Passage 15 新老觀點對比型（美國歷史黑人題材）
史實：黑人從南方到北方In the two decades between 1910 and 1930, over ten percent of the Black population of the United States left the South, where the preponderance of the Black population had been located, and migrated to northern states, with the largest number moving, it is claimed, between 1916 and 1918. 老觀點：來自農村地區(qū)It has been frequently（老觀點）（-） assumed, but not proved, that the majority of the migrants in what has come to be called the Great Migration came from rural areas and were motivated by two concurrent factors: 第一個原因：南方的棉花工業(yè)崩潰the collapse of the cotton industry following（原因） the boll weevil (boll weevil: n. 棉籽象鼻蟲) infestation感染, which began in 1898, and 第二個原因：北方增加對勞動力的需求increased demand in the North for labor following（原因） the cessation of European immigration caused by the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. This assumption has led to the conclusion that the migrants’ subsequent lack of economic mobility *8A in the North is tied to（原因） rural background, a background that implies unfamiliarity with urban living and a lack of industrial skills.
新觀點：其實來自城市地區(qū)But （新觀點）the question of who actually left the South has never been rigorously investigated. Although（轉折） numerous investigations document an exodus from rural southern areas to southern cities prior to the Great Migration, （可以直接看后半句就好了，意思與前半句完全相反）no one has considered whether the same migrants then moved on to northern cities. In 1910 over 600,000（一個數字，要看） Black workers, or也就是 ten percent of the Black work force, reported themselves to be engaged in “manufacturing and mechanical pursuits,” the federal census*1D category概念，范疇 roughly encompassing the entire industrial sector. The Great Migration could easily have been made up entirely of this group and their families.（新觀點概括，主題句） It is perhaps surprising to argue that （預期反對） an employed population could be enticed to move*2C, but an explanation lies in the labor conditions then prevalent in the South.（承上啟下）
新觀點的證據：為什么搬About thirty-five percent of the urban Black population in the South was engaged in skilled trades. Some were from the old artisan class of slavery—blacksmiths, masons, carpenters（小列舉，三項，不用看）—which had had a monopoly of certain trades, but they were gradually being 第一個原因pushed out被排擠 by competition, mechanization, and obsolescence. The remaining sixty-five percent, more recently urbanized, worked in newly developed industries—tobacco, lumber, coal and iron manufacture, and railroads. 第二個原因Wages in the South*3*4A, however, were low, and Black workers were aware, through labor recruiters*4B and the Black press*4E, that they could earn more even（暗示工資差異） as unskilled workers in the North than they could as artisans in the South. After the boll weevil infestation, urban Black workers faced 第三個原因competition*4C from the continuing influx of both Black and White rural workers, who were driven to undercut*3A競相削價 the wages formerly paid for industrial jobs. Thus（小總結）, a move north would be seen as advantageous to a group that was already urbanized and steadily employed, and the easy conclusion tying their subsequent economic problems in the North to（原因） their rural background*5C comes into question.
1. The author indicates explicitly明確 that which of the following records has been a source of information in her investigation?
(A) United States Immigration Service reports from 1914 to 1930
(B) Payrolls of southern manufacturing firms between 1910 and 1930
(C) The volume of cotton exports between 1898 and 1910
(D) The federal census*1D of 1910（D）
(E) Advertisements of labor recruiters appearing in southern newspapers after 1910
2. In the passage, the author anticipates which of the following as a possible objection to her argument?直接事實題（預期反對）
(A) It is uncertain how many people actually migrated during the Great Migration.
(B) The eventual economic status of the Great Migration migrants has not been adequately traced.
(C) It is not likely that people with steady jobs would have reason to move to another area of the country.*2C
(D) It is not true that the term “manufacturing and mechanical pursuits” actually encompasses the entire industrial sector.（C）
(E) Of the Black workers living in southern cities, only those in a small number of trades were threatened by obsolescence.
3. According to the passage, which of the following is true of wages in southern cities*3 in 1910?信息題（有定位，最后一段）
(A) They were being pushed lower*3A as a result of increased competition.
(B) They had begun t to rise so that southern industry could attract rural workers.
(C) They had increased for skilled workers but decreased for unskilled workers.
(D) They had increased in large southern cities but decreased in small southern cities.（A）
(E) They had increased in newly developed industries but decreased in the older trades.
4. The author cites each of the following as possible influences in a Black worker’s decision to migrate north in the Great Migration EXCEPT（四項小列舉，大列舉——本文，最后一段）
(A) wage*4A levels in northern cities原因二
(B) labor recruiters*4B原因二
(C) competition*4C from rural workers原因三
(D) voting rights in northern states沒提到（D）
(E) the Black press*4E原因二
5. It can be inferred from the passage that the “easy conclusion” mentioned in line 53（最后一句） is based on which of the following assumptions（答案重復原文定位）?邏輯題
(A) People who migrate from rural areas to large cities usually do so for economic reasons.
(B) Most people who leave rural areas to take jobs in cities return to rural areas as soon as it is financially possible for them to do so.
(C) People with rural backgrounds*5C are less likely to succeed economically in cities than are those with urban backgrounds.
(D) Most people who were once skilled workers are not willing to work as unskilled workers.（C）
(E) People who migrate from their birthplaces to other regions of country seldom undertake a second migration.
6. The primary purpose of the passage is to主題題（寫法性，根據套路選）
(A) support an alternative to an accepted methodology
(B) present evidence that resolves a contradiction
(C) introduce a recently discovered source of information
(D) challenge a widely accepted explanation新老觀點對比型（常用動詞：challenge, criticize, correct, refute）（D）
(E) argue that a discarded theory deserves new attention
7. According to information in the passage, which of the following is a correct sequence of groups of workers, from highest paid to lowest paid, in the period between 1910 and 1930?排序：北方〉南方，技術〉非技術——C
(A) Artisans in the North; artisans in the South; unskilled workers in the North; unskilled workers in the South
(B) Artisans in the North and South; unskilled workers in the North; unskilled workers in the South
(C) Artisans in the North; unskilled workers in the North; artisans in the South
(D) Artisans in the North and South; unskilled urban workers in the North; unskilled rural workers in the South（C）
(E) Artisans in the North and South, unskilled rural workers in the North and South; unskilled urban workers in the North and South
8. The material in the passage would be most relevant to a long discussion of which of the following topics?主題題（內容性）（本題只出過一次，不重要）
(A) The reasons for the subsequent economic difficulties*8A of those who participated in the Great Migration
(B) The effect of migration on the regional economies of the United States following the First World War離題
(C) The transition from a rural to an urban existence for those who migrated in the Great Migration只提過一次，不重要
(D) The transformation of the agricultural South following the boll weevil infestation離題（A）
(E) The disappearance of the artisan class in the United States as a consequence of mechanization in the early twentieth century提過，但不重要
史實：黑人從南方到北方In the two decades between 1910 and 1930, over ten percent of the Black population of the United States left the South, where the preponderance of the Black population had been located, and migrated to northern states, with the largest number moving, it is claimed, between 1916 and 1918. 老觀點：來自農村地區(qū)It has been frequently（老觀點）（-） assumed, but not proved, that the majority of the migrants in what has come to be called the Great Migration came from rural areas and were motivated by two concurrent factors: 第一個原因：南方的棉花工業(yè)崩潰the collapse of the cotton industry following（原因） the boll weevil (boll weevil: n. 棉籽象鼻蟲) infestation感染, which began in 1898, and 第二個原因：北方增加對勞動力的需求increased demand in the North for labor following（原因） the cessation of European immigration caused by the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. This assumption has led to the conclusion that the migrants’ subsequent lack of economic mobility *8A in the North is tied to（原因） rural background, a background that implies unfamiliarity with urban living and a lack of industrial skills.
新觀點：其實來自城市地區(qū)But （新觀點）the question of who actually left the South has never been rigorously investigated. Although（轉折） numerous investigations document an exodus from rural southern areas to southern cities prior to the Great Migration, （可以直接看后半句就好了，意思與前半句完全相反）no one has considered whether the same migrants then moved on to northern cities. In 1910 over 600,000（一個數字，要看） Black workers, or也就是 ten percent of the Black work force, reported themselves to be engaged in “manufacturing and mechanical pursuits,” the federal census*1D category概念，范疇 roughly encompassing the entire industrial sector. The Great Migration could easily have been made up entirely of this group and their families.（新觀點概括，主題句） It is perhaps surprising to argue that （預期反對） an employed population could be enticed to move*2C, but an explanation lies in the labor conditions then prevalent in the South.（承上啟下）
新觀點的證據：為什么搬About thirty-five percent of the urban Black population in the South was engaged in skilled trades. Some were from the old artisan class of slavery—blacksmiths, masons, carpenters（小列舉，三項，不用看）—which had had a monopoly of certain trades, but they were gradually being 第一個原因pushed out被排擠 by competition, mechanization, and obsolescence. The remaining sixty-five percent, more recently urbanized, worked in newly developed industries—tobacco, lumber, coal and iron manufacture, and railroads. 第二個原因Wages in the South*3*4A, however, were low, and Black workers were aware, through labor recruiters*4B and the Black press*4E, that they could earn more even（暗示工資差異） as unskilled workers in the North than they could as artisans in the South. After the boll weevil infestation, urban Black workers faced 第三個原因competition*4C from the continuing influx of both Black and White rural workers, who were driven to undercut*3A競相削價 the wages formerly paid for industrial jobs. Thus（小總結）, a move north would be seen as advantageous to a group that was already urbanized and steadily employed, and the easy conclusion tying their subsequent economic problems in the North to（原因） their rural background*5C comes into question.
1. The author indicates explicitly明確 that which of the following records has been a source of information in her investigation?
(A) United States Immigration Service reports from 1914 to 1930
(B) Payrolls of southern manufacturing firms between 1910 and 1930
(C) The volume of cotton exports between 1898 and 1910
(D) The federal census*1D of 1910（D）
(E) Advertisements of labor recruiters appearing in southern newspapers after 1910
2. In the passage, the author anticipates which of the following as a possible objection to her argument?直接事實題（預期反對）
(A) It is uncertain how many people actually migrated during the Great Migration.
(B) The eventual economic status of the Great Migration migrants has not been adequately traced.
(C) It is not likely that people with steady jobs would have reason to move to another area of the country.*2C
(D) It is not true that the term “manufacturing and mechanical pursuits” actually encompasses the entire industrial sector.（C）
(E) Of the Black workers living in southern cities, only those in a small number of trades were threatened by obsolescence.
3. According to the passage, which of the following is true of wages in southern cities*3 in 1910?信息題（有定位，最后一段）
(A) They were being pushed lower*3A as a result of increased competition.
(B) They had begun t to rise so that southern industry could attract rural workers.
(C) They had increased for skilled workers but decreased for unskilled workers.
(D) They had increased in large southern cities but decreased in small southern cities.（A）
(E) They had increased in newly developed industries but decreased in the older trades.
4. The author cites each of the following as possible influences in a Black worker’s decision to migrate north in the Great Migration EXCEPT（四項小列舉，大列舉——本文，最后一段）
(A) wage*4A levels in northern cities原因二
(B) labor recruiters*4B原因二
(C) competition*4C from rural workers原因三
(D) voting rights in northern states沒提到（D）
(E) the Black press*4E原因二
5. It can be inferred from the passage that the “easy conclusion” mentioned in line 53（最后一句） is based on which of the following assumptions（答案重復原文定位）?邏輯題
(A) People who migrate from rural areas to large cities usually do so for economic reasons.
(B) Most people who leave rural areas to take jobs in cities return to rural areas as soon as it is financially possible for them to do so.
(C) People with rural backgrounds*5C are less likely to succeed economically in cities than are those with urban backgrounds.
(D) Most people who were once skilled workers are not willing to work as unskilled workers.（C）
(E) People who migrate from their birthplaces to other regions of country seldom undertake a second migration.
6. The primary purpose of the passage is to主題題（寫法性，根據套路選）
(A) support an alternative to an accepted methodology
(B) present evidence that resolves a contradiction
(C) introduce a recently discovered source of information
(D) challenge a widely accepted explanation新老觀點對比型（常用動詞：challenge, criticize, correct, refute）（D）
(E) argue that a discarded theory deserves new attention
7. According to information in the passage, which of the following is a correct sequence of groups of workers, from highest paid to lowest paid, in the period between 1910 and 1930?排序：北方〉南方，技術〉非技術——C
(A) Artisans in the North; artisans in the South; unskilled workers in the North; unskilled workers in the South
(B) Artisans in the North and South; unskilled workers in the North; unskilled workers in the South
(C) Artisans in the North; unskilled workers in the North; artisans in the South
(D) Artisans in the North and South; unskilled urban workers in the North; unskilled rural workers in the South（C）
(E) Artisans in the North and South, unskilled rural workers in the North and South; unskilled urban workers in the North and South
8. The material in the passage would be most relevant to a long discussion of which of the following topics?主題題（內容性）（本題只出過一次，不重要）
(A) The reasons for the subsequent economic difficulties*8A of those who participated in the Great Migration
(B) The effect of migration on the regional economies of the United States following the First World War離題
(C) The transition from a rural to an urban existence for those who migrated in the Great Migration只提過一次，不重要
(D) The transformation of the agricultural South following the boll weevil infestation離題（A）
(E) The disappearance of the artisan class in the United States as a consequence of mechanization in the early twentieth century提過，但不重要