一、一道高考非謂語動(dòng)詞試題的分析和啟發(fā)
2007年高考英語山東卷單項(xiàng)選擇第33題：
The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecraft, the most recent ____at the end of last March.
A.has been launched B.having been launched C.being launched D.to be launched
這道題的命題立意是考查非謂語動(dòng)詞，選項(xiàng)設(shè)置采取了謂語非謂語并存以及非謂語幾種形式加以干擾的形式，意在考查同學(xué)們非謂語知識(shí)掌握的熟練程度和準(zhǔn)確性。這道題的考查，區(qū)分度很高。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)都有一定比例的同學(xué)在選，這說明同學(xué)們對(duì)非謂語動(dòng)詞的掌握還不扎實(shí)。主要的問題是：
1.選擇謂語動(dòng)詞還是非謂語動(dòng)詞的判斷有誤
很多同學(xué)選擇A，而has been launched是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)形式，是謂語動(dòng)詞；再看語句逗號(hào)兩邊沒有任何連詞連接，說明后半句只是整個(gè)句子的一個(gè)成分，因此，選擇A就犯了句子結(jié)構(gòu)判斷上的錯(cuò)誤；
2.非謂語動(dòng)詞形式的判斷有誤
另外三個(gè)選項(xiàng)中B、C是分詞的被動(dòng)形式，分別表示“發(fā)射了”和“正在發(fā)射”的語義；D選項(xiàng)是動(dòng)詞不定式的一種被動(dòng)形式，表示“將要發(fā)射”。再看看題干給出的“l(fā)aunch”時(shí)間背景“at the end of last March”和主句上的時(shí)間“has already sent up”，說明是在此之前，所以正確的選擇應(yīng)當(dāng)是B。
從上面的分析我們不難看出，回答非謂語動(dòng)詞的問題，要注意下面幾個(gè)關(guān)鍵：一是要確定是否選擇非謂語動(dòng)詞，方法就是看句子中有沒有連詞，是句子還是成分；二是要找動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語，這是判斷非謂語動(dòng)詞形式的一個(gè)重要依據(jù)；三是判斷是主動(dòng)形式還是被動(dòng)的形式，主要是看動(dòng)詞和邏輯主語之間是構(gòu)成了主謂關(guān)系(主動(dòng)形式)還是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系(被動(dòng)形式)，要特別注意所選形式的語義，如上例中“having been launched”，“being launched”分別表示的“發(fā)射了”和“正在發(fā)射”的語義；四是把時(shí)間背景捕捉準(zhǔn)確，這樣就能確定是用“將來”、“正在”還是“完成”的對(duì)應(yīng)形式。
二、選擇非謂語動(dòng)詞要兼顧搭配結(jié)構(gòu)和語義功能
非謂語動(dòng)詞是用動(dòng)詞不定式to do，還是用分詞doing或done的形式，是由搭配結(jié)構(gòu)和語義功能決定的。
1.搭配結(jié)構(gòu)是機(jī)械記憶問題，沒有“為什么”，正如非謂語動(dòng)詞做動(dòng)詞enjoy的賓語，只能用動(dòng)詞的ing形式，而不能用不定式形式。
例一：——The last one ______ pays the meal.
——Agreed!
A. arrived B. arrives
C. to arrive D. arriving
非謂語動(dòng)詞做定語，在所修飾名詞或代詞前有序數(shù)詞時(shí)，要搭配動(dòng)詞不定式，所以本題要選擇C。
例二：The crowd cheered wildly at the sight of Liu Xiang, who was reported_______ the world record in the 110-meter hurdle race.
A. breaking B. having broken
C. to have broken D. to break
在“sb. is said/reported/believed/thought，…”等之后要搭配動(dòng)詞不定式。在這里，題干的時(shí)間背景為cheered，一般過去時(shí)，而“break the world record”應(yīng)當(dāng)在“cheer”之前，所以要選擇不定式的完成時(shí)態(tài)，以表示兩個(gè)動(dòng)作的先后，答案為C。
例三：You’ll imagine what difficulty we had_____ home in the snowstorm.
A. walked B. walk
C. to walk D. walking
句子的結(jié)構(gòu)里涉及這樣的用法“have difficulty (in)doing sth.”，所以要選擇D。
2.語義功能是理解問題，要根據(jù)題干語義，將備選非謂語動(dòng)詞的“形”和“義”密切聯(lián)系起來。
例一： At the beginning of class, the noise of desks __ could be heard outside the classroom.
A. opened and closed
B. to be opened and closed
C. being opened and closed
D. to open and close
在這個(gè)題目中動(dòng)詞“open and close”和名詞“desks”構(gòu)成了動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，即“open and close desks”，因此選擇非謂語動(dòng)詞要用到被動(dòng)形式，而前三個(gè)含有被動(dòng)成分的選項(xiàng)又分別有“完了”“將要”和“正在”的含義，因此，能準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)句子意思的應(yīng)當(dāng)是C。
例二：The children talked so loudly at dinner table that I had to struggle ______.
A. to be heard B. to have heard
C. hearing D. being heard
在這個(gè)題目中動(dòng)詞“hear”和代詞“I”構(gòu)成了動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，即“hear me”，因此選擇非謂語動(dòng)詞要用到被動(dòng)形式，而第一和第四個(gè)含有被動(dòng)成分的選項(xiàng)又分別有“將要”和“正在”的含義，因此，能準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)句子意思“以便能被聽到”的應(yīng)當(dāng)是A。
例三：The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons _____ for the day.
A. finishing B. finished
C. had finished D. were finished
在這個(gè)題目中動(dòng)詞“finish”和名詞“l(fā)essons”構(gòu)成了動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，即“finish lessons”，因此選擇非謂語動(dòng)詞要用到被動(dòng)形式，而第二個(gè)含有被動(dòng)成分，表示“完了”，因此，是B。需要注意的是，D選項(xiàng)是謂語動(dòng)詞，而本題中“their lessons ___ for the day”應(yīng)當(dāng)是個(gè)句子成分，所以不能選擇謂語動(dòng)詞。
從上面的例子，我們看到，在回答非謂語動(dòng)詞題目時(shí)，要緊緊抓住搭配結(jié)構(gòu)和非謂語形義，才能找出正確的答案。
請(qǐng)你回答下面六個(gè)題目，看看是否掌握了答題方法。
鞏固練習(xí)
1.Please remain________ until the plane has come to a complete stop.
A.to seat
B.to be seated
C.seating
D.seated
2. Leonardo da Vinci (1452 - 1519) ___ birds kept in cages in order to have the pleasure of setting them free.
A. is said to be buying
B. is said to have bought
C. had said to buy
D. has said to have bought
3. ______ by a greater demand of vegetables, farmers have built more green houses.
A. Driven
B. Being driven
C. To drive
D. Having driven
4. As the light turned green, I stood for a moment, not ______, and asked myself what I was going to do.
A. moved
B moving
C. to move
D. being moved
5. “Things ______________ never come again!” I couldn’t help talking to myself.
A. lost
B. losing
C. to lose
D. have lost
6. I smell something __________ in the kitchen. Can I call you back in a minute?
A. burning
B. burnt
C. being burnt
D. to be burnt
參考答案
1.D 2.B 3.A 4.B 5.A 6.A
2007年高考英語山東卷單項(xiàng)選擇第33題：
The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecraft, the most recent ____at the end of last March.
A.has been launched B.having been launched C.being launched D.to be launched
這道題的命題立意是考查非謂語動(dòng)詞，選項(xiàng)設(shè)置采取了謂語非謂語并存以及非謂語幾種形式加以干擾的形式，意在考查同學(xué)們非謂語知識(shí)掌握的熟練程度和準(zhǔn)確性。這道題的考查，區(qū)分度很高。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)都有一定比例的同學(xué)在選，這說明同學(xué)們對(duì)非謂語動(dòng)詞的掌握還不扎實(shí)。主要的問題是：
1.選擇謂語動(dòng)詞還是非謂語動(dòng)詞的判斷有誤
很多同學(xué)選擇A，而has been launched是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)形式，是謂語動(dòng)詞；再看語句逗號(hào)兩邊沒有任何連詞連接，說明后半句只是整個(gè)句子的一個(gè)成分，因此，選擇A就犯了句子結(jié)構(gòu)判斷上的錯(cuò)誤；
2.非謂語動(dòng)詞形式的判斷有誤
另外三個(gè)選項(xiàng)中B、C是分詞的被動(dòng)形式，分別表示“發(fā)射了”和“正在發(fā)射”的語義；D選項(xiàng)是動(dòng)詞不定式的一種被動(dòng)形式，表示“將要發(fā)射”。再看看題干給出的“l(fā)aunch”時(shí)間背景“at the end of last March”和主句上的時(shí)間“has already sent up”，說明是在此之前，所以正確的選擇應(yīng)當(dāng)是B。
從上面的分析我們不難看出，回答非謂語動(dòng)詞的問題，要注意下面幾個(gè)關(guān)鍵：一是要確定是否選擇非謂語動(dòng)詞，方法就是看句子中有沒有連詞，是句子還是成分；二是要找動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語，這是判斷非謂語動(dòng)詞形式的一個(gè)重要依據(jù)；三是判斷是主動(dòng)形式還是被動(dòng)的形式，主要是看動(dòng)詞和邏輯主語之間是構(gòu)成了主謂關(guān)系(主動(dòng)形式)還是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系(被動(dòng)形式)，要特別注意所選形式的語義，如上例中“having been launched”，“being launched”分別表示的“發(fā)射了”和“正在發(fā)射”的語義；四是把時(shí)間背景捕捉準(zhǔn)確，這樣就能確定是用“將來”、“正在”還是“完成”的對(duì)應(yīng)形式。
二、選擇非謂語動(dòng)詞要兼顧搭配結(jié)構(gòu)和語義功能
非謂語動(dòng)詞是用動(dòng)詞不定式to do，還是用分詞doing或done的形式，是由搭配結(jié)構(gòu)和語義功能決定的。
1.搭配結(jié)構(gòu)是機(jī)械記憶問題，沒有“為什么”，正如非謂語動(dòng)詞做動(dòng)詞enjoy的賓語，只能用動(dòng)詞的ing形式，而不能用不定式形式。
例一：——The last one ______ pays the meal.
——Agreed!
A. arrived B. arrives
C. to arrive D. arriving
非謂語動(dòng)詞做定語，在所修飾名詞或代詞前有序數(shù)詞時(shí)，要搭配動(dòng)詞不定式，所以本題要選擇C。
例二：The crowd cheered wildly at the sight of Liu Xiang, who was reported_______ the world record in the 110-meter hurdle race.
A. breaking B. having broken
C. to have broken D. to break
在“sb. is said/reported/believed/thought，…”等之后要搭配動(dòng)詞不定式。在這里，題干的時(shí)間背景為cheered，一般過去時(shí)，而“break the world record”應(yīng)當(dāng)在“cheer”之前，所以要選擇不定式的完成時(shí)態(tài)，以表示兩個(gè)動(dòng)作的先后，答案為C。
例三：You’ll imagine what difficulty we had_____ home in the snowstorm.
A. walked B. walk
C. to walk D. walking
句子的結(jié)構(gòu)里涉及這樣的用法“have difficulty (in)doing sth.”，所以要選擇D。
2.語義功能是理解問題，要根據(jù)題干語義，將備選非謂語動(dòng)詞的“形”和“義”密切聯(lián)系起來。
例一： At the beginning of class, the noise of desks __ could be heard outside the classroom.
A. opened and closed
B. to be opened and closed
C. being opened and closed
D. to open and close
在這個(gè)題目中動(dòng)詞“open and close”和名詞“desks”構(gòu)成了動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，即“open and close desks”，因此選擇非謂語動(dòng)詞要用到被動(dòng)形式，而前三個(gè)含有被動(dòng)成分的選項(xiàng)又分別有“完了”“將要”和“正在”的含義，因此，能準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)句子意思的應(yīng)當(dāng)是C。
例二：The children talked so loudly at dinner table that I had to struggle ______.
A. to be heard B. to have heard
C. hearing D. being heard
在這個(gè)題目中動(dòng)詞“hear”和代詞“I”構(gòu)成了動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，即“hear me”，因此選擇非謂語動(dòng)詞要用到被動(dòng)形式，而第一和第四個(gè)含有被動(dòng)成分的選項(xiàng)又分別有“將要”和“正在”的含義，因此，能準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)句子意思“以便能被聽到”的應(yīng)當(dāng)是A。
例三：The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons _____ for the day.
A. finishing B. finished
C. had finished D. were finished
在這個(gè)題目中動(dòng)詞“finish”和名詞“l(fā)essons”構(gòu)成了動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，即“finish lessons”，因此選擇非謂語動(dòng)詞要用到被動(dòng)形式，而第二個(gè)含有被動(dòng)成分，表示“完了”，因此，是B。需要注意的是，D選項(xiàng)是謂語動(dòng)詞，而本題中“their lessons ___ for the day”應(yīng)當(dāng)是個(gè)句子成分，所以不能選擇謂語動(dòng)詞。
從上面的例子，我們看到，在回答非謂語動(dòng)詞題目時(shí)，要緊緊抓住搭配結(jié)構(gòu)和非謂語形義，才能找出正確的答案。
請(qǐng)你回答下面六個(gè)題目，看看是否掌握了答題方法。
鞏固練習(xí)
1.Please remain________ until the plane has come to a complete stop.
A.to seat
B.to be seated
C.seating
D.seated
2. Leonardo da Vinci (1452 - 1519) ___ birds kept in cages in order to have the pleasure of setting them free.
A. is said to be buying
B. is said to have bought
C. had said to buy
D. has said to have bought
3. ______ by a greater demand of vegetables, farmers have built more green houses.
A. Driven
B. Being driven
C. To drive
D. Having driven
4. As the light turned green, I stood for a moment, not ______, and asked myself what I was going to do.
A. moved
B moving
C. to move
D. being moved
5. “Things ______________ never come again!” I couldn’t help talking to myself.
A. lost
B. losing
C. to lose
D. have lost
6. I smell something __________ in the kitchen. Can I call you back in a minute?
A. burning
B. burnt
C. being burnt
D. to be burnt
參考答案
1.D 2.B 3.A 4.B 5.A 6.A