong to unions in 1977*1 were直接事實題
(A) professionals*1A
(B) managers
(C) clerical workers
(D) service workers（A）
(E) blue-collar workers
2. The author cites union efforts to achieve a fully unionized work force (line 13-19) （問解釋什么，往前找）in order to account for why直接事實題
(A) politicians might try to oppose public-sector union organizing
(B) public-sector unions have recently focused on organizing women
(C) early organizing efforts often focused on areas where there were large numbers of workers
(D) union efforts with regard to public-sector clerical workers increased dramatically after 1975（E）
(E) unions sometimes tried to organize workers regardless of*2E the workers’ initial interest in unionization
3. The author’s claim that, since the mid-1970’s, a new strategy has emerged in the unionization of public-sector clerical workers (line 23) would be strengthened if the author虛擬語氣，邏輯題（支持題：搭橋法，啰嗦法，具體事例法）
(A) described more fully the attitudes of clerical workers toward labor unions
(B) compared the organizing strategies employed by private-sector unions with those of public-sector unions
(C) explained why politicians and administrators sometimes oppose unionization of clerical workers
(D) indicated that the number of unionized public-sector clerical workers was increasing even before the mid-1970’s（E）
(E) showed that the factors that favored unionization drives among these workers prior to 1975 have decreased in importance反襯法：以前起作用的因素現(xiàn)在不起作用了，所以只能證明有新策略出現(xiàn)。類似搭橋法。（大概只出現(xiàn)過兩次，不要求）
4. According to the passage, in the period prior to 1975*4（第一段）, each of the following considerations helped determine whether a union would attempt to organize a certain group of clerical workers EXCEPT重要排除題
(A) the number of clerical workers*4A in that group
(B) the number of women沒提到 among the clerical workers in that group
(C) whether the clerical workers in that area were concentrated in one workplace or scattered*4C over several workplaces
(D) the degree to which the clerical workers in that group were interested in*4D unionization（B）
(E) whether all*4E the other workers in the same jurisdiction as that group of clerical workers were unionized
5. The author states that which of the following is a consequence of the women’s movement*5 （最后一段的第二個原因）of recent years?直接事實題（送分題）
(A) An increase in the number of women entering the work force
(B) A structural change in multi-occupational public-sector unions
(C) A more positive attitude*5C on the part of women toward unions
(D) An increase in the proportion of clerical workers that are women（C）
(E) An increase in the number of women in administrative positions
6. The main concern of the passage is to主題題（內(nèi)容性+寫法性）（最重要）
(A) advocate particular strategies for future efforts to organize certain workers into labor unions
(B) explain differences in the unionized proportions of various groups of public-sector workers
(C) evaluate the effectiveness of certain kinds of labor unions that represent public-sector workers
(D) analyzed and explain an increase in unionization among a certain category of workers現(xiàn)象解釋型（D）
(E) describe and distinguish strategies appropriate to organizing different categories of workers
7. The author implies that if the increase in the number of women in the work force and the impact of the women’s movement were the main causes of the rise in unionization of public-sector clerical workers, then虛擬語氣，與現(xiàn)實不符的情況，逆否命題（要熟練掌握）
(A) more women would hold administrative positions in unions
(B) more women who hold political offices would have positive attitudes toward labor unions
(C) there would be an equivalent rise in unionization of private-sector*7C clerical workers（要使前兩個原因重要，只能使private也增加）
(D) unions would have shown more interest than they have in organizing women（C）
(E) the increase in the number of unionized public-sector clerical workers would have been greater than it has been
8. The author suggests that it would be disadvantageous to a union if直接事實題（無定位）
(A) many workers in the locality were not unionized（第一段）
(B) the union contributed to political campaigns
(C) the union included only public-sector workers
(D) the union included workers from several jurisdictions（A）
(E) the union included members from only a few occupations
9. The author implies that, in comparison with working women today, women working in the years prior to the mid-1970’s showed a greater tendency to比較句取非題（最后一段）
(A) prefer smaller workplaces
(B) express a positive attitude toward labor unions
(C) maximize job security and economic benefits
(D) side with administrators in labor disputes（E）
(E) quit working prior of retirement age*9E